Systems

•An organization may also be described as a

system where all staff interact with each other to
become as a functional unit.
• The organization also communicate with their clients to
make a complete business system.
• All businesses system have varied objectives to be
achieved. These systems have data and information to
maintain.

•System is made up of subsystems.

 Systems
Components of a system

Basic components of the system are:

a. Resources
b. Procedures/Rules/Policies
c. Data/ Information
d. Processes/Function
 Systems
Resources

System can be execute but its need resources.

•Resources can be a hardware, software and manpower.

• We also need time and money to ensure the project can be completed
• All resources must available when needed during project duration.
• Some resources might be shared with other ongoing project.
 Procedures
Systems

•System must function according to procedures or a set of rules

define by the organization.

• By following
. the right standard of procedures the system can
achieved targeted objectives.

• Procedures will ensure that the system is in full compliance with

the legislative requirements in the organization
 DATASystems
AND INFORMATION

•System must function according to procedures or a set of rules

define by the organization.

• By following
. the right standard of procedures the system can
achieved targeted objectives.

• Procedures will ensure that the system is in full compliance with

the legislative requirements in the organization
 DATASystems
AND INFORMATION

•Every system must have inputs and useful outputs.

•All .these are data or information such as students’ name,
students’ grade or result.
 Systems
Processes

•Processes or functions are the operational

component of the system.
.

• Feedback is also an important component in

a system as it shall be used to improve the
system.
 Systems
Processes

.
LESSON 2. THE ROLES OF SYSTEM ANALYST

System Analyst- Systematically assesses how users interact with technology and how
businesses function by examining the inputting and processing of data and the outputting of
information with the intent of improving organizational processes. Many improvements involve
better support of users’ work tasks and business functions through the use of computerized
information systems.

This definition emphasizes a systematic, methodical approach to analyzing—and potentially

improving—what is occurring in the specific context experienced by users and created by a
business. The analyst must be able to work with people of all descriptions and be experienced in
working with computers like the programmer or systems developer team.

The three primary roles of the systems analyst are:

• Consultant
• Supporting expert
• Agent of change.

Systems Analyst as Consultant

The systems analyst frequently acts as a systems consultant to humans and their businesses
and, thus, may be hired specifically to address information systems issues within a business.
Such hiring can be an advantage because outside consultants can bring with them a fresh
perspective that other people in an organization do not possess. It also means that outside
analysts are at a disadvantage because an outsider can never know the true organizational
culture. As an outside consultant, you will rely heavily on the systematic methods discussed
throughout this text to analyze and design appropriate information systems for users working in a
particular business. In addition, you will rely on information systems users to help you understand
the organizational culture from others’ viewpoints.

Systems Analyst as Supporting Expert

Another role that you may be required to play is that of supporting expert within a business for
which you are regularly employed in some systems capacity. In this role the analyst draws on
professional expertise concerning computer hardware and software and their uses in the
business. This work is often not a full-blown systems project, but rather it entails a small
modification or decision affecting a single department.

As the supporting expert, you are not managing the project; you are merely serving as a
resource for those who are. If you are a systems analyst employed by a manufacturing or
service organization, many of your daily activities may be encompassed by this role .
Systems Analyst as Agent of Change

The most comprehensive and responsible role that the systems analyst takes on is that of an
agent of change, whether internal or external to the business. As an analyst, you are an agent of
change whenever you perform any of the activities in the systems development life cycle and are
present and interacting with users and the business for an extended period. An agent of change
can be defined as a person who serves as a catalyst for change, develops a plan for change, and
works with others in facilitating that change.

As a systems analyst, you must recognize this fact and use it as a starting point for your analysis.
Hence, you must interact with users and management (if they are not one and the same) from
the very beginning of your project. Without their help you cannot understand what they need to
support their work in the organization, and real change cannot take place.

If change (that is, improvements to the business that can be realized through information systems)
seems warranted after analysis, the next step is to develop a plan for change along with the
people who must enact the change. Once a consensus is reached on the change that is to be
made, you must constantly interact with those who are changing.

As agent of change, the system analyst advocate a particular avenue of change involving the use
of information systems.

