Wasit University – College of Engineering – Civil Engineering Department

Sanitary Engineering – Fourth Grade

Lecturer: - Assistant Professor Dr. Ali Jwied Jaeel Al Dawery

Equivalent Pipe

1- Series Connection

Steps of Solution

1) Take the largest diameter (segment).

2) Assume velocity v = 1 m/sec
3) Apply v = 0.849 C R0.63 S 0.54 to find S
4) Calculate ℎ𝐿 = 𝑆 × 𝐿
5) Take the second segment
6) 𝑄𝐴𝐵 = 𝑄𝐵𝐶
7) Using 𝑄𝐵𝐶 and 𝐷 to find S

ℎ𝐿𝑒𝑞
∴ ℎ𝐿 𝑒𝑞 = ℎ𝐿 𝐴𝐵 + ℎ𝐿 𝐵𝐶 ∴ 𝐿𝑒𝑞 = 𝐿𝐴𝐵 + 𝐿𝐵𝐶 ∴ 𝑆𝑒𝑞 =
𝐿𝑒𝑞

8) Now 𝑄 = 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤 , 𝑆 = 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 ⇒ 𝐷𝑒𝑞 could be found

1
 Wasit University – College of Engineering – Civil Engineering Department
Sanitary Engineering – Fourth Grade
Lecturer: - Assistant Professor Dr. Ali Jwied Jaeel Al Dawery

Parallel Connection

1- Take the line ABC

2- Assume headloss ℎ𝐿

3- ℎ𝐿 and 𝐿 ⇒ ℎ𝐿

4- 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷 ⇒ 𝑄𝐴𝐵𝐷

5- Take the line ACD
6- Assume the headloss ℎ𝐿
7- ℎ𝐿 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐿 ⇒ 𝑆
8- S and D ⇒ 𝑄𝐴𝐶𝐷
ℎ𝐿 𝐿1 + 𝐿2
∴ 𝑄𝑒𝑞 = 𝑄𝐴𝐵𝐷 + 𝑄𝐴𝐶𝐷 ⇒ 𝑆𝑒𝑞 = ⇒ 𝐿𝑒𝑞 =
𝐿𝑒𝑞 2

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 Wasit University – College of Engineering – Civil Engineering Department
Sanitary Engineering – Fourth Grade
Lecturer: - Assistant Professor Dr. Ali Jwied Jaeel Al Dawery

Example Find the equivalent diameter if the equivalent length 350m (Use C=100)

Taking the section BCD (series connection)

Pipe BC, D=450mm, assume v=1 m/sec

𝜋
𝑄 =𝑣×𝐴 =1× × 0.452 = 0.159 𝑚3 /𝑠𝑒𝑐
4
1 1
𝑄 0.54 0.159 0.54
𝑆=[ ] =[ ] = 0.00343
0.2784 × 𝐶 × 𝐷2.63 0.2784 × 100 × 0.452.63

ℎ𝐿 = 𝑆 × 𝐿 = 0.00343 × 60 = 0.206𝑚

Pipe CD, 𝑄 = 0.159 𝑚3 / sec , 𝐷 = 0.4𝑚

1 1
𝑄 0.54 0.159 0.54
𝑆=[ ] = [ ] = 0.0061
0.2784 × 𝐶 × 𝐷2.63 0.2784 × 100 × 0.42.63

ℎ𝐿 = 𝑆 × 𝐿 = 0.00343 × 150 = 0.9125𝑚

Segment BCD (equivalent)

ℎ𝐿 𝐵𝐶𝐷 = ℎ𝐿 𝐵𝐶 + ℎ𝐿 𝐶𝐷 = 0.206 + 0.9125 = 1.1185𝑚

𝐿𝐵𝐶𝐷 = 𝐿𝐵𝐶 + 𝐿𝐶𝐷 = 60 + 150 = 210𝑚

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 Wasit University – College of Engineering – Civil Engineering Department
Sanitary Engineering – Fourth Grade
Lecturer: - Assistant Professor Dr. Ali Jwied Jaeel Al Dawery

