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Class 12 Maths Formula Chapter-9

1. A differential equation is an equation relating a function with its derivatives. The order is the order of the highest derivative, and the degree is the order when derivatives are made free of radicals and fractions. 2. Homogeneous differential equations can be solved by making a substitution to separate the variables, then integrating to find the general solution. 3. Linear differential equations can be solved by finding the integrating factor to multiply both sides, then integrating both sides to obtain the general solution.

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SAURABH SAHU
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271 views

Class 12 Maths Formula Chapter-9

1. A differential equation is an equation relating a function with its derivatives. The order is the order of the highest derivative, and the degree is the order when derivatives are made free of radicals and fractions. 2. Homogeneous differential equations can be solved by making a substitution to separate the variables, then integrating to find the general solution. 3. Linear differential equations can be solved by finding the integrating factor to multiply both sides, then integrating both sides to obtain the general solution.

Uploaded by

SAURABH SAHU
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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9 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

KEY CONCEPT INVOLVED


1. Differential Equation – An equation containing an independent variable dependent variable and differential
coefficient of dependent variable with respect to independent variable is called a differential equation.
dy d2 y dy
e.g. + 2xy = x3 and 2  5 + 6y = x2
dx dx dx
2. Order of a differential Equation – The order of a differential equation is the order of the highest order
derivative appearing in the equation.
3. Degree of a differential Equation – The degree of a differential equation is the degree of the highest order
derivative when differential coefficients are made free from radicals and fractions.
4. Solution of a differential Equation – The solution of a differential equation is a relation between the
variables involved, not involving the differential coefficients, such that this relation and derivatives
obtained form it satisfy the given differential equation.
5. General Solution – The solution which contains as many as orbirary constants as the order of the
differential equation is called the general solution of the differential equation.
6. Particular Solution – Solution obtained by giving particular values to the arbitrary constants in the
general solution of a differential equation is called a particular solution.
7. Equations in variable separable form – If the differential equation can be reduced to the form f (x) dx = g
(y) dy we say that the variables have been separated on integrating both sides of this reduced form, we
get the general solution of the differential equation.
 f (x) dx =  g (y) dy + c
dy
8. Equations Reducible to variable separable form – Differential equations of the form = f (ax + by + c)
dx
can be reduced to variable separable form by the substitution ax + by + c = v
9. Homogeneous Differential Equation – A function f(x,y) is called a homogeneous function of degree n if
F (x, y) = n F (x, y) for any non zero constant .
dy
A differential equation of the form = F (x, y) is said to be homogeneous if F (x, y) is a homogeneous
dx
function of degree zero. To solve such ... a homogenous differential equation of the type
dy y
= F (x) = g   ...(i)
dx x
dy dv dv
(i) Put y = vx and vx in equation (i), we get reduces to the form v + x = g (v)
dx dx dx
dy
 x× = g (v) – v
dx
Now, on separating the variables, we get
dv dx

g (x)  v x
Integrate both sides to obtain the solution in terms of v and x.
y
Replace v by in the solution obtained to obtain the solution in terms of x and y..
x
dy
If the homogeneous differential equation is in the form = F (x, y), where F (x, y) is homogeneous
dx
x
function of degree, then we make substitution = v i.e., x = vy and the proceed further to find the general
y
dx x
solution as discussed above by writting dy = F (x, y) = h  y 
 
10. Linear differential Equations – A differential equation is known as first order linear differential equation, if
dy
the dependent variable y and its derivative are related as + Py = Q, where P and Q are constant or
dx
functions of x.
Steps involved to solve first order linear differential equation:
dy
(i) Write the given differential equation in the form + Py = Q and obtain P and Q.
dx
(ii) Find integrating factor, I.F. = e  pdx
(iii) Multiply both sides of equation in (i) by I.F.
(iv) Integrate both sides of the equation obtained in (iii) w.r.t. x to obtain
y (I.F.) =  Q.(I.F.) dx + C
This gives the required solution.
dx
In case, the first order linear differential equation is in the form + P1 x = Q1, where , P1 and Q1 are
dy
constants or functions of y only. Then I.F. = e  P1dy and the solution of the differential equation is given by
x . (I. F) = (Q1  I.F.) dy + C

CONNECTING CONCEPTS
1. Formation of Differential Equations – Formation of a differential from a given equation representing a
family of curves means finding a differential equation whose solution is the given equation. If an equation
representing a family of curves, contains n arbitrary constants, then we differentiable the given equation
n times to obtain n more equations. Using all these equations, we eliminate the constants. The equation
so obtained is the differential equation of order n for the family of given curves.
dy
2. Methods of solving a differential equation of the type = f (x) – To solve this type of differential
dx
equations, first we write the differential equation as dy = f (x) dx
Then integrate boht sides with respect t x to obtain the solution
dy = f (x) dx + C
or y = f (x) dx + C
dy
3. Differential Equations of the type = f (y) – To solve this type of differential equations, first we write
dx
1
in the form of dx = dy them integrate both sides to obtain the general solution
f (y)
1 1
 
 dx = f (y) dy + c or x = f (y) dy + c
2
d y
4. Differential Equations of the type = f (x)
dx 2
(i) Integrate both sides of the differential equation in (i) with respect to x to obtain a first order first degree
differential equation.
(ii) Integrate both sides of the first order differential equation obtained in (ii) with respect to x.

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