Reference

https://www.w3computing.com/systemsanalysis/roles-systems-analyst/
SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT
LIFE CYCLE
(SDLC)
 ter Description
Expected Outcomes

• To know the various stages in a system life cycle

• To understand few methodologies available for system development

References
• J.A Hoffer, J.F. George, and J.S. Valacich, "Modern Systems Analysis and Design", 7/E,
Addison-Wesley, 2014
• Kenneth E. Kendall, Julie E. Kendall.,“Systems Analysis and Design ”, Pearson, 2014
• D. Jeya Mala and S. Geeta, "Object Oriented Analysis & Design Using UML",
McGrawHill, 2013
• Alan Dennis, Barbara Haley Wixom, David Tegarden, "Systems Analysis and Design With
UML : An Object-Oriented Approach ", John Wiley, 2010
• Klaus Pohl, "Requirement Engineering Fundamentals", Santa Barbara, CA : Rocky Nook,
2011

Introduction
• Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) Model is a concept on
standard and procedural to be followed when developing a
system.

• Waterfall Model is among the first been introduced.

• Nowadays many SDLC model can be referred to.

 SD
LC Phases
Planning
Phases in SDLC:

• Planning Maintenan
Analysis
ce
• Analysis
• Design
• Implementation
• Maintenance
Implementati
Design
on
SDLC Phases

Figure 1.shows system development life cycle

 SDLC Phases

• Planning stage involve many activities because it

initiates with a project development request.

• The main goal is to identify the problem.

• Therefore need to establish either it is new or

enhanced system.
• All possible alternative solutions must be think of. The
best solution as a ‘proposed system’ shall be chosen.

Planning
The proposed system is assess for its feasibility, meaning,
evaluate for its practical and beneficial to build that system.
Feasibility must be assess from developer and customer’s
point of view.
There are six feasibility factors :
Economical
Technical
 Operational
Legal
Schedule
Political
Analysis

Analysis phase is a detailed investigation on

operations, relationship among functional units and
boundary of the system.
Study shall be conduct to elicit user’s information
requirement. Many tools are used during this
phase such as Questionnaires, Observation, Data
Flow Diagram, Use Case Diagram etc.
Analysis

System Analyst shall meet with client in order to

elicit, gather and collect their requirement.
One of the output (deliverable) produce in this
phase is Software Requirement Specification
(SRS).
 Design

Once the analysis completed, the system analyst

must start design phase.
Software Requirement Specification shall be
used as a reference in this phase.

During design phase , the structure or design for

the proposed system is finalized.
Structure of files, databases, input, output,
processes, and screen or interfaces are decided.
Design

One of the output (deliverable) in design phase

is Software Design Document (SDD)
SDD include various graphical representations of
reports, user interaction screens, database
structure etc.
This document shall be used during
implementation of the system.
Implementation

In this phase, the design is transform into the

coding activities.
Programmers are responsible to coding and
documenting their work.
These documents are important to test the
program.
Several testing must be done on the system
Implementation

Testing stages:
Unit testing
Integration testing
System testing
User Acceptance Test
 Implementation

After user accept the system, it shall be

deployed/install at user site.
Developer also need to provide support and
training of the system to user
Maintenance

System also needs maintenance over period of

time.
Maintenance can be on hardware and software.
The system need to be maintain especially to
debug errors. It may also need to be upgraded
such as new functionality or demand from user.
SDLC Model

There are numbers of development models,

which follow SDLC phases.
Traditional SDLC model is Waterfall Model.
It was developed in late 1960s in an attempt to
introduce a more systematic engineering
approach to software development.
 Waterfall Lifecycle Model
Analysis

Design

Coding/Implementation

Testing

Maintenance
Figure 2.2 Waterfall Lifecycle Model
 Waterfall Lifecycle Model

Advantages:
i. Provides structure approach to new
developer
ii. Sets requirements early iii. Easy to
understand iv. Milestones are better
understood
Other SDLC Approaches
There are many other approaches to system
development model such as:
i. Iterative Prototype Model ii.
Spiral Model
iii. Rapid Application Development
iv. V-Shaped SDLC Model v.
OOAD Approach
Systems Development
Systems development is systematic process which includes phases such as planning,
analysis, design, deployment, and maintenance. Here, in this tutorial, we will primarily
focus on −

• Systems analysis
• Systems design

Systems Analysis
It is a process of collecting and interpreting facts, identifying the problems, and
decomposition of a system into its components.
System analysis is conducted for the purpose of studying a system or its parts in order
to identify its objectives. It is a problem solving technique that improves the system and
ensures that all the components of the system work efficiently to accomplish their
purpose.
Analysis specifies what the system should do.

Systems Design
It is a process of planning a new business system or replacing an existing system by
defining its components or modules to satisfy the specific requirements. Before
planning, you need to understand the old system thoroughly and determine how
computers can best be used in order to operate efficiently.