ℎ𝐿𝑒𝑞 1.1185
𝑆𝑒𝑞 = = = 0.0053
𝐿𝑒𝑞 210

1 1
𝑄 2.63 0.159 2.63
𝐷=[ ] = [ ] = 0.412𝑚 = 412𝑚𝑚
0.2784 × 𝐶 × 𝑆 0.54 0.2784 × 100 × 0.00530.54

Parallel Series (BCD and BFD)

Take the line BCD

ℎ𝐿 8
Assume ℎ𝐿 = 8𝑚 ⇒ 𝑆= = = 0.038
𝐿 210

𝑄 = 0.2784 × 𝐶 × 𝐷2.63 × 𝑆 0.54 = 0.2784 × 100 × 0.4122.63 × 0.0380.54 = 0.462 𝑚3 /𝑠𝑒𝑐

Take the line BFD

ℎ𝐿 8
Assume ℎ𝐿 = 8𝑚 ⇒ 𝑆= = = 0.0296
𝐿 270

𝑄 = 0.2784 × 𝐶 × 𝐷2.63 × 𝑆 0.54 = 0.2784 × 100 × 0.32.63 × 0.02960.54 = 0.175 𝑚3 /𝑠𝑒𝑐

𝑄𝑒𝑞 = 𝑄𝐵𝐶𝐷 + 𝑄𝐵𝐹𝐷 = 0.462 + 0.175 = 0.637 𝑚3 /𝑠𝑒𝑐

𝐿1 +𝐿2 480
Assume ℎ𝐿 = 8𝑚 ⇒ 𝐿= = = 240𝑚
2 2

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 Wasit University – College of Engineering – Civil Engineering Department
Sanitary Engineering – Fourth Grade
Lecturer: - Assistant Professor Dr. Ali Jwied Jaeel Al Dawery

ℎ𝐿 8
𝑆𝑒𝑞 = = = 0.0333
𝐿 240
1 1
𝑄 2.63 0.637 2.63
𝐷=[ ] = [ ] = 0.478𝑚 = 478𝑚𝑚
0.2784 × 𝐶 × 𝑆 0.54 0.2784 × 100 × 0.03330.54

Pipe DE

𝑄𝑒𝑞 = 0.637 𝑚3 / sec , 𝐷 = 500𝑚𝑚 , 𝑆 = 0.027

ℎ𝐿𝐷𝐸 = 𝑆 × 𝐿 = 0.027 × 60 = 1.62𝑚

Pipe AB

𝑄𝑒𝑞 = 0.637 𝑚3 / sec , 𝐷 = 600𝑚𝑚 , 𝑆 = 0.011

ℎ𝐿𝐷𝐸 = 𝑆 × 𝐿 = 0.011 × 90 = 0.99𝑚

Total Pipe AE

ℎ𝐿𝐴𝐸 = ℎ𝐿𝐴𝐵 + ℎ𝐿𝐵𝐷 + ℎ𝐿𝐷𝐸

ℎ𝐿𝐴𝐸 = 0.99 + 8 + 1.62 = 10.61𝑚

ℎ𝐿 10.61
𝑆𝑒𝑞 = = = 0.0272
𝐿 90 + 240 + 60

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 Wasit University – College of Engineering – Civil Engineering Department
Sanitary Engineering – Fourth Grade
Lecturer: - Assistant Professor Dr. Ali Jwied Jaeel Al Dawery

1 1
𝑄 2.63 0.637 2.63
𝐷=[ ] = [ ] = 0.488𝑚 = 488𝑚𝑚
0.2784 × 𝐶 × 𝑆 0.54 0.2784 × 100 × 0.02720.54

𝑄𝑒𝑞 = 0.637 𝑚3 / sec , 𝐷 = 488𝑚𝑚 , 𝐿 = 390𝑚, 𝑆 = 0.0272

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 Wasit University – College of Engineering – Civil Engineering Department
Sanitary Engineering – Fourth Grade
Lecturer: - Assistant Professor Dr. Ali Jwied Jaeel Al Dawery

Example Find the equivalent diameter for pipe (L=2000m) to replace the network shown if the
discharge at point A=30 liters /sec and the head loss between B and C =10m

