Teaching Methods

1.
The lecture method

The lecture method, also known as the transmissive method, is based on vertical
learning, whereby the teacher has all the knowledge – the “know-how” – which they
transmit to the students. The students are considered to have everything to learn. Any
prior knowledge they may have, their motivations and their personal plans are not really
taken into account.
The teacher communicates their knowledge in the form of a presentation, like a university
lecture, while the students take notes. The teacher’s exposé may be a simple oral
presentation, supported by visual material to explain certain concepts, such as a
PowerPoint or slide show projected on to a big screen. The student takes notes to record
what the teacher is explaining.
2. The demonstrative method

The demonstrative method is similar to the lecture method in that they are both “top
down” approaches to teaching. However, it differs in the methods it uses to facilitate
learning and in the assignments of each individual.
The demonstrative method, also called the affirmative method, has three key stages:
1. The teacher demonstrates a concept or idea. In other words, they present a process and
explain the steps required to succeed, by specifying what needs to be done, how to do it
and why.
2. The students apply and repeat the steps using the same techniques as the teacher, in
order to test the process. It involves making the participants carry out practical exercises.
3. The teacher makes the students repeat step 2, helping them and encouraging them to
adapt the process so as to take it in better.
So, the teacher demonstrates a task, then makes the students carry out the same task,
then finally repeats it with them, correcting any mistakes. The demonstrative method is
based on reproduction or imitation, following a demonstration, like in a high school
chemistry class, for example. The student learns by “doing”, not just by reading or
listening.
3. The interrogative method
Questioning is the principal tool used by teachers adopting the interrogative method.
4. The active method

The active method differs from the other teaching methods in that the teacher does not
necessarily possess all the knowledge they need to communicate. Their role is therefore
more restricted and their position may appear more like a guide, a facilitator or a
mediator. In fact, the active method extols action as a starting point, because
knowledge cannot be learned but must, before all else, be constructed. Action helps
the student think about a given subject and become a genuine agent in the approach.
However, three conditions are necessary for the active method to be effective:
 the student wants to learn, is willing and motivated for their own reasons and not due to
an external factor (payment or otherwise);
 the student agrees and commits to undertaking a course which places collaboration and
cooperation at the heart of its processes;
 the student can quickly test whether what they are undertaking confirms or contradicts
their hypotheses, through experiments or via debates with other students.
Case studies, brainstorming, role play, group projects and simulation are all methods
adopted to boost knowledge acquisition under the active approach. The teacher may
create a teaching scenario to encourage students to experiment, perhaps even make
mistakes, to boost and speed up their learning.
5. The experimental method

The experimental method, also known as the experiential method, is defined as
learning in real-life conditions, as interns do when they work directly in the field.
According to the experimental method, learning can only be achieved through action,
even if it means making mistakes. The teacher can intervene but they no longer hold the
dominant position of an individual who possesses all the knowledge. However, they must
prepare their teaching by testing out the experiments that their students will be asked to
carry out during the course. The training sessions may also be organised according to
different levels of difficulty.
6.Assignment Method
The assignment method is a way of allocating organizational resources in which

each resource is assigned to a particular task. The resource could be
monetary, personnel, or technological.
Understanding the Assignment Method

The assignment method is used to determine what resources are assigned to which
department, machine, or center of operation in the production process. The goal is
to assign resources in such a way to enhance production efficiency, control costs,
and maximize profits
7. Group method
Group work or cooperative learning is a method of instruction that gets students to
work together in groups. Employers value a person's ability to work cooperatively.
Indeed, studies show that they value it more highly than the ability to work
independently. This is because, in most contemporary workplaces, people work in
teams, which are often cross-disciplinary and quite diverse (DETYA, 2000). The
value, to students, of cooperative learning has long been well recognise.
8. Inquiry method
) is a student-centered method of education focused on asking questions. Students

are encouraged to ask questions which are meaningful to them, and which do not
necessarily have easy answers; teachers are encouraged to avoid giving answers
when this is possible, and in any case to avoid giving direct answers in favor of asking
more questions.
9. Discussion method
In this way it is similar in Discussion methods are a variety of forums for open-ended,
collaborative exchange of ideas among a teacher and students or among students for the
purpose of furthering students thinking, learning, problem solving, understanding, or literary
appreciation. Participants present multiple points of view, respond to the ideas of others, and
reflect on their own ideas in an effort to build their knowledge, understanding, or
interpretation of the matter at hand.
Discussions may occur among members of a dyad, small group, or whole class and be
teacher-led or student-led. They frequently involve discussion of a written text, though
discussion can also focus on a problem, issue, or topic that has its basis in a “text” in the
larger sense of the term
10. Cooperative method
Cooperative Learning is an instructional method in which students work in small

groups to accomplish a common learning goal under the guidance of the teacher.
Cooperative learning strategies offer students the possibility to learn by applying

knowledge in an environment more similar to the one they will encounter in their
future work life.
Teachers get the chance to work on core competencies and on students’

communication and soft skills, which are valuable for students’ success in life and
work, integrating them in school curricula.

Teaching Methods

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1.

The lecture method

2. The demonstrative method

4. The active method

5. The experimental method

The assignment method is a way of allocating organizational resources in which

Understanding the Assignment Method

) is a student-centered method of education focused on asking questions. Students

10. Cooperative method

Cooperative Learning is an instructional method in which students work in small

Cooperative learning strategies offer students the possibility to learn by applying

Teachers get the chance to work on core competencies and on students’

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