EAPP

Summarizing
-As an important skill in critical reading, summarizing is often used to determine the essential
ideas in a book, article, book chapter, article, or parts of an article. These essential ideas include
the gist or main idea, useful information, or keywords or phrases that help you meet your reading
purpose. 

WHY DO WE SUMMARIZE

-allows you to monitor your comprehension

-helps you to identify relevant information

-captures the key ideas in the text

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD SUMMARY

 It provides an overview of the source material.

 It is shorter than the original text.
 It reflects the exact views or ideas of the author.
 It does not contain comments or opinions of the one doing the summary.
 It contains citations.

GUIDELINES IN SUMMARIZING

o Clarify your purpose before you read.

o Read the text and understand the meaning. Do not stop reading until you
understand the message conveyed by the author. Locate the gist or main idea
of the text, which can usually be found either at the beginning, in the middle,
or the end.
o Select and underline or circle the key ideas and phrases while reading; another
strategy is to annotate the text.
o Write all the key ideas and phrases you identified on the margins or in your
notebook in bullet or outline form.
o Without looking at the text, identify the connections of these key ideas and
phrases using a concept map.
o List your ideas in sentence form in a concept map.
o Combine the sentences into a paragraph. Use appropriate transitional devices
to improve cohesion.
o Ensure that you do not copy a single sentence from the original text.
o Refrain from adding comments about the text. Stick to the ideas it presents
o Edit the draft of your summary by eliminating redundant ideas.
o Compare your output with the original text to ensure accuracy.
 o Record the details of the original source (author’s name/s, date of publication,
title, publisher, place of publishing, and URL [if online]). It is not necessary to
indicate the page number /s of the original text in citing sources in summaries.
o Format your summary properly. When you combine your summaries in a
paragraph, use different formats to show variety in writing.

Idea Heading Format-In this format, the summarized idea comes before the citation.

Author Heading Format-In this format, the summarized idea comes after the citation.
The author’s name/s is/are connected by an appropriate reporting verb.

Date Heading Format-In this format, the summarized idea comes after the date when
the material was published.

Plagiarism -can be defined as using ideas, data, or any relevant information of another without
giving proper credit or acknowledgment (Standler, 2012).

Paraphrasing-restating in your own words while maintaining its original meaning

Direct quoting-copying the author’s exact words

reporting verb-is a word used to discuss another person’s writings or assertions. They are
generally used to incorporate the source to the discussion in the text.

GUIDELINES IN PARAPHRASING

1. Read the text and understand its meaning. Do

not stop reading until you understand the
message conveyed by the author.
2. Use a pen to underline or highlight the key
words or main idea of the text.
3. Recall the key words or main idea of the text
that you highlighted when you read it.
4. Write in your own words what you
understood about the ideas in the text.
5. Get the original text and compare it with your
paraphrase.
6. Check the meaning. Remember, your
paraphrase should have the same meaning as
the original text.
7. Check the sentence structure. The sentence
structure of your paraphrase should be
different from the original text.

8. Refrain from adding comments about the text.

 Stick to the ideas presented in the text.
9. Compare your output to the original text to
ensure its accuracy and remove redundant
ideas.
10. Record the details of the original source
(author’s name/s, date of publication,
title ,publisher, place of publishing, and URL [if
on-line]).

11. Format your paraphrase properly. When you

combine your paraphrases in a paragraph,use
different formats to show variety in writing
just like in summarizing.

GUIDELINES IN DIRECT QUOTING

1. Copy exactly the part of the text that you
want to use.
2. Use quotation marks to show the beginning
and ending of the quote.
3. Try to keep quotations short whenever
possible (no more than 5% of your paper) and
don’t overuse them. Your ideas should not be
overshadowed by another person’s.
4. Refer to the rules of style and structure in in-
text citations used in the different style
guides.

5. Record the details of the original source

(author’s name/s, date of publication, title,
publisher, place of publishing, URL [if on-line]
and page number/s). Indicating the page
number/s is necessary in citing sources in
quoting.

6. Always acknowledge the source of the

quotation through careful referencing, both in
the text and at the end of your essay or
assignment.
METHODS IN PARAPHRASING

Change the structure-begin by a different place in the passage

Change the words-synonyms or phrase

WRITING AN OUTLINE
-tool of organizing and developing ideas,shows how the parts of the text are related to one
another

2 MAIN KINDS

Reading outline-helps you understand the texts structure as you look into its components

,how the writer connects and sequences the information

Writing outline-aids you in the writing process,blueprint of your essay, skeletal version of your
essay.

TYPES OF OUTLINE

Formal outlines-more traditional and structured,  follow a set pattern and use a combination of
Roman numerals, letters, and numbers

Informal outlines -are less structured, but they still present an overview of the placement of
information in a reading

TYPES OF FORMAL OUTLINE

Topic outline-used words or phrases for its entries,uses no punctuation marks,presents overview
and easier and fastier to write

Sentence outline-uses sentences for headings and supporting ideas. It is used to discuss
complicated topics that require a lot of details,uses correct punctuation,more detailed overview

DIFFERENT FORMATS OF OUTLINE

Alphanumeric outline- uses letters and numbers as labels.

 Decimal outline-uses numbers as labels 
PRINCIPLES IN MAKING AN OUTLINE
Coordination- requires ideas of the same relevance must be labeled in the same way

Subordination -shows that minor details have to be placed under their respective major
details. 
Division- requires that no cluster should contain only one item; therefore, if there is an
"A" there must be a "B," and if there is a "1" there must be a "2."
Parallelism- same structure and format

WRITING A REACTION PAPER,REVIEW OR CRITIQUE

-are specialized forms of writing in which a reviewer or reader evaluates any of the
following:

 a scholarly work (e.g., academic books and articles)

 a work of art (e.g., performance art, play, dance, sports, film, exhibits)
 designs (e.g., industrial designs, furniture, fashion design)
 graphic designs (e.g., posters, billboards, commercials, and digital media)

- usually range in length from 250 to 750 words

-systematic way of objectively reviewing a piece of work

Critique-assessment itself,no bias and written by expert

Review-overall impression

Critic-person making the evaluation

Reviewers- do not simply rely on mere opinions; rather, they use both proofs and logical
reasoning to substantiate their comment

CRITICAL APPROACHES

Formalism-treats each work as a distinct work of art,key to understanding the text is through
the text itself

Feminist criticism or feminism-Focuses on how literature presents women as subjects of socio-

political, psychological, and economic oppression

Reader response criticism- is concerned with the reviewer’s reaction as an audience of a work
Readers are therefore not passive and distant, but are active consumers of the material
Marxist criticism- is concerned with differences between economic classes and
implications of a capitalist system, such as the continuing conflicts between the working class
and the elite.

STRUCTURE OF A REACTION PAPER,REVIEW OR CRITIQUE

-250-750 words

Introduction -(around 5% of the paper)

 Title of the book/article /work

 Writer’s name
 Thesis statement

Summary- (around 10% of the paper)

 Objective or purpose
 Methods used (if applicable)
 Major findings, claims, ideas, or message

Review/Critique- 75% of the paper

 Appropriateness of methodology to support the arguments (for books and

articles) or appropriateness of mode of presentation (other works)

 Theoretical soundness, coherence of ideas

 Sufficiency and soundness of explanation in relation to other available
information and experts

 Other perspectives in explaining the concepts and ideas

 It is best to ask the following questions during this part:

Conclusion- (around 10% of the paper)

 Overall impression of the work

 Scholarly or literary value of the reviewed article, book, or work
 Benefits for the intended audience or field
 Suggestion for future direction of research

STRUCTURE FOR OTHER TYPES OF WORK

Introduction- basic details,title,director

Plot summary/Description- gist of the plot

Analysis/Interpretation-discussion and analysis of the work

Conclusion/evaluation-reinforcement,comparison

WRITING A POSITION PAPER

Position paper-presents the writer’s stand or viewpoint on a particular issue. Writing a position
paper entails outlining arguments and proposing the course of action

Introduction- Start with an introduction which presents the issue,define the issue and its
background, Provide a general statement

Body-State your main arguments, Provide sufficient evidence, Provide counterarguments

Conclusion-Restate your position and main arguments,Suggest a course of action, End

with a powerful closing statement

GUIDELINES IN WRITING A POSITION PAPER

Choose an issue-issue should be debatable, should be current and relevant, narrow and
manageable.

