EE423 Lecture 15 - Introduction To Digital Filters
EE423 Lecture 15 - Introduction To Digital Filters
Fall 2020
EE423 Active Networks
3/05/2021
System Structure
2
BASIC STRUCTURE FOR
SYSTEM/FILTER
The Transfer Function of LTI system can be
connected in 2 ways :
a. Parallel Connection :
1-3
BASIC STRUCTURE FOR
SYSTEM/FILTER
b. Cascade connection :
1-4
Digital Filters
5
6
Block diagrams and signal flow graphs
1-8
IIR Filter Structures
The system of an IIR filter is given by
M
B( z ) k
b z k
b0 b1 z 1 .. bM z M
H ( z) k 0
1 N
; a0 1
N
1 a1 z .. aN z
k
A( z ) k
a z
k 0
M N
yk bm xk m am yk m
m0 m0
1-9
IIR Filter Structures
Direct form
◦ Direct form I
◦ Direct form II
Cascade form
Parallel form
1-10
Direct form I structure for implementation of an N th order IIR system
with N =M= 2.
11
Assume M=N=4:
yk b0 xk b1 xk 1 b2 xk 2 b3 xk 3 b4 xk 4
a1 yk 1 a2 yk 2 a3 yk 3 a4 yk 4
xk b0
yk
z-1 z-1
b1 -a1
z-1 z-1
b2 -a2
z-1 z-1
b3 -a3
z-1 z-1
b4 -a4
14
Example:
15
Example:
16
Example:
1 2 z 1
H ( z)
1 1.5 z 1 0.9 z 2
1-17
Example:
1 2 z 1 z 2
H ( z)
1 0.75 z 1 0.125 z 2
xk(n) yk
z-1
0.75
2
z-1
-0.125
1-18
Cascade form
◦ The system function H(z) is factored into smaller second
order sections with real coefficients, called biquads.
◦ The system function is then represented as a product of
these biquads.
◦ Each biquads is implemented in a direct form.
◦ The entire system function is implemented as a cascade of
biquad sections.
◦ Each numerator and denominator is factoring into their
respective roots and then combining the roots into second
order polynomials.
1-19
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Cascade form structure for N=4
1 2 z 1 3z 2 1 z 1 z 2
H ( z)
1 0.75 z 1 0.125 z 2 1 0.5 z 1 0.1z 2
x(n) y(n)
z-1 z-1
-0.75 -2 -0.5 -1
z-1 z-1
-0.125 3 0.1
1-22
Example:
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Cascade form structure
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Example:
1 2 z 1 z 2 (1 z 1 )(1 z 1 )
H ( z) 1 2
1 0.75z 0.125z (1 0.5 z 1 )(1 0.25z 1 )
1-25
Parallel form
◦ This is similar to the cascade form.
◦ After factorization, a partial fraction expansion is used to
represent H(z) as a sum of smaller second order sections.
◦ Each section is a gain implemented in a direct form.
◦ The entire system function is implemented as a parallel
network of sections.
1-26
27
Parallel form
structure for
M=N=4 C0
B1,0
z-1
-A1,1 B1,1
xk z-1 yk
-A1,2
B2,0
z-1
-A2,1 B2,1
z-1
-A2,2
1-28
Example:
1 2 z 1 z 2 7 8 z 1
H ( z) 1 2
8
1 0.75z 0.125z 1 0.75z 1 0.125z 2
1-29
another alternation of the same system
1 2 z 1 z 2 18 25
H ( z) 8
1 0.75z 1 0.125z 2 1 0.5 z 1 1 0.25z 1
1-30
1 2 z 1 3z 2 1 z 1 z 2
Example H ( z) 1 2
1 0.75 z 0.125 z 1 0.5 z 1 0.1z 2
z-1
-0.5 -1
x(n) z-1 y(n)
0.1
z-1
-0.75 -2
z-1
-0.125 3
1-31
1-32
33
FIR Filter Structures
A finite-duration impulse response filter has a system function
of the form
M 1
1 2
H ( z ) h0 h1 z h2 z .. hM 1 z 1 M
hk z k
k 0
1-34
The order of the filter is M-1
The length of the filter is M (equal num of
coefficients).
The FIR filter structures are always stable.
They are relatively simple compared to IIR
structures.
1-35
FIR Filter Structures
Direct form
Cascade form
1-36
BASIC STRUCTURE FOR FIR FILTER
An FIR filter of order 4: yk h0 xk h1 xk 1 h2 xk 2 h3 xk 3 h4uk 4
h0 h1 h2 h3 h4
+ + +
+ yk
xk z-1 z-1 z-1 z-1
h0 h1 h2 h3 h4 yk
1-37
Cascade form
◦ The system function H(z) is converted into products of
second order sections with real coefficients.
◦ Transfer function H(z) of a causal FIR filter of order M-1
M 1
H ( z ) hk z k h0 1 hh10 z 1 .. hMh01 z M 1
k 0
◦ Factorized form
k
H ( z ) h0 (1 k ,1 z 1 k ,2 z 2 )
k 1
1-38
Cascade form structure for realization of a 6th-order FIR
system.
1-39
Example:
An FIR is given by the system function
H ( z) 1 16 161 z 4 z 8
1-40
a- Direct form
The difference equation is given by
yk xk 16.0625 xk 4 xk 8
xk z-4 z-4
16.0625
yk
1-41
b- Cascade form
xk yk
z-1 z-1 z-1 z-1
2.8284 0.7071 -0.7071 -2.8284
1-42
Example
FIR direct and cascade form structures
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Normal direct form
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[sos,G] = tf2sos(b,a)
Structure conversion
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Simulation and verification
b = [1,-3,11,-27,18]; a = [16,12,2,-4,-1]
[sos,G] = tf2sos(b,a)
49
To verify that the above structure is the correct
one we will compute impulse response from
two structures and compare them