Pipe AB

𝑄 = 0.03 𝑚3 /𝑠 𝐷 = 0.2𝑚
1 1
𝑄 0.54 0.03 0.54
𝑆=[ ] = [ ] = 0.0081
0.2784 × 𝐶 × 𝐷2.63 0.2784 × 100 × 0.22.63

ℎ𝐿𝐷𝐸 = 𝑆 × 𝐿 = 0.0081 × 400 = 3.242𝑚

Pipe BC ℎ𝐿𝐵𝐶 = 10𝑚 (𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛)

Pipe CD

𝑄 = 0.03 𝑚3 /𝑠 𝐷 = 0.25𝑚
1 1
𝑄 0.54 0.03 0.54
𝑆=[ ] = [ ] = 0.0027
0.2784 × 𝐶 × 𝐷2.63 0.2784 × 100 × 0.252.63

ℎ𝐿𝐷𝐸 = 𝑆 × 𝐿 = 0.0027 × 600 = 1.64𝑚

Equivalent Pipe AD

ℎ𝐿𝐴𝐷 = ℎ𝐿𝐴𝐵 + ℎ𝐿𝐵𝐶 + ℎ𝐿𝐶𝐷

ℎ𝐿𝐴𝐷 = 3.242 + 10 + 1.64 = 14.88𝑚

ℎ𝐿 14.88
𝑆= = = 0.00744
𝐿 2000

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 Wasit University – College of Engineering – Civil Engineering Department
Sanitary Engineering – Fourth Grade
Lecturer: - Assistant Professor Dr. Ali Jwied Jaeel Al Dawery

𝑄 = 0.03 𝑚3 /𝑠 𝑆 = 0.00744
1 1
𝑄 2.63 0.03 2.63
𝐷=[ ] = [ ] = 0.204𝑚 = 204𝑚𝑚
0.2784 × 𝐶 × 𝑆 0.54 0.2784 × 100 × 0.007440.54

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 Wasit University – College of Engineering – Civil Engineering Department
Sanitary Engineering – Fourth Grade
Lecturer: - Assistant Professor Dr. Ali Jwied Jaeel Al Dawery

Flocculated Sedimentation

Sedimentation Column: - It is a special column with diameter 200mm and a height of 2-2.5m,
there are several parts are used to take samples at uniform intervals.

10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min

𝐶𝑖 − 𝐶𝑒 𝐶𝑖 − 𝐶𝑒 𝐶𝑖 − 𝐶𝑒 𝐶𝑖 − 𝐶𝑒 𝐶𝑖 − 𝐶𝑒
0 𝑅% =
𝐶𝑖
𝑅% =
𝐶𝑖
𝑅% =
𝐶𝑖
𝑅% =
𝐶𝑖
𝑅% =
𝐶𝑖
𝐶𝑖 − 𝐶𝑒 𝐶𝑖 − 𝐶𝑒 𝐶𝑖 − 𝐶𝑒 𝐶𝑖 − 𝐶𝑒 𝐶𝑖 − 𝐶𝑒
0.5 𝑅% =
𝐶𝑖
𝑅% =
𝐶𝑖
𝑅% =
𝐶𝑖
𝑅% =
𝐶𝑖
𝑅% =
𝐶𝑖
𝐶𝑖 − 𝐶𝑒 𝐶𝑖 − 𝐶𝑒 𝐶𝑖 − 𝐶𝑒 𝐶𝑖 − 𝐶𝑒 𝐶𝑖 − 𝐶𝑒
1.0 𝑅% =
𝐶𝑖
𝑅% =
𝐶𝑖
𝑅% =
𝐶𝑖
𝑅% =
𝐶𝑖
𝑅% =
𝐶𝑖
𝐶𝑖 − 𝐶𝑒 𝐶𝑖 − 𝐶𝑒 𝐶𝑖 − 𝐶𝑒 𝐶𝑖 − 𝐶𝑒 𝐶𝑖 − 𝐶𝑒
1.5 𝑅% =
𝐶𝑖
𝑅% =
𝐶𝑖
𝑅% =
𝐶𝑖
𝑅% =
𝐶𝑖
𝑅% =
𝐶𝑖
𝐶𝑖 − 𝐶𝑒 𝐶𝑖 − 𝐶𝑒 𝐶𝑖 − 𝐶𝑒 𝐶𝑖 − 𝐶𝑒 𝐶𝑖 − 𝐶𝑒
2.0 𝑅% =
𝐶𝑖
𝑅% =
𝐶𝑖
𝑅% =
𝐶𝑖
𝑅% =
𝐶𝑖
𝑅% =
𝐶𝑖

9
 ‫‪Wasit University – College of Engineering – Civil Engineering Department‬‬
‫‪Sanitary Engineering – Fourth Grade‬‬
‫‪Lecturer: - Assistant Professor Dr. Ali Jwied Jaeel Al Dawery‬‬

‫في تجربة عمود الترسيب يتم اخذ نماذجالمياه الخام خالل فترات زمنية متساوية متعاقبة مثال كل عشرة دقائق حيث يتم فتح كل‬
‫المنافذ مرة واحدة وتؤخذ النماذج على اعماق مختلفة اعتبارا من العمق (صفر ) ثم نصف متر ‪ ,‬متر ‪ ,‬متر ونصف ‪ ,‬مترين‬
‫وهكذا‪ .‬ثم تعاد هذه العملية خالل الفترة الزمنية الثانية وهي عشرون دقيقة وهكذا الى ان نصل الى الفترة الزمنية االخيرة وهي‬
‫‪ 50‬دقيقة‪ .‬وبعد ذلك يتم حساب نسبة االزالة عند كل فترة وعند كل ارتفاع من خالل القانون اعاله بعد معرفة التركيز الداخل‬
‫والخارج‪ .‬ومن ثم ترسم خطوط كنتورية بين الزمن والعمق وطبقا الى نسبة االزالة‪.‬‬

‫𝟐𝑹‪𝑹𝟏 +‬‬ ‫𝟏𝒉∆‬ ‫𝟑𝑹‪𝑹𝟐 +‬‬ ‫𝟐𝒉∆‬ ‫𝟒𝑹‪𝑹𝟑 +‬‬ ‫𝟑𝒉∆‬ ‫𝟓𝑹‪𝑹𝟒 +‬‬ ‫𝟒𝒉∆‬
‫= ‪𝑹%‬‬ ‫×‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫×‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫×‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫×‬ ‫…‬
‫𝟐‬ ‫𝑯‬ ‫𝟐‬ ‫𝑯‬ ‫𝟐‬ ‫𝑯‬ ‫𝟐‬ ‫𝑯‬

‫‪Example The results shown above (settling column) if the initial suspended solid concentration‬‬
‫‪250 mg/l. Find the removed percentage at depth 2m and time=100min‬‬

‫‪30 min‬‬ ‫‪60 min‬‬ ‫‪90 min‬‬ ‫‪120 min‬‬

‫‪0.5‬‬ ‫‪133 mg/l‬‬ ‫‪83 mg/l‬‬ ‫‪50 mg/l‬‬ ‫‪38 mg/l‬‬
‫‪1.5‬‬ ‫‪203 mg/l‬‬ ‫‪150 mg/l‬‬ ‫‪118 mg/l‬‬ ‫‪93 mg/l‬‬
‫‪2.5‬‬ ‫‪220 mg/l‬‬ ‫‪180 mg/l‬‬ ‫‪145 mg/l‬‬ ‫‪123 mg/l‬‬

‫‪Answer‬‬

‫‪30 min‬‬ ‫‪60 min‬‬ ‫‪90 min‬‬ ‫‪120 min‬‬

‫‪0.5‬‬ ‫‪46.8%‬‬ ‫‪66.8%‬‬ ‫‪80%‬‬ ‫‪84.8%‬‬
‫‪1.5‬‬ ‫‪18.8%‬‬ ‫‪40%‬‬ ‫‪52.8%‬‬ ‫‪62.8%‬‬
‫‪2.5‬‬ ‫‪12%‬‬ ‫‪28%‬‬ ‫‪42%‬‬ ‫‪50.8%‬‬

‫‪10‬‬
 Wasit University – College of Engineering – Civil Engineering Department
Sanitary Engineering – Fourth Grade
Lecturer: - Assistant Professor Dr. Ali Jwied Jaeel Al Dawery

𝑅1 +𝑅2 ∆ℎ1 𝑅2 +𝑅3 ∆ℎ2 𝑅3 +𝑅4 ∆ℎ3 𝑅4 +𝑅5 ∆ℎ4

𝑅% = × + × + × + × …
2 𝐻 2 𝐻 2 𝐻 2 𝐻

100 + 80 17 80 + 70 5 70 + 60 17 60 + 50 22
𝑅% = × + × + × + ×
2 80 2 80 2 80 2 80
50 + 44 19
+ × = 44.78%
2 80
For the same data of settling column (above). Find the smallest particle diameter that can be
removed. If the volume of sedimentation tank is 1400 m3 and the flow rate is 20160 m3/day and
𝑘𝑔
the tank depth is 3.5m. (𝜌𝑠 = 2650 , 𝜇 = 1.002 × 10−3 )
𝑚3

11
 Wasit University – College of Engineering – Civil Engineering Department
Sanitary Engineering – Fourth Grade
Lecturer: - Assistant Professor Dr. Ali Jwied Jaeel Al Dawery

𝑄 𝑉 1400
𝑅% = 44.78% , 𝑆𝑂𝑅 = , 𝐿. 𝑊 = = = 400 𝑚2
𝐿. 𝑊 𝐻 3.5
𝑄 20160 𝑚
𝑆𝑂𝑅 = = = 50.4 = 5.83 × 10−4 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝐿. 𝑊 400 𝑑𝑎𝑦

𝑣𝑠
𝑅% = ⇒ 𝑣𝑠 = 0.4478 × 5.83 × 10−4 = 2.612 × 10−4 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑆𝑂𝑅
𝑔(𝜌𝑠 − 𝜌𝑤 )𝑑 2 −4 9.81(2650 − 1000)𝑑2
𝑣𝑠 = ⇒ 2.612 × 10 =
18 × 𝜇𝑤 18 × 1.002 × 10−3

⇒ 𝑑 = 0.000017𝑚 = 17𝜇𝑚

𝐶ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘 𝑅𝑒𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟

−4
𝜌 × 𝑣 × 𝑑 1000 × 2.612 × 10 × 17 × 10−6
𝑅𝑒 = = = 0.00443 < 0.5 𝑜𝑘
𝜇𝑤 1.002 × 10−3
∴ 𝑑 = 17𝜇𝑚

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 Wasit University – College of Engineering – Civil Engineering Department
Sanitary Engineering – Fourth Grade
Lecturer: - Assistant Professor Dr. Ali Jwied Jaeel Al Dawery

Example A rectangular sedimentation tank is used to treat 500 m3/hr of raw water , the results of
settling column analysis is given for 30min settling time. ( 𝜇 = 1.03 × 10−3 , 𝜌𝑠 =
𝑘𝑔
2650 , 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 30𝑚 , 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = 8𝑚 ). Find the diameter of the particles that can
𝑚3

be removed at depth 1.5m according to the settling column analysis below:-

H (m) 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

R% 100 90 75 69 60

Answer

𝐴𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ = 1.5𝑚 ⇒ 𝑅% = 69%

𝑣𝑠 𝑄 500 𝑚3 /ℎ𝑟
𝑅% = ⇒ 𝑆𝑂𝑅 = = = 2.083𝑚/ℎ𝑟
𝑆𝑂𝑅 𝑊. 𝐿 30 × 8
𝑆𝑂𝑅 = 0.00058 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑣𝑠
0.69 = ⇒ 𝑣𝑠 = 0.0004 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐
0.00058
𝑔(𝜌𝑠 − 𝜌𝑤 )𝑑 2 9.81(2650 − 1000)𝑑 2
𝑣𝑠 = ⇒ 0.0004 = ⇒ 𝑑 = 0.000021𝑚
18 × 𝜇𝑤 18 × 1.03 × 10−3
𝑑 = 21𝜇𝑚
𝐶ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘 𝑅𝑒𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
𝜌 × 𝑣 × 𝑑 1000 × 0.0004 × 21 × 10−6
𝑅𝑒 = = = 0.0081 < 0.5 𝑜𝑘
𝜇𝑤 1.03 × 10−3
∴ 𝑑 = 21𝜇𝑚

13