Conduct an in-depth research

Define unfamiliar terms

Explain and analyze

Identify the weakness of your position

Cite valid and reliable source

View the issue in a different perspective

Limit the paper to two pages

Analyze your target readers

  Inductive approach-you discuss specific information first, and then look for patterns to create a
general conclusion. In essence, an inductive approach entails a flow from specific to general
ideas.
Deductive approach-you take something general and then branch out and think of specific
things that could apply to it. Basically, this is a type of reasoning where the flow of discussion
starts with a general theory and moves to a specific hypothesis
Fallacy- latin word “fallacia” means deception or trick,lack evidence,

Attacking the person-committed when a person substitutes abusive remarks for evidence to
advance an argument instead of trying to disprove the truth of the statement or the soundness
of the argument.

Appeal to pity -is committed when someone tries to win support for an argument or idea by
using pity or guilt instead of logical reasoning

Appeal to force -uses force or threat to make the audience accept a conclusion

Hasty generalization -is committed if a conclusion is not logically justified by sufficient evidence.

Red herring -is a deliberate diversion of attention with the intention of trying to abandon the
original argument

Ethical appeal (ethos)-relates to your credibility and competence as a writer

Emotional appeal (pathos)-uses arguments in a way that evokes feelings.

Logical appeal (logos)-using facts,figures

 
MIL
LEGAL ETHICAL AND SOCIETAL ISSUES
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY-refers to creations of the mind, such as inventions; literary
and artistic works; designs; and symbols, names and images used in commerce
-designs,logo,symbols,brand names

RA 8293- intellectual property code of Philippines, Intellectual Property refers to the

creations of the mind, such as inventions; literary and
artistic works; designs; and symbols, names and images used in commerce – World
IntellectualProperty Organization
TYPES OF IP
Copyright-legal term that describes the rights of the creator over their literary and
artistic, form of protection provided to the authors of “original works ofauthorship”
Copyright infringement occurs when there is a violation of any of the exclusive economic or
moral rights granted to the copyright owner. It may also consist of aiding or abetting such
infringement works.
Plagiarism
1) to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one's own
2) to use (another's production) without crediting the source
3) to commit literary theft
4) to present as new and original an idea or product derived from an existing so

Netiquette-Netiquette, or network etiquette, is concerned with the "proper" way to

communicate in an
online environment.
Patent-an exclusive right granted for an invention, the right to decide how - or whether - the
invention can be used by others
Trademarks-a sign capable of distinguishing the goods or services of one enterprise from those
of other enterprises.
Trademark infringement-violation
Industrial design-constitutes the ornamental or aesthetic aspect of an article, consist of three-
dimensional features, such as the shape or surface of an article, or of two-dimensional features,
such as patterns, lines or color
Geographical Indications and Appellations of Origin-signs used on goods that have a
specific geographical origin and possess qualities,products coming from particular location
Fair use-you can use copyrighted material without a license only for certain purposes.
These include:
Commentary
Criticism
Reporting
Research
Guidelines for Fair Use
- A majority of the content you create must be your own.
-Give credit to the copyright holder.
- Don't make money off of the copyrighted work.
Creative commons- is an American non-profit organization devoted to expanding the range of
creative works available for others to build upon legally and to share. The organization has
released several copyright-licenses known as Creative Commons licenses free of charge to the
public.
Attribution: You must credit the creator.
Non-Commercial: You can't make a profit.
No Derivative Works: You can't change the content.
Share Alike: You can change the content, but you have to let other people use your new work
with the same license as the original.
Public domain-refers to creative materials that are not protected by intellectual property laws
such as copyright,trademark or patent.The public owns these works.
Digital divide-gap between the people who has internet access and to people who doesn’t have
internet access.
Digital addiction- referred to an impulse control disorder that involves the obsessive
use of digital devices, digital technologies, and digital platforms
CYBERBULLYING– is to threaten ,harass ,sending mean messages , making fun of a person or to
intimidate a person through the use of computers ,
Anti-obscenity law-act of prohibiting and penalizing the
production,printing,publication,distribution and exhibition of obscene and pornographic
materials
Republic Act No. 10175-or the Cyber crime Prevention Act of 2012, was signed into
law by President Aquino on Sept. 12, 2012. Its original goal was to penalize acts like
cybersex, child pornography, identity theft, and unsolicited electronic communication in the
country
RA 10173-prohibits data
OPPORTUNITY,CHALLENGES,ISSUES
Opportunity
-Economy-business/growth
-Education-access to learning/knowledge
-Political-well-informed
-Social-community/communication
Challenges
Illegal contents-violence,sexual/obscene child photos,scam,virus
Identity theft-stealing somebodys identity
Cybercrime-the use of a computer as an instrument to further illegal ends
criminal activity or a crime that involves the Internet, a computer system, or computer
technology
Constitutional law- doesn’t change
Presidential law-depends on the president
Power-mass media is powerful because audiences tend to trust them all the time
Defamation-false and unprivileged statement of fact that is harmful to someones reputation
and published with fault , all-encompassing term that covers any statement that hurts
someone's reputation,
also called defamation
2 types of defamation
Libel- written defamation
Slander-spoken defamation
CURRENT AND FUTURE TRENDS
Ubiquitous Learning- learning at any time, at any place
Permanency: Learning materials are always available unless purposely deleted.
Accessibility: Access from everywhere as personally required
Immediacy: Wherever a student is, he/she can immediately access learning materials.
Interactivity: Online collaboration with teachers and/or peers
(chat/blogs/forums)
Situated instructional Activities: Learning in context (on-site).
Adaptability: Getting the right information at the right place for the right student.
M- MASSIVE, 100 THOUSAND STUDENTS IN MOOC
O-OPEN, anyone,anywhere can register for these course
O-ONLINE, coursework is delivered over the internet
C-COURSE, very similar to most online college courses
Haptics technology - Is a feedback technology (using computer applications) that takes
advantage of the user’s sense of touch by applying force, vibrations and/or motions to
the User. is used in game controllers, joysticks and steering wheels and is becoming
more common in Smartphones
Contextual Awareness - By combining ‘hard sensor’ information such as where you are
and the conditions around you, combined with ‘soft sensors’ such as your calendar, your
social network and past preferences,digital assistants
Voice and tone recognition-This technology will open new opportunities in security and
healthcare – with mobile applications.
Gamification-It has been called one of the most important trends in technology by
several industry experts. It can potentially be applied to any industry and almost
anything to create fun and engaging experiences, converting customers (Users) into
players. Gamification is radically changing the way companies do business, increasing
engagement with customers, employees and stakeholders to levels never seen before.
Intelligent routing to devices-This future technology will be useful to, for example, local
councils, Driver tracking solutions i.e. logistics and routing services
Eye tracking technology - Eye tracking technology measures eye positions and
movements which are analysed through computer applications
Internet glasses- Technology that can display images directly onto our retinas
while not blocking our sight is being developed, can be used in eyeglasses and have uses
ranging from e-Gaming to military defense.
3D Printing -is an additive manufacturing process that creates a physical object from a
digital design.
Holograms-A hologram is a physical structure that diffracts light into an image
Computer-generated imagery (CGI) - is the creation of still or animated visual content
with imaging software

TEXT INFORMATION
TEXT- a simple and flexible format of presenting information or conveying ideas
whether hand-written, printed or displayed on-screen, any ‘’human-readable sequence
of characters’’ that can form intelligible words
TYPES OF TEXT DESCRIPTION
HYPERTEXT serve to link different electronic
documents and enable users to jump
from one to other in a nonlinear way
PLAINTEXT or UNFORMATTED fixed sized characters having
TEXT essentially the same type of
appearance
FORMATTED TEXT appearance can be changed using
font parameters (bold, underline, italic,
font size, font color, etc.)

