EARTH MATERIALS & PROCESSES

MINERALS
Earth Science
Ms. Jamero
LESSON OBJECTIVES
Identify common rock-forming minerals

using their physical & chemical properties

identify the minerals important to society

describe how ore minerals are found, mined

and processed for human use

site ways to prevent or lessen the environmental impact

that result from the exploitation, extraction, and use of

mineral resources
 REALLY GREAT SCHOOL

PRE-ASSESSMENT
Let's Put Your Knowledge to The Test!
M U L T I P L E C H O I C E

QUESTION:

It is the building blocks of rocks.

sediments igneous rocks

minerals crust
M U L T I P L E C H O I C E

QUESTION:
A fundamental component of matter that cannot

be broken into simpler particles by ordinary

chemical processes.

atom element
compound mineral
M U L T I P L E C H O I C E

QUESTION:
It refers to the color of the fine powder

of a mineral.

color luster
gravity streak
M U L T I P L E C H O I C E

QUESTION:
Which does NOT belong to the physical

properties of minerals?

cleavage radioactivity
fracture specific gravity
M U L T I P L E C H O I C E

QUESTION:
It is formed when magma solidifies.

igneous rock metamorphic rock

sedimentary rock volcanic rock

M U L T I P L E C H O I C E

QUESTION:
The tendency of some minerals to break

along flat surfaces is called ___.

cleavage crystal habit

fracture streak
M U L T I P L E C H O I C E

QUESTION:
A scale used to measure and express the

hardness of minerals is knows as ____.

Richter scale Seismograph

Scintillometer Mohs hardness

scale
M U L T I P L E C H O I C E

QUESTION:
The size, shape and arrangement of

mineral grains or crystals in a rock.

Streak Texture

Fracture Crystal face

 M U L T I P L E C H O I C E

QUESTION:
A consolidated aggregate of various types of minerals

or a consolidated aggregate of multiple grains of the

same kind of mineral is called ____.

Bedrock Crsytalline

magma rock
 M U L T I P L E C H O I C E

QUESTION:
The sequence of events in which rocks are formed,

detroyed, altered and reformed by geological

processes.
Weathering Rock cycle

lithification bedding
EARTH MATERIALS & PROCESSES
MINERALS
Earth Materials

substances or objects which are

extensively used in many
geological &biological process on
the surface of the planet.
-composition of Earth's crust
-sources of energy
 EARTH MATERIALS

MINERALS ENERGY SOURCES WATER

ROCKS
SOIL
 PHYSICAL
CHEMICAL

PROPERTIES PROPERTIES
observed with senses indicates how a

determined without
substance reacts with

destroying matter something else

matter will be change

into a new substance

after reaction
 MINERALS
homogenous, naturally occurring,
solid inorganic substance with a
definable chemical composition,
and an internal structure whose
atoms, ions, or molecules are
orderly arranged in a lattice
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8a7p1NFn64s
 MINERALS
-characteristics-
1. It has a homogenous structure.
2. It is formed through natural
processes.
3. It is an inorganic substance.
4. It is solid.
5. It has definable chemical
composition.
6. It has a crystalline structure.
 MINERALS
-formation-

1. Solidification of a melt
2. Precipitation from a solution
3. Solid-state diffusion
4. Biomineralization
5. Fumarolic mineralization
 SOLIDIFICATION OF A MELT
The process is when something in
liquid form turns into solid, revealing
a crystalline structure and forming a
mineral.

e.g.
-solidification of a magma (molten
rock) ;dissipation of heat makes the
atoms come together gradually ,
forming chemical bonds)
*silicates
Silicates are the minerals containing silicon and oxygen in

tetrahedral SiO44- units, which are linked together in

several patterns.

