Bahir Dar University

Bahir Dar Institute of Technology

Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering

Chapter One: Basic electrical engineering parameters

By Nebiyu Y.
Email:[email protected]
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Charge
Columbs Law
Electric Field
Electric current
Voltage
Power
Energy
Faradays Law
Self Inductance
Mutual Inductance
Electrical Circuit Parameters
Electrical Source
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1.1 Charge

 Charge is an electrical property of the atomic particles of which matter

consists, measured in coulombs (C).

 The coulomb is a large unit for charges. In 1 C of charge, there are

1/(1.602 ×10−19) =6.24 ×1018electrons

 The charges that occur in nature are integral multiples of the electronic
charge 1e=−1.602 ×10−19C

 The law of conservation of charge states that charge can neither be

created nor destroyed only transferred.

 