TYPEFACE- also called font, font type, or type refers to the representation or style of a text
in the digital formatusually comprised of alphabets, numbers, punctuation marks,
symbols and other special characters
SERIF- connotes formality and readability in large amount of text,used for body text of
books,newspapers,magazine,examples are: times new roman
SAN SERIF-brings clean or minimalist look to the text,for clear and direct meaning od
text such as road signage,building directory,nutrition facts
Ex: Arial,Helvetica,Tahoma,Verdana,Calibri
SLAB SERIF- carries a ssolid or heavy look to text,can be used for large advertising
sign on billboards
SCRIPT-brush-like strokes,used in wedding invitations or formal events
DECORATIVE- wide variety of emotions such as celebration,fear,horror
COMMON FILE FORMATS
TXT (text) • Unformatted text document by an editor
as notepad on Windows platform
DOC (document)
•a native format for storing documents created by MS Word package
•contain a rich set of formatting capabilities
RTF (Rich Text Format)
•Cross platform document exchange; default format for Mac OS X’s default editor
TextEdit
PDF (Portable Document Format)- developed by Adobe systems for cross platform
exchange of documents, supports image and graphics
PS (PostScript) -a page description language used mainly for desktop publishing

DESIGN PRINCIPLES AND ELEMENTS

EMPHASIS- importance or value given to a part of the text-based content
• make the text bold
• Italicized
• have a heavier weight
• darkened or lightened
•enlarged
APPROPRIATENESS -how fitting or suitable the text is used for a specific audience,
purpose or event
PROXIMITY -how near or how far the text elements from each other
• when two things are closely related, bring them close together
ALIGNMENT
• how the text is positioned in the page
• left, center, right, or justified
ORGANIZATION
• conscious effort to organize the different text elements in a page
• ensures that while some text elements are separated from each other, they are
still somehow connected with the rest of the elements in the page
REPETITION
•consistency of elements
•unity of the entire design
•repeating some typefaces within the page
CONTRAST
•creates visual interest
•two elements are different from each other
 white text on a dark
background
 large font with a small font
 serif and sans serif
 thin elements with wide
elements

VISUAL INFORMATION
-Visual media are sources of information in the form of visual representations. These
can be abstractions, analogues, rough illustrations, or digital reproductions of the
objects
-The psychologist Jerome Bruner of New York University has described studies that show that
people only remember 10% of what they hear and 20% of what they read, but about 80 percent
of what they see and do.”
Visual message-Visual message design is a symbol with meaning. These reinforce. These have
more bearing for visual learners
EXAMPLES OF VISUAL MEDIA
• Photography
• Video
• Screenshots
• Infographics
• Data Visualization (charts
and graphs)
• Comic Strips/Cartoons
• Memes
PURPOSE OF VISUAL INFORMATION
gain attention
create meaning
facilitate retention
JPEG-most web friendly image format.Great for images when you need to keep the size
small,if you don’t mind compromising the quality of the image a bit use JPEG
GIF-worst choice for web graphics,if you want to add animation effects use GIF,great for
clip art
TIFF-best choice for professionals when images are intended for print,able to store such
high pixel intensity,only choice for designers,photographers and publishers
PNG- great for web graphics,for transparencies
BMP- large and uncompressed,images are rich in colorr,high in quality simple and
compatible in all windows Os,also called raster or paint images

ELEMENTS OF VISUAL DESIGN

LINE
describes a shape or outline
create texture and can be thick or thin
may be actual, implied, vertical, horizontal, diagonal, or contour lines
SHAPE
a geometric or organic area that stands out from the space next to or around it,
or because of differences in value, color, or texture
VALUE
the degree of light and dark in a design
contrast between black and white and all the tones in between
TEXTURE
way a surface feels or is perceived to
feel
illusion of the surfaces peaks and valleys, resulting in a feeling of smoothness or
roughness in objects
COLOR
determined by its hue (name of color), intensity (purity of the hue), and value
(lightness or darkness of hue)
used for emphasis, or may elicit emotions from viewers
FORM
a figure having volume and thickness
an illusion of a 3-dimensional object can be implied with the use of light and shading
can be viewed from many angles

PEOPLE MEDIA
PEOPLE MEDIA-refers to persons that are involved in the use, analysis, evaluation and
production of media and information
People as Media-People who are well-oriented to media sources and messages and able to
provide information as accurate and reliable as possible
PEOPLE AS MEDIA:
OPINION LEADERS
•highly exposed to and actively using media
•source of viable interpretation of messages for lower- end media users
•opinions are accepted by a group
-The Two-step Flow Communication Model (1944) Paul Lazarsfeld, Bernard Berelson, and
Hazel Gaudet
CITIZEN JOURNALISM
•People without professional journalism training can use the tools of modern technology and
internet to create, augment or fact-check media on their own or in collaboration with
others.
SOCIAL JOURNALISM
•Journalists are using social media to make their content available to more people.
CROWDSOURCING
•the practice of obtaining needed services, ideas, or content by soliciting contributions from a
large group of people and especially from the online community
-examples are waze,Wikipedia,tripadvisor
People in Media-Media practitioners who provide information
coming from their expert knowledge or first- hand
experience of event.
TYPES OF JOURNALIST BY MEDIUM
• Print Journalists
• Photojournalists
• Broadcast Journalists
• Multimedia Journal
People in Tv media- they are personalities on tv as well as people working behind the
camera who use television as a media for dissemating information which serve both
educational and entertainment purpose, examples are news anchors,reporters,host
People in radio media- ones who utilize radio media such as cassette tapes,CDs,podcast,
examples are radio djs,broadcasters,commentators,radio actors
People in print media-Ones who utilize text visual arts in order to impart knowledge,transfer
information and express opinions using printed materials,examples are
authors,publishers,editors,columnists,visual artist,photographers
People in Web media- The ones responsible for sharing knowledge and information in the
world wide web through digital or electronic formats found in blogs,websites,examples:
bloggers,web administrators,online media users,web writers
Lower - end Media Users- people with limited access to media and
information
Examples of People as media
1.SHS Teacher
2. Independent Blogger
3. Your Classmate
4. YouTubers
5. Facebook user
6. College Professor
Examples of People in media
1. Print Journalist
2. Movie Director
3. Radio Commentator
4. News Reporter
What is common between people as media & people in media?
-Both are people in media which means they are involved in the use, analysis,
evaluation, and production of media and information
Difference between people in media & people as media
-People in media are media practitioners which means they are media-related
professionals while people as media are not but rather media users.

AUDIO INFORMATION AND MEDIA

AUDIO MEDIA-media communication that uses audio or recordings to deliver
and transfer information through the means of so

PURPOSE OF SOUND
1. Give instruction or information.
2. Provide feedback
3. To personalize
AUDIO-sound, especially when recorded, transmitted, or reproduced
TYPES OF AUDIO
Radio Broadcast -live or recorded audio sent through radio waves to reach a wide audience
Music-vocal or instrumental sounds combined in such a way as to produce beauty of form,
harmony, and expression of emotion

Sound Recording-recording of an interview, meeting, or any

sound from the environment

Sound Clips / Effects-any sound artificially reproduced to create an effect in a dramatic

presentation (ex. sound of a storm, or a door)
Audio Podcast-a digital audio or video file or recording, usually part of a themed series, that
can be downloaded from a website to a media player or a computer
FOLEY-is a unique sound effect technique that involves creating and
“performing” everyday sounds for movies and television shows.
Types of Audio Formats
MP3 (MPEG Audio Layer 3) -a common format for consumer audio, as well as a standard of
digital audio compression for the transfer and playback of music on most digital audio players.
M4A / AAC (MPEG4)- an audio coding standard for lossy digital audio compression. Designed
to be the successor of the MP3 format
WAV-is a Microsoft audio file format standard for storing an audio bitstream on PCs. It has
become a standard file format for game sounds, among others
WMA (Windows Media Audio)- is an audio data compression technology developed by
Microsoft and used with Windows Media Player
Ways to Store Audio information
TAPE-magnetic tape on which sound can be recorded

Compact Disc (CD)USB Drive-a plastic-fabricated, circular medium for recording, storing,
and playing back audio, video, and computer data.