Types of Systems
The systems can be divided into the following types −

Physical or Abstract Systems

• Physical systems are tangible entities. We can touch and feel them.
• Physical System may be static or dynamic in nature. For example, desks
and chairs are the physical parts of computer center which are static. A
programmed computer is a dynamic system in which programs, data, and
applications can change according to the user's needs.
 • Abstract systems are non-physical entities or conceptual that may be
formulas, representation or model of a real system.
Open or Closed Systems
• An open system must interact with its environment. It receives inputs from
and delivers outputs to the outside of the system. For example, an
information system which must adapt to the changing environmental
conditions.
• A closed system does not interact with its environment. It is isolated from
environmental influences. A completely closed system is rare in reality.
Adaptive and Non Adaptive System
• Adaptive System responds to the change in the environment in a way to
improve their performance and to survive. For example, human beings,
animals.
• Non Adaptive System is the system which does not respond to the
environment. For example, machines.
Permanent or Temporary System
• Permanent System persists for long time. For example, business policies.
• Temporary System is made for specified time and after that they are
demolished. For example, A DJ system is set up for a program and it is
dissembled after the program
Natural and Manufactured System
• Natural systems are created by the nature. For example, Solar system,
seasonal system.
• Manufactured System is the man-made system. For example, Rockets,
dams, trains.
Deterministic or Probabilistic System
• Deterministic system operates in a predictable manner and the interaction
between system components is known with certainty. For example, two
molecules of hydrogen and one molecule of oxygen makes water.
• Probabilistic System shows uncertain behavior. The exact output is not
known. For example, Weather forecasting, mail delivery.
Social, Human-Machine, Machine System
• Social System is made up of people. For example, social clubs, societies.
• In Human-Machine System, both human and machines are involved to
perform a particular task. For example, Computer programming.
 • Machine System is where human interference is neglected. All the tasks
are performed by the machine. For example, an autonomous robot.
Man–Made Information Systems
• It is an interconnected set of information resources to manage data for
particular organization, under Direct Management Control (DMC).
• This system includes hardware, software, communication, data, and
application producing information according to the need of an organization.
Man-made information systems are divided into three types −
• Formal Information System − It is based on the flow of information in the
form of memos, instructions, etc., from top level to lower levels of
management.
• Informal Information System − This is employee based system which
solves the day to day work related problems.
• Computer Based System − This system is directly dependent on the
computer for managing business applications. For example, automatic
library system, railway reservation system, banking system, etc.

Categories of Information
There are three categories of information related to managerial levels and the decision
managers make.

Strategic Information
• This information is required by topmost management for long range
planning policies for next few years. For example, trends in revenues,
financial investment, and human resources, and population growth.
• This type of information is achieved with the aid of Decision Support
System (DSS).
Managerial Information
• This type of Information is required by middle management for short and
intermediate range planning which is in terms of months. For example,
sales analysis, cash flow projection, and annual financial statements.
• It is achieved with the aid of Management Information Systems (MIS).
Operational information
• This type of information is required by low management for daily and short
term planning to enforce day-to-day operational activities. For example,
keeping employee attendance records, overdue purchase orders, and
current stocks available.
• It is achieved with the aid of Data Processing Systems (DPS).
 SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

Information Gathering Tools and

Techniques

Prepared by: Prof. Emilio F. Aguinaldo

Philippine Normal University SIKM
• What is Information Data Gathering
• Information Data Gathering Techniques
1.Document Observation
2. On-site Observation
3. Interviewing
4.Questionnaires (Survey)

SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

Prepared by: Prof. Emilio F. Aguinaldo
Philippine Normal University SIKM
 SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
Prepared by: Prof. Emilio F. Aguinaldo
Philippine Normal University SIKM
 SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
Prepared by: Prof. Emilio F. Aguinaldo
Philippine Normal University SIKM
 SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
Prepared by: Prof. Emilio F. Aguinaldo
Philippine Normal University SIKM
 Interviewing

❑An interview is essentially a structured conversation where one

participant asks questions, and the other provides answers. In
common parlance, the word "interview" refers to a one-on-one
conversation between an interviewer and an interviewee. An
interview may also transfer information in both directions.
❑An Interviewer is the one who asks questions The interviewee
(respondent) is the person selected to answer the questionnaire
with whom the interviewer interacts. The questionnaire is the
instrument developed to collect the necessary information.
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
Prepared by: Prof. Emilio F. Aguinaldo
Philippine Normal University SIKM
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
Prepared by: Prof. Emilio F. Aguinaldo
Philippine Normal University SIKM
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
Prepared by: Prof. Emilio F. Aguinaldo
Philippine Normal University SIKM
 Types of Questions

❑Closed Questions
❑Open ended Questions
❑Probe Questions