FELDSPAR QUARTZ PYROXENE

OLIVINE MICA
PRECIPITATION FROM A SOLUTION
Minerals can be formed when a
water that contains dissolved
substances evaporates.

e.g.
-sea water contains dissolve Na &
Cl that when evaporates, forms
Halite (NaCl/salt)
 SOLID-STATE DIFFUSION
The movement or transport of
atoms, molecules, or ions through a
solid material trough intense heat
and pressure, forming minerals.

e.g.
-diamonds
-graphite
-metamorphic rocks
 BIOMINERALIZATION
Biological process in which some
animals produced mineralized
tissues to strengthen/harden their
body parts (sea shells & bones)

e.g.
-silicates (algae & diatoms)
-carbonates (invertebrates)
-calcium phosphates & c.
(vertebrates)
 FUMAROLIC MINERALIZATION
Fumes release by volcanic
eruptions carry different
gases & particulate matter
into the atmosphere.
Decreasing temperature
causes the gas to condense
around "seeds" and return
to ground as minerals in
the right temperature.
Fumarolic mineralizations in the form of egg shells at Erta Ale volcano
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
GEMSTONE - a mineral that has a special value because it is rare
and beautiful.

GEM - the cut & polished form of a gemstone.

PRECIOUS STONE; diamond, ruby, sapphire, emerald etc.

SEMIPRECIOUS STONE; topaz, aquamarine, garnet, etc.

 MINERAL

IDENTIFICATION
A thorough study of the

identity of minerals requires

X-ray to reveal their

crystalline structure. If

technology is not available,

geologists and gemstone

experts rely on the mineral's

physical properties.
 COLOR

STREAK LUSTER
PHYSICAL

CHARACTERISTICS

OF MINERALS
CLEAVAGE

SPECIFIC
HARDNESS
GRAVITY
CRYSTAL
HABIT
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MINERALS

COLOR - Minerals absorb certain wavelengths of light. As a

consequence, minerals reflect a particular range of colors.

STREAK - The color revealed by the mineral when it is in

pulverized form

LUSTER - It refers to how the mineral surface scatters light.

HARDNESS - It is a measure of the relative ability of a mineral to

resist scratching. Hardness is measured using Mohs hardness
scale.
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MINERALS
SPECIFIC GRAVITY - Density of the material, measured as the
ratio between the weight of a volume of the mineral and the
weight of an equal volume of water.

CRYSTAL HABIT - The general shape or character of a crystal or

cluster of crystals that grew unimpeded.

CLEAVAGE - The way a mineral breaks. In particular, it refers to

the tendency of a mineral to break along planes of weakness in
its atomic structure. When the break does not happen along
planes of weakness, called fracture.
 Streak plates with pyrite (left) and rhodochrosite (right).
https://3.bp.blogspot.com/vMx_sAZtpU8/UyyK8F2P2iI/AAAAAAAAAcU/-ZtSOGvQAsM/s640/792px
Streak_plate_with_Pyrite_and_Rhodochrosite.jpg
 LUSTER
"sparkles"

OPAQUE TRANSPARENT
-Absorption index - high, -Absorption index - low,
reflects 20%-50% of the light reflects 5% - 20% of the light
incident incident

-minerals with metallic -minerals with ionic bonding

bonding
 NON - METALLIC

METALLIC LUSTER
LUSTER
thick, dense, dark streak thinner, less dense, lighter dark

streak
POTASSIUM

COPPER GOLD OLIVINE FELDSPAR

SILVER DOLOMITE
Mohs Hardness Scale

10 Diamond

Corundum

9
(Ruby)

8 Topaz

7 Quartz
A scale developed by
6 Feldspar Friedrich Mohs, a
5 Apatite mineralogist, that aims to
4 Flourite
rank minerals on their
hardness or their ability to
3 Calcite

2 Gypsum

1 Talc
scratch other mineral.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
how heavy it is by its relative weight to water.

Water has a specific gravity of

1.0. If a mineral has a specific
gravity of 2.7, it is 2.7 times
heavier than water. Minerals with
a specific gravity under 2 are
considered light, between 2 and
4.5 average, and greater than 4.5
heavy.
 Explore: https://geology.com/minerals/crystal-

CRYSTAL HABIT habit/

Botryoidal Banded Striated Acicular

Dendritic Nodular Prismatic

 CLEAVAGE
Cleavage, fracture,

and parting all have

to do with the

positioning of atoms

in a mineral and how

it breaks when put

under stress.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KB-2pO7pSK8