USB Drive-an external flash drive, small enough to carry on a key ring, that can be used with
any computer that has a USB Port
Memory Card- is a small storage medium used to store data such as text, pictures, audio, and
video, for use on small, portable, or remote computing
devices.

Computer Hard Drive-secondary storage devices for storing audio file

Internet cloud-websites or file repositories for retrieving audio files, that are stored in some
datacenter full of servers that is connected to the Internet
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOUND
Volume- intensity of a sound
Tone- the audible characteristics of a sound
Pitch-is how high or low a sound is
Loudness- refers to the magnitude of the sound heard
ELEMENT OF SOUND DESIGN
DIALOGUE- speech conversation,voice over
SOUND EFFECTS- any sound other than music or dialogue
MUSIC-vocal or instrumental sounds (or both) combined in such a way as to produce beauty
of form, harmony, and expression of emotion.

PRINCIPLES OF SOUND DESIGN

Mixing-the combination, balance and control of multiple sound elements.
Pace-time control, editing, order of events (linear, non-linear or multi-linear)

Stereo Imaging -Using left and right channel for depth. This refers to the aspect of sound
recording and reproduction.
Transition-how you get from one segment or element to another.

Types of Transition
SEGUE-one element stops, the next begins (“cut” in film)
CROSSFADE-one element fades out, the next fades
in, and they overlap on the way
V FADE-first element fades to inaudible before the second elements
begins.
WATERFALL-As first element fades out, the second element begins at full volume. Better for
voice transitions, than

HEARING-the act of perceiving sound by the ear

Listening-requires concentration so that your brain processes meaning from words and
sentences. Listening leads to learning.

MOTION INFORMATION
Motion and information media-A form of media that has the appearance of moving text and
graphics on a display.itspurpose is tocommunicate information in multiple ways
(roblyer 2006).
-An integrated sight and sound kinetic media
(Shelton,2014)
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MOTION MEDIA
It communicates message to large,heterogeneous, and anonymous audiences
It communicates the same message to mass audiences simultaneously, sometimes in
public,other times in private It embodies messages that are usually impersonal and
transitory
It is multi-sensory such that the audience’ssight and hearing are stimulated in
concert.Such a combination of sensory stimuli forms a complex synergism that can
significantly enhance communication. This powerful double-barreled combination of
dual-sense stimulation contributes in large measure to the compelling influence of
motion media
It is a formal, authoritative channel of communication. Accordingly, its power
ininforming and entertaining lies in the communicator’s ability to control visual andaural
stimuli
It is instrumental in behavior and attitude modification – that is, attitude
formation,change, conservation, and canalization(directing a performed attitude to a
newdirection)
It confers status upon issues, persons,organizations, or social movements.
FILM-also called a movie picture,is a series of
still or moving images.
ANIMATION-a scene from the animated film.
SHORT FILM-a trailer of a short film, ninety seconds about a surveillance expert taking
on anassignment that might be his downfall.
DOCUMENTARY FILM-telling where commercialized and fast food comes from
MOTION PICTURE IN TELEVISION-television isa telecommunication medium for
transmitting andreceiving moving images that can be monochrome (black and white)
or colored,with or without accompanying sounds
a.Commercial advertisementon TV.
b.Philippine melodrama
c.Reality show
d.Game show.
e.Talk show
f.Television news
INTERACTIVE VIDEO -usually refers to atechnique used to blend interaction and linear
film or video.
"Customizable"Online Interactive Videos - Customizable videos allow the user to
adjust some variables and then play a videos customized to the users particular
references.how ever the user does not actually interact with the video while it is playing
Conversational"Online Interactive Videos - conversational videos allows the user to
interactwith a video in a turn-based manner,almost asthough the user was having a
simple conversationwith the characters in the video
Exploratory"Online Interactive Videos-exploratory videos allow the user to move
through .others(i.e phone gaming,computer games,cinema)
-live stream is a live streaming video platform that allows users to view and broadcast
video content using a camera and computer through the internet

ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATION OF "MOTION

MEDIA"
MOTION-better mastery of procedures,as opposedto stagnant images
PROCESSES-operations where sequentialmovement is needed can be shown.
SAFE OBSERVATION-observing phenomena thatmight be dangerous to view directly.
SKILL LEARNING-videos can be viewed over andover,so repeated observation of skills is
possible.
DRAMATIZATION-recreations of history and personalities;observing and analyzing human
relations problem.
AFFECTIVE LEARNING-Films for shaping personaland social attitudes; documentaries and
propagandafilms to affect attitudes.
PROBLEM SOLVING-Open ended dramatizationscan leave viewers to solve problems
themselves.
CULTURAL UNDERSTANDING-Appreciation forother cultures by seeing video depiction of them.
ESTABLISHING COMMONALITY-People withdifferent backgrounds can discuss topics after
watching a video.

LIMITATION OF MOTION MEDIA"

FIXED PACE-cannot be interrupted still
PHENOMENA-Motion media is sometimesunsuitable to other topics such as those
involving amap,a wiring diagram,etc.
MISINTERPRETATION-In documentaries and dramatizations especially,intended
messages
are quite deep and complex.because of that,youngviewers who lack maturity tend to
misinterpret themessage.
COST-Equipment and materials for motion media
are expensive (e.g.DVD player,TV,etc.

DESIGN PRINCIPLE AND ELEMENT

1.Capture and keep the audiences attention by
being interesting
2.must be interesting enough to watch multiple
times as commercials can be played
3.repeatedly throughout the program
4.must be able to tell a compelling story

5.keep the messages family conscious

Silent films- Charley Chaplin

Motion films- Lumiere brothers
FILIPINO REVIEWER 

o Replektibong Sanaysay  
- Ito ay tinatawag ding reflective paper o Comtemplative paper. 
- Ito ay maaaring hinggil sa isang babasahin, isang lektyur o karanasan sa intership, volunteer
experience, retreat  at recollection. 
- Ito ay pumapaksa sa mga pangkaraniwang isyu, pangyayari, o karanasan na hindi na
nangangailangan pa ng  mahabang pag-aaral. May kalayaan ang pagtalakay sa mga puntong
nilalaman nito na karaniwan ay mula sa  karanasan ng manunulat o pangyayaring kanyang
nasaksihan. (Baello et al.,1997) 
- Ang repleksyong papel ay naglalaman ng reaksyon, damdamin at pagsusuri ng isang karanasan
sa napakapersonal  na paraan, kaiba sa paraan ng pormal na pananaliksik o mapanuring
sanaysay. (Bernales at Bernardino, 2013) - Ang repleksyong papel ay nag-aanyaya ng self-
reflection o pagmumuni-muni. Ang kakayahang makapagmuni muni ay isang mahalagang
personal at propesyunal na katangian. 
❖ Ang replektibong sanaysay ay isang anyo ng sulating pasalaysay na hindi lamang nakatuon sa husay
ng paggamit  ng estilo sa pagsulat bagkus ay sa pagsusuri ng salaysay na inilatag ng manunulat para
sa mambabasa. Maaaring  sabihing isa tong akademikong paraan ng pagbuo ng bagong kaalaman
patungkol sa pagkatao, lipunan, at mga  isyu o paksa sa pagitan. Ito ay sa kadahilanang inaasahan na
ang mambabasa ay nagsusuri din at humuhusga sa  halaga, bigat, at katotohanan ng paksang
inilalatag ngmanunulat sa piyesa. 
❖ Taliwas sa sinasabi ng karamihan, hindi madali ang pagsulat ng replektibong sanaysay o ang mismong
replektibong  pagsulat. Bilang manunulat at indibidwal, may mga pagkakataong nais mo na lamang
itago sa iyong kalooban ang  ilang mga personal na salaysay at hindi na paabutin ang mga ito sa
iyong panulat (University of Reading). Sa mga  ganitong pagkakataon, kinakailangan ang tibay ng
kalooban, maging matalino sa pagpili ng mga salita, at pilling  maging obhetibo sa pagsasalaysay. 

Mga bahagi ng Replektibong Sanaysay 

1. Ang PANIMULA ay sinisimulan sa pagpapakilala pagpapaliwanag ng paksa o gawain. Maaaring
ipahayag nang tuwiran o di tuwiran ang pangunahing paksa, Ang mahalaga ay mabigyang-panimula
ang mahalagang bahagi ng  buhay na pupukaw sa interes ng mambabasa. 
2. Ang KATAWAN ay katulad ng maikling kuwento, sa bahaging ito ay binibigyang-halaga ang maigting
na damdamin  sa pangyayari. Ang katawan ng replektibong sanaysay ay naglalaman ng malaking
bahaging salaysay, obserbasyon,  realisasyon, at natutuhan. Ipinaliliwanag din dito kung anong mga
bagay ang nais ng mga manunulat na baguhin  sa karanasan, kapaligiran, o sistema.  
3. Ang KONGKLUSYON, sa pagtatapos ng isang replektibong sanaysay, dapat mag-iwan ng isang
kakintalan sa  mambabasa. Dito na mailalabas ng manunulat ang punto at kahalagahan ng
isinasalaysay niyang pangyayari o isyu  at mga pananaw niya rito. Dito na rin niya masasabi kung ano
ang ambag ng kanyang naisulat sa pagpapabuti ng  katauhan at kaalaman para sa lahat. 
▪ Mga Dapat Isaalang-alang sa Pagsulat ng Replektibong Sanaysay 
1. Magkaroon ng isang tiyak na paksa na iikutan ng nilalaman ng sanaysay. 
 2. Isulat ito gamit ang unang panauhan.  
3. Bagamat nakabatay ito sa personal na karanasan, mahalagang lagyan pa rin
ito ng patunay. 4. Gumamit ng pormal na salita sa pagsulat nito.  
5. Gawing malinaw at madaling maunawaan ang gagawing pagpapaliwanag sa mga
ideya o kaisipan. 6. Sundin ang tamang istruktura sa pagsulat ng sanaysay. 
7. Gawing lohikal at organisado ang pagkakasulat ng mga talata.
LAKBAY-SANAYSAY 

- Ito rin ay tinatawag na travel essay o travelogue. 

- ito ay uri ng lathalain na ang pangunahing layunin ay maitala ang mga naging
karanasan sa paglalakbay. - Ito ay nagtataglay ng mga pahayag tungkol sa karanasan sa
paglalakbay.  
- Ang lakbay sanaysay ay isang uri ng sulatin kung saan ang may akda ay nagbibigay ng paglalarawan ng
kaniyang mg  naranasan, gabay, damdamin sa paglalakbay. Ito ay isang uri ng sanaysay na
makakapagbalik tanaw sa paglalakbay na  ginawa ng manunulat. Maaring maging replektibo o
impormatibo ang pagsulat ng isang lakbay sanaysay. Kadalasang  ginagamit ang mga lakbay sanaysay sa
mga travel blogs upang manghikayat sa mga tong maglakbay sa isang partikular na  lugar. 

- Ito rin ay tinatawag na lathalaing ang pangunahing layunin ay maitala ang mga nagging karanasan sa
paglalakbay. Ayon  kay Nonon Carandang, ito ay tinawag niyang sanaylakbay kung saan ito ay binubuo
ng tatlong konsept, sanaysay, sanay at  lakbay. Naniniwala siyang ang sanaysay ang pinakaepektibong
pormat ng sulatin upang maitala ang mga karanasa sa  paglalakbay. 

▪ Inilalahad ang paglalakbay gamit ang: 

a) pandama  
b) panlasa 
c) paningin  
d) pang-amoy 
e) pandinig 

o Sa pagsulat, maaaring ilahad ang di kanais-nais o hindi nagustuhang karanasan. 

4 na pangunahing dahilan sa pagsulat ng lakbay-sanaysay: 

1. Upang itaguyod ang isang lugar at kumite sa pagsusulat 
2. Upang makalikha ng patnubay sa mga posibleng manlalakbay 
3. Upang magtala ng pansariling kasaysayan sa paglalakbay 
4. Upang maidokumento ang kasaysayan, kultura at heograpiya ng lugar sa malikhaing
pamamaraan 
Ang layunin ng lakbay sanaysay ay ang mga sumusunod: 
1. Maitaguyod ang isang lugar na karaniwang ang lugar na pinuntahan ng manlalakbay. 
2. Gumawa ng gabay para sa mga maaring manlalakbay. Halimbawa ang daan at ang mga modo
ng transportasyon. 3. Pagtatala ng sariling kasaysayan sa paglalakbay, kabilang ang
espiritwalidad, pagpapahilom, o pagtuklas sa sarili. 4. Pagdodokumento ng kasaysayan, kultura,
at heograpiya ng isang lugar sa malikhaing pamamaraan. 
Gabay sa Pagsulat ng Lakbay-Sanaysay 
 1. Bago magtungo sa lugar na balak mong puntahan ay dapat magsaliksik o magbasa patungkol
sa kasaysayan nito. 2. Buksan ang isip at damdamin sa paglalakbay. 
3. Magdala ng talaan at ilista ang mahahalagang datos na dapat isulat. 
4. Huwag gumamit ng mga kathang-isip na ideya sa pagsulat ng lakbay-sanaysay. 
5. Gamitin ang unang panauhang punto de bista at isaalang-alang ang mga
organisasyon sa pagsulat 6. Tiyaking mapupukaw ang kawilihan ng mambabasa sa
susulating lakbay-sanaysay 
7. Hindi kailangang pumunta sa ibang bansa o malayong lugar upang makahanap ng
paksang isusulat 8. Huwag piliting pasyalan ang napakaraming lugar sa iilang araw
lamang 
9. Ipakita ang kwentong-buhay ng tao 
10. Huwag magpakupot sa normal na atraksyon at pasyalan. 
11. Hindi lahat ng paglalakbay ay positibo at puno ng kaligayahan. 
12. Alamin ang mga natatanging pagkain sa lugar.
13. Bisitahin ang maliliit na pook-sambahan na hindi gaanong napupuntahan at
isulat ang kapayakan  ng pananampalataya rito 
14. Isulat ang karansan at personal na repleksyon sa paglalakbay. 

Pictorial Essay 

→ Ito ay isang sulating mas maraming mga larawan kaysa salita. 

→ Ang isang deskripsyon ng larawan ng pictoral essay ay hindi dapat na lalagpas ng 60 na salita.  →
Ang pictorial essay ay madalas personal at maaaring maging isang epektibong paraan upang lumikha
ng isang  personal na mensahe upang ibahagi sa pamilya, kaibigan o kahit na para sa publikasyon. 
→ Ang larawang sanaysay na tinatawag sa Ingles na pictorial essay o kaya ay photo essay na para sa iba
ay mga  tinipong larawan na isinasaayos nang may wastong pagkakasunod-sunod ng mga pangyayari
upang maglahad ng  isang konsepto. Ito ay isang sulating mas maraming mga larawan kaysa salita. 
→ Ang pictorial essay ay madalas personal at maaaring maging isang epektibong paraan upang lumikha
ng isang  personal na mensahe pang ibahagi sa pamilya, kaibigan o kahit na para sa publikasyon. Ang
isang deskripsyon ng  larawan ng pictora/ essay ay hindi dapat ng lalagpas ng 60 na salita. 
Mga dapat isaalang-alang sa Pagsulat ng Pictorial Essay 

1. Pumili ng paksa ayon sa iyong interes. 

2. Magsagawa ng pananaliksik sa iyong paksang gagawin. 
3. Isaalang-alang ang kawilihan at uri ng iyong mambabasa. 
4. Tandaan na ang isang istoryang nakatuon sa mga pagpapahalaga o emosyon ay madaling
nakapupukaw sa  damdamin ng mambabasa. 
5. Kung nahihirapan ka sa pagkakasunod-sunod ng mga pangyayari gamit ang larawan, mabuting
sumulat ka muna  ng kuwento at ibatay rito ang mga larawan. 
6. Planuhing mabuti ang gagawing sanaysay gamit ang mga larawan.  
7. Tandaan na higit na dapat mangibabaw ang larawan kaysa sa mga salita 
8. Palaging tandaan na ang larawang-sanaysay ay nagpapahayag ng kronolihikal na salaysay, isang ideya
at isang  panig ng isyu. Siguraduhin ang kaisahan ng mga larawan ayon sa framing, komposisyon,
kulay at pag-iilaw. Kung  minsan, mas matingkad ang kulay at matindi ang contrast ng ilang larawan
kumpara sa iba dahil sa pagbabago ng  damdamin na isinasaad nito. 
 ▪ Panukalang Proyekto 
→ mungkahing naglalaman ng plano na ihaharap sa tao o Samahan. 
→ naglalayong lumutas ng isang problema o suliranin.  
→ Ayon kay Bartle (2011), layunin ng panukalang proyekto na makapagbigay ng impormasyon at
makahikayat. Hindi  ito nagsesermon, nagyayabang o nanlilinlang. Ito ay dapat tapat at totoo sa
layunin ng isinasagawang pagsulat. → Ang panukalang proyekto ay isang kasulatan n9 mungkahing
naglalaman ng mga planong gawaing ihaharap bsa  tao o samahang pag-uukulan nitong siyang
tatanggap at magpapatibay nito. Ito rin ay isang detalyeng deskripsyon  na mga inihaing gawaing
naglalayong lumutas ng isang problema o suliranin. 
B. MGA TAGUBILIN SA PAGSULAT NG PANUKALANG PROYEKTO 
Ayon sa American Red Cross (2006), kapag susulat ng panukalang proyekto, kailangang gawin ang
sumusunod: 1. Magplano nang maagap. 
2. Gawin ang pagpaplano nang pangkatan. 
3. Maging realistiko sa gagawing panukala. 
4. Matuto bilang isang organisasyon. 
5. Maging makatotohanan at tiyak. 
6. Limitahan ang paggamit ng teknikal na jargon.
7. Pumili ng pormat ng panukalang malinaw at madaling basahin. 
8. Alalahanin ang prayoridad ng hihingian ng suportang pinansyal. 
9. Gumamit g salitang kilos sa pagsulat ng panukalang proyekto. 

MGA BAHAGI NG PANUKALANG PROYEKTO 

→ Ang panukalang proyekto ay nahahati sa tationg mahahalagang bahagi: pagsulat ng panimula ng

panukalang  proyekto, pagsulat ng katawan g panukalang proyekto at paglalahad ng benepisyo ng
proyekto at mga  makikinabang nito. 

1. Pagsulat ng Panimula ng Panukalang Proyekto 

a) Maisasagawa ang unang bahagi sa pamamagitan ng pagmamasid sa

pamayanan o kompanya. b) Pagtatala ng mga nakalap na mga ideyang
magagamit sap ag-uumpisa sa pagsulat. 
c) Mula sa nabanggit o naitalang suliranin, itala rin ang kinakailangan upang masolusyunan ang
suliranin. d) Kinakailangan ang ispesipikong solusyon sa suliranin na magsisilbing bahagi ng panimula
sa isusulat na panukalang  proyekto. 

2. Pagsulat ng Katawan ng Panukalang Proyekto 

a) Layunin   
- Bahaging makikita ang mga bagay na tiyak na gusting makamit o adhikain ng panukala. Ito
rin ay dapat tiyak. b) Planong dapat gawin 
- Mahalagang maiplano nang Mabuti ayon sa tamang pagkakasuno-sunod ng pagsasagawa nito.
ito ay  kinakailangang makatotohanan at naisasaalang-alang ang badyet at mahahalagang petsa 
c) Badyet 
 - Ito ay talaan ng mga gastusin na kakailanganin sa pagsasagawa ng layunin. Ito rin ang
pinakamahalagang bahagi  ng panukalang proyekto na dapat tapat at wasto. 
➢ Mahahalagang Bagay na Dapat Tandaan sa Paggawa ng Badyet 
- Gawing simple at malinaw ang badyet 
- Pangkatin ang mga gastusin ayon sa klasipikasyon. 
- Isama sa yong badyet ang bawat sentimo. 
- Siguraduhing tam at wasto ang ginagawang pagkukuwenta ng mga gastusin. 

3. Paglalahad ng Benepisyo ng Proyekto at Mga Makikinabang nito. 

a) Tiyaking maging ispesipiko sa tiyak na grupo ng tao o samahang makikinabang sa pagsasakatuparan

ng layunin ng  panukala 
b) Maaaring isama rito ang katapusan o konklusyon ng panukala gayundin ang dahilan kung bakit
kailangan  aprubahan ang panukala. 

Tiyak na balangkas sa pagbuo ng Panukalang Proyekto. 

a) Pamagat ng Panukalang Proyekto 

b) Nagpadala 
c) Petsa 
d) Pagpapahayag ng Suliranin 
e) Layunin 
f) Planong dapat gawin 
g) Badyet 
h) Paano mapakikinabangan ng Pamayanan/Samahan ang Panukalang Proyekto
Ang memorandum o memo ay isang kasulatang nagbibigay kabatiran tungkol sa gagawing pulong o
paalala  tungkol sa isang mahalagang impormasyon, gawain, tungkulin o utos. 
→ Bahagi ng Memorandum 
1. Letterhead (logo, pangalan ng kompanya, institusyon o organisasyon 
2. Ang bahaging “para kay/kina, para sa” 
3. Ang bahaging “mula kay” 
4. Petsa 
5. Paksa 
6. Mensahe 
7. Lagda 

A. KAHULUGAN NG ADYENDA 
→ Ang adyenda ay nagmula sa salitang Latin na agree na nangangahulugang gagawin. Sa pananaw na
ito, mahihinuha  na ang depinisyon ng adyenda ay isang dokumentong naglalaman ng listahan ng
mga pag-uusapan at dapat  talakayin sa isang pagpupulong. 
B. KAHALAGAHAN NG ADYENDA 
1. Ito ay nagsasaad ng mga paksang tatalakayin, mga taong magtatalakay o magpapaliwanag ng paksa at
oras na  ilalaan. 
2. Ito ay nagtatakda ng balangkas ng pulong. 
3. Nagsisilbing talaan o tseklisk 
 4. Nagbibigay paghahanda sa mga kasapi para sa paksa. 
5. Pinapanatiling nakapokus sa paksang tatalakayin 

C. Mga Hakbang sa Pagbuo ng Adyenda 

1. Alamin ang layunin ng pagpupulong. 
2. sulatin ang adyenda tatlo o higit pang araw bago ang pagpupulong. 
3. Simulan sa simpleng detalye. 
4. Magtalaga lamang ng hindi hihigit sa limang paksa para sa adyenda 
5. llagay ang nakalaang oras para sa bawat paksa. 
6. Isama ang ibang kakailanganing impormasyon para sa pagpupulong. 
D. Dapat Tandaan sa Paggawa ng Adyenda 
1. Tiyaking ang bawat dadalo ay nakatanggap ng adyenda. 
2. talakayin sa unang bahagi n pulong ang mahahalagang paksa. 
3. manatili sa iskedyul ng adyenda ngunit maging flexible. 
4. Magsimula at magwakas sa itinakdang oras. 
5. lhanda ang mga kakailanganing dokumento kasama ng adyenda. 
E. KAHULUGAN NG KATITIKAN NG PULONG 
→ Ang katitikan ng pulong ay ang opisyal na record ng pulong ng isang organisasyon, korporasyon o
asosasyon. Ito  ay tala ng mga napagdesisyunan at mga pahayag sa isang pulong. Bagamat hindi ito
verbatim na pagtatala sa mga  nangyari o nasabi sa pulong, ang mga itinatalang aytem ay may sapat
na deskripsyon upang madaling matukoy  ang pinagmulan nito at mga nagging konsiderasyong
kaakibat ng tala. (Sylvester, 2015 & CGA, 2012) 
→ Ito ay buod o lagom ng isang pagpupulong. 
Sino ang maaaring gumawa ng katitikan ng pulong? 
a) Kalihim, typist encorder o reporter sa korte; sa pamahalaan; video recorded.
F. MGA DAPAT TANDAAN SA PAGSULAT NG KATITIKAN NG PULONG 
→ Ayon sa artikulo na isinulat ni Lyn Gaertner-Johnston (2006), ang isang pagpupulong ay dapat
masagot ang  sumusunod na tanong: 
1. Kailan ang pagpupulong? 
2. Sino-sino ang mga dumalo? 
3. Sino-sino ang mga hindi nakadalo? 
4. Ano-ano ang mga paksang tinalakay? 
5. Ano ang mga napagpasyahan? 
6. Ano ang mga napagkasunduan? 
7. Kanino nakatalaga ang mga tungkuling dapat matapos, at kailan ito dapat maisagawa? 
8. Mayroon bang kasunod na kaugnay (follow up) na pulong? 
G. PORMAT SA KATITIKAN NG PULONG 
→ Walang istandard na pormat para sa pagsulat ng katitikan ng pulong, subalit mahalagang isama ang
sumusunod  na detalye: petsa, oras at lokasyon ng pulong; aytem sa agenda; desisyon; mga
napagkasunduan; pangalan ng mga  taong nagtaas ng mosyon at mga sumusog; pangalan ng mga opisyal
na tagapamahala o chairperson; at ang  pangalan ng kalihim
CHEMISTRY

THERMOCHEMISTRY
-the study of heat flow that accompanies chemical reactions.

Principle of Heat Flow

System- the part of the universe on which attention is focused
Surroundings- the rest of the universe outside the system
Open system-allows the exchange of both energy (heat) and matter with surroundings
Closed system-allows the exchange of energy (heat) only with surroundings
Isolated system-allows neither energy nor matter to be exchanged with surroundings
Heat (q)- transfers from object with higher temperature to object with lower temperature
Endothermic Process-It is a type of reaction if the system absorbs heat from its surroundings.

Exothermic Process-It is a type of reaction if the system gives off heat to the
surroundings.
Exothermic 1.Condensation
Endothermic 2.Evaporation
Exothermic 3.Burning of coal
Endothermic 4.Photosynthesis
First Law of Thermodynamics-The total energy of a closed system is neither created nor
destroyed; but can be transformed from one form to another.
Energy- capacity to do work
Law of Conservation of Energy-he heat lost by the surroundings is gained by the
system, and vice-versa.

-In interactions between system and surroundings, the total energy remains
constant or energy is not created nor destroyed.
First law of thermodynamics- in any process, the change in energy of a system is equal to the
heat absorbed by the system and the work done on it
+q = heat is absorbed on the system
-q = heat is released by the system
+w = work is done on the system
-w = work is done by the system
Endothermic- positive
Exothermic-negative
Calorimetry
-The flow of energy (as heat) between the system and its surroundings is measured through calorimetry.

q = CΔT
q = mcΔT
where:
q = heat in the system
m = mass of the object
c = specific heat
ΔT = change in temperature (°C)
C = heat capacity [mass (m) x specific heat (c)]
Heat Capacity (C)
-Heat capacity (C) = Mass (m) x Specific heat (c)
Heat capacity (C)- amount of energy required to raise the temperature of a sample by
1oC.
Specific Heat (c)
Specific Heat (c) -amount of energy required to raise one gram of a substance by 1oC.

CHEMICAL KINETICS
- the study of rate of chemical reactions. It includes the mechanism by which a
reaction occurs.
RATE OF CHEMICAL REACTION-the speed at which a chemical reaction proceeds
Rate law-This expresses the relationship of the rate of a reaction to the rate constant
and the concentrations of the reactants raised to some powers.

Factors affecting the rate of chemical reaction

The Collision Theory
For a chemical reaction to proceed:
1. There should be an effective collision between the reactant particles;
2. Collision must have the correct orientation; and
3. Collision must have enough energy (activation energy)
TEMPERATURE-if the temperature of a reaction system is increased, the average
speed of the particles is also increased.

CONCENTRATION/PRESSURE OF PARTICLES-an increase in reactant concentration

means that there will be more collisions
SURFACE AREA-The greater the surface area, the greater frequency of collisions
between reacting particles; hence, the faster the reaction.
PRESENCE OF CATALYST

CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS
SPONTANEOUS-a process that proceeds on its own, without any outside
intervention.
-marami product
NON-SPONTANEOUS-will not take place unless it is “driven” by the continual input of energy
from an external source.

SYSTEM-part of the universe being studied or to which attention is focused .

SURROUNDINGS-everything else in the thermodynamic universe aside from the system.
ENTROPY-Quantitative measure of the disorder or randomness of a system, Helps to predict
the spontaneity of the process.
-Positive ΔS increase in randomness
Negative ΔS decrease in randomness
-Increase in temperature means increase in entropy
-Gas has the highest randomness and highest entropy

FACTORS AFFECTING ENTROPY:

TEMPERATURE: Increase in temperature means increase in entropy
- Change in temperature = change in entropy
-Perfectly ordered pure crystalline solid at zero Kelvin will have zero entropy
PHASE- The entropy of a substance increases as it transforms from a relatively ordered
solid, to a less-ordered liquid, and then to a still less-ordered gas. The entropy
decreases as the substance transforms from a gas to a liquid and then to a solid.
NUMBER OF PARTICLES- Reactions that produce higher number of product
particles than reactant particles are usually spontaneous;
- More particles = more disordered

SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

“For any spontaneous process, there is a net increase in
the total entropy of the system and its surroundings.
Sign of the change in entropy of the ff:

NEGATIVE 1.Freezing of water

POSITIVE 2.Heating liquid water to its boiling point
POSITIVE 3.Sublimation of naphthalene
CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS- the study of the relationship between heat and work involving
chemical reactions or physical changes in state, within the framework of the laws of
thermodynamics.

Spontaneous or Nonspontaneous
S ● Hot coffee turning cold
S ● Rusting of iron
N ● Water decomposes into hydrogen and oxygen
gases with application of electricity.
S ● A spoon dipped in boiling water gets hot

GIBBS FREE ENERGY

-The standard free energy change of a reaction can also be calculated from the
standard free energy of formation (ΔG°f) of the reactants and products:

ΔG° = ∑ΔG°f(products) – ∑ΔG°f(reactants)

If ΔG is negative, the reaction is spontaneous and will
proceed on its own.
If ΔG is positive, the reaction is nonspontaneous and will
require a sustained input of energy for it to occur.
If ΔG is zero, the reaction is at equilibrium.
CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
HOMOGENOUS- Involves reactants and products that are present in one phase
HETEROGENOUS- reactants and products that are present in different phase
The symbol c in Kc indicates that the units for the reactants and products are those of
molar concentration.
Kp-For reactions involving gases, the equilibrium constant is often expressed in terms of
partial pressures rather than their concentrations
LE CHATELIER’S PRINCIPLE-If a chemical system at equilibrium is disturbed or
stressed, the system will react in the direction that counteracts the disturbance or relieves the
stress.

K >>1 -At equilibrium, this reaction system consists mainly of products and is
therefore considered to proceed completion.
K <<1-At equilibrium, this reaction system contains mostly reactants and almost no
products.
REACTION QUOTIENT-The reaction quotient can be used to measure the extent of a
chemical reaction. This quantity is also used to determine how far from equilibrium the
chemical reaction is.

FACTORS AFFECTING EQUILIBRIUM

CONCENTRATION- Addition of reactant drives the equilibrium to the right, Addition of product
drives the equilibrium to the left
CHANGE IN CONCENTRATION
Adding more reactants =Favors the forward reaction
Adding more products= Favors the reverse reaction
Removing a reactants= Favors the reverse reaction
Removing a product = Favors the forward reaction
PRESSURE-The reaction can be shifted forward or backward by
changing the pressure. One way of changing the pressure of a system is by changing
the volume of the container.(Boyle’s Law)
CHANGE IN PRESSURE- Decrease the number of moles to decrease pressure, Increase the
number of moles to increase pressure

CHANGE IN PRESSURE
Increase in pressure =Equilibrium favors the side that has fewer moles
Decrease in pressure= Equilibrium favors the side that has more moles
ENDOTHERMIC- An increase in temperature favors the forward reaction, while
a decrease in temperature favors the reverse reaction.
EXOTHERMIC-An increase in temperature favors the reverse reaction, while
a decrease in temperature favors the forward reaction
CATALYST-A catalyst increases the rate of chemical reactions. It increases
the rate of the forward reaction as well as the backward reaction to the same extent
1. A gas releases 35 J of heat as 84 J of work was done to compress it. Calculate the
change in energy and identify if the process is endothermic or exothermic.
A. Given 
q = -35 J
w = 84 J

B. Unknown 
∆U = ?

C. Formula
∆U = q + w

D. Solution
∆U = q + w 
∆U = (-35) + (84)
∆U = 49 J 

E. Answer
∆U = 49 J, Endothermic

2. A gas absorbs 48 J of heat as it does 72 J of work by expanding. Calculate the change

in energy and identify if the process is endothermic or exothermic.

A. Given 
q = 48 J
w = -72 J 

B. Unknown 
∆U = ?

C. Formula
∆U = q + w 

D. Solution
∆U = q + w 
∆U = (48) + (-72)
∆U = - 24 J 

E. Answer 
∆U = - 24 J, Exothermic 

3. An 800g aluminum block cools from 70 °C to 25°C.

A. Given that the specific heat capacity of aluminum is 0.902 J/g. °C, calculate the heat
released.
B. Calculate the heat capacity (C) of the aluminum block.
 
A. Given
m = 800g
ΔT = -45°C
c = 0.902 J/g.°C
B. Unknown
q=?
C=?

C. Formula
q = mcΔT 
C = m x c 

D. Solution
q = mcΔT
q = (800g) (-45°C) (0.902 J/g.°C)
q = -32,472 J

C=mxc
C = (800g) (0.902 J/g.°C)
C = 721.6 J

E. Answer
q = -32,472 J, Exothermic
C = 721.6 J
1.An aqueous solution becomes cold when a solid is dissolved in it. What does the decrease in
temperature imply? -The process is endothermic
2. When applying the first law of thermodynamics to a system, when is heat a negative
quantity? -When heat is released by the system
3. A decomposition reaction is an endothermic process. -TRUE
4. The study of heat flow and heat measurement that accompanies chemical equation is called:
Thermochemistry
5. When looking up enthalpy values for a set of reaction species, the enthalpy depends on the. -
physical state of the species
6. Which refers to the change in heat of a given reaction? – Enthalpy
7. The standard enthalpy for an element in its reference form is defined as. 0 kJ/mol
8. At what set of conditions do standard enthalpies occur? 25°C and 1.0 atm

9. Considering the following hypothetical reactions, calculate the enthalpy change for the
reaction A → C:
A → B; ∆H = 30 kJ
B → C; ∆H = 60 kJ
30+60= 90 kJ
10. In a chemical reaction, the reactants and products are considered the surroundings.
The system includes the vessel in which the reaction takes place and the air or other
material with direct contact with reactants and products. -False
11. The following equation illustrates the chemical reaction that occurs in a plant.
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + photons --> C6H12O6 + 6 O2 -It was converted into chemical energy
stored in sugar
12. An isolated energy system is said to be 100% efficient. No energy or matter is transferred
between the system and its surroundings. An example would be: An insulated thermos with a
hot liquid inside

13. If a system loses 250 kJ of heat at the same time that it is doing 500 kJ of work on the
surroundings. -750 kJ, Exothermic
14. A system absorbs 90 kJ of heat from its surroundings while doing 29 kJ of work on the
surroundings. 61 kJ,Endothermic

15. What do you call the difference in the heat contents of the products and the
reactants?. Heat of reaction
16. Which will NOT affect systems in equilibrium? -Adding a catalyst

17. When writing an equilibrium expression, the coefficients from the balanced equation
becomes the- EXPONENT OF THE CONCENTRATION TERMS

18. While all different types of physical states can be present in a chemical equation, the
incorporation of __________ is not expressed in the equilibrium constant expression.- SOLID AND
LIQUID

19. In a Kc  expression, the concentrations of the species are expressed in terms of – MOLARITY

20. In a Kp  expression, the concentrations of the gaseous species are expressed in terms of -
PRESSURE

 
 
 
GEN-BIOLOGY
Solutions and transport
Solution-homogenous mixture
Solvent-dissolving medium
Solute-substance dissolved
Intracellular fluid-found within the cells of body,cation is potassium,anion is phosphate,2/3 of
body fluid
-cytosol and nucleoplasm
Extracellular fluid-outside of the cells,cation is sodium,anion is chloride,1/3 of body fluid
Interstitial fluid-fluid on the exterior of the cell,in between (65%)
Plasma membrane-selective permeability- allows some materials to pass excluding others
Passive transport process-osmosis and facilitated diffusion
Diffusion-particles distribute themselves evenly within a solution
-movement is from high to low concentration
Simple diffusion-passive diffusion,unassisted process
Solutes are lipid-small enough to pass through membrane pores
Osmosis-flow of solvent through a semi permeable membrane,simple diffusion of water,highly
polar water easily pass through plasma membrane
Semipermeable membrane-allows certain substances to pass through
Facilitated diffusion-requires a protein carrier,no energy is needed,molecules will randomly
moves
Glycoprotein-protein with carbohydrate attached
Glycolipid-lipid with carnbohydrate attached
Channel protein-embedded in the cell membrane and have a pore
Carrier protein-can change shape to move material from one side of the membrane to the
other,involves in active and passive
Filtration- water and solutes are forced through a membrane by fluid or hydrostatic
pressure,pressure gradient must exist
Polarity and size-determines the ability of molecule to pass through
Aquaporin-protein in osmosis,allows the water to move faster than diffusion
Hypotonic-wherein a cell exposed to it will eventually swell as the water molecules tend to
enter the cell ,more solute inside
Hypertonic-greater concentration of solutes on the outside of a cell,more solute outside
Isotonic-normal concentration of solute
Blood 1-controls homeostasis of blood,RBC,glucose transporter
Leaky channel-present in neuron,responsible for potassium,positive charge
Blood plasma-liquid portion of the blood (90%) water (55%) blood
Propanolol-ingested by high blood patientsOxygen-needed by the cell diffusion inside the
intracellular fluid
Oxygen-needed by the cell diffusion inside the intracellular fluid
Passive transport-movement along the concentration gradient without energy,high to low
concentration gradient
Glucose transporter- uni porter and semi porter
Sodium-makes the cell go to other places where electrocytes are needed
Diffusion-passive movement of a solute across a permeable membrane

ACTIVE TRANSPORT
-movement against the concentration gradient using energy (ATP)
-from low to high concentration
Adenosine Triphosphate-chemical molecule which directly fuels the majority of biological
reactions,theres presence of adenine ribose and phosphate groups
-During active transport the third phosphate will detach itself through hydrolysis ,high energy
is released and from ATP it will be reduced to ADP,there will only be 2 phosphate
Solute pumping-has primary active transport and secondary active transport,transporting
glucose,amino acids and ions ,in this process the result is 3 sodium and 2 potassium
Sodium potassium pump-important in regulating our internal temperature like signalling the
contraction of the heart
Digoxin-medicine that inhibits sodium potassium pump and increases the contraction of the
heart
Calcium pump(Calcium ATPases)-part of primary active transport,calcium ions will be
transported to muscle cell towards the SR
Sarcoplasmic reticulum-calcium storage center
BULK TRANSPORT
Exocytosis-active movements of cell out of a cell
-moves materials out of the cell,vesicle migrates to plasma membrane,material is emptied to
the outside
Endocytosis-extracellular substances are engulfed by being enclosed in a membranous vesicle
TYPES OF ENDOCYTOSIS
Phagocytosis-cell eating
Pinocytosis-cell drinking
-In pinocytosis,dynein and kinesin are the motor protein
Receptor mediated endocytosis-binding of ligands to receptors triggers vesicle formation
Ligands-any molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site of any molecule
-there’s a presence of specific protein called CLATHRINS