Module 1
Module 1
xls
CASE STUDY
Consider the Etruscan skull size data
Measures of Central Tendency
(Measures of Location)
Various measures of central tendency are
Arithmetic Mean
Median
Mode
Geometric Mean
Harmonic Mean
ARITHMETIC MEAN
Methods of Finding Arithmetic Mean:
Direct Method
Short-cut Method &
Step Deviation Method
Data-Type I (Individual Observations or Raw Data)
When the observed values are given individually such as
𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , … … . 𝑥𝑛 .
Direct Method:-
𝑥1 +𝑥2 +𝑥3 ………+𝑥𝑛 𝑥
Arithmetic Mean = =
𝑁 𝑁
Here 𝑁, the number of observations.
Problem 1:-
The expenditure of 10 families in rupees are given below:
Family A B C D E F G H I J
Expenditure 30 70 10 75 500 8 42 250 40 36
Marks ( x) 𝒙−𝑨
Sol:- 𝒅′ =
𝑪
𝑨 = 𝟓𝟎; 𝑪 = 𝟏𝟎
𝑁 = 10; 𝑑′ = 8
20 -3
30 -2
40 -1 𝐶 𝑑′
𝑥 =𝐴+
50 0 𝑁
10𝑋8
50 0 = 50 +
10
60 1 = 50 + 8
70 2 = 58
80 3
90 4
90 4
𝑑′ = 8
Data-Type II (Discrete Series)
Observed Value Frequency
𝑥1 𝑓1
𝑥2 𝑓2
𝑥3 𝑓3
. .
. .
. .
. .
Direct Method:-
𝑓𝑥
Arithmetic Mean =
𝑁
Here 𝑁 = 𝑓
Calculate the mean number of persons per house, given
No. of 2 3 4 5 6 Total
persons
per house
No. of 10 25 30 25 10 100
houses
𝐶 𝑓𝑑 ′
Arithmetic Mean 𝑥 = A +
𝑁
Individual Observation:-
Determine the mode:
(a) 320,395,342,444,551,395,425,417,395,401,390,400.
Sol:- Mode = 395, because its frequency, 3, is higher than others.
(b) 3,6,7,5,8,4,9
Sol:- No Mode, because all the values have equal frequency ie., (1)
I have four 10km segments in my automobile trip. I drive my car
as
• 100 km/hr for the first 10 km.
• 110 km/hr for the second 10 km
• 90 km/hr for the third 10 km
• 120 km/hr for the fourth 10 km
What is your average speed?
Spread Sheet
Geometric Mean
Relationship among A.M.,G.M. and H.M.:
1. If all the items are equal, i.e., 𝑥1 = 𝑥2 = 𝑥3 = ⋯ = 𝑥𝑛 , then
𝐴. 𝑀 = 𝐺. 𝑀 = 𝐻. 𝑀
2. If all the items are not equal, 𝐴. 𝑀 > 𝐺. 𝑀 > 𝐻. 𝑀
In general, 𝐴. 𝑀 ≥ 𝐺. 𝑀 ≥ 𝐻. 𝑀
3. When there are only two item, 𝐴. 𝑀. 𝑋 𝐻. 𝑀 = 𝐺. 𝑀 2
i.e., 𝐺. 𝑀 = 𝐴. 𝑀𝑋𝐻. 𝑀
Formula for combined Mean:-
1. The combined mean of 2 groups with 𝑛1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛2 items respectively is
𝑛1 𝑥1 + 𝑛2 𝑥2
𝑥12 =
𝑛1 + 𝑛2
2. The combined mean of 3 groups with 𝑛1 , 𝑛2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛3 items respectively
𝑛1 𝑥1 + 𝑛2 𝑥2 + 𝑛3 𝑥3
𝑥123 =
𝑛1 + 𝑛2 + 𝑛3
Combined Standard Deviation:-
Sample Size Mean Standard
Deviation
I 𝑛1 𝑥1 𝜎1
II 𝑛2 𝑥2 𝜎2
𝑛1 𝜎1 2 + 𝑛2 𝜎2 2 + 𝑛1 𝑑1 2 + 𝑛2 𝑑2 2
𝜎12 =
𝑛1 + 𝑛2
𝑑1 = 𝑥1 − 𝑥12 , 𝑑2 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥12
𝑛1 𝑥1 + 𝑛2 𝑥2
𝑥12 =
𝑛1 + 𝑛2
Weighted Arithmetic Mean:-
If the values 𝑥 : 𝑋1 𝑋2 𝑋3 … . . Have
Weights 𝑊 : 𝑊1 𝑊2 𝑊3 … …
the weighted arithmetic mean,
𝑊1 𝑋1 +𝑊2 𝑋2 +𝑊3 𝑋3 +⋯
𝑋𝑊 =
𝑊1 +𝑊2 +𝑊3 +⋯
𝑊𝑋
=
𝑊
Moments
Moments are the mean of various powers of deviations
of the items.
If the deviations are measured from the arithmetic
mean, the moments are called Central Moments.
If the deviations are calculated from values other than
arithmetic mean, the moments are called Raw
Moments.
Note:-
• If the deviations are measured from origin (ie., zero),
the moments are called raw moments about origin.
• All four aspects of a series can be studied in
terms of moments.
2
Second moment 𝑥−𝑥 𝑓 𝑥−𝑥 2 𝑓 𝑚−𝑥 2
about mean, 𝑁 𝑁 𝑁
𝜇2 = 𝜎 2 Here 𝑁 = 𝑓 Here 𝑁 = 𝑓
4
Fourth moment 𝑥−𝑥 𝑓 𝑥−𝑥 4 𝑓 𝑚−𝑥 4
about the mean, 𝜇4 𝑁 𝑁 𝑁
Here 𝑁 = 𝑓 Here 𝑁 = 𝑓
Raw Moments Individual Discrete Series Continuous Series
Observations
2
Second raw 𝑥−𝐴 𝑓 𝑥−𝐴 2 𝑓 𝑚−𝐴 2
moment 𝜇′ 2 𝑁 𝑁 𝑁
Here 𝑁 = 𝑓 Here 𝑁 = 𝑓
4
Fourth raw moment 𝑥−𝐴 𝑓 𝑥−𝐴 4 𝑓 𝑚−𝐴 4
𝜇′ 4 𝑁 𝑁 𝑁
Here 𝑁 = 𝑓 Here 𝑁 = 𝑓
Note:-
• Arithmetic Mean 𝑥 = 𝐴 + 𝜇′ 1 about 𝐴.
• Central Moments are obtained by the following relations
2
'
2 1
' 2
3 3 2
'
3
'
2
'
1
' 3
1
4 4
'
4
'
3
'
1 6
'
2
' 2
1
3 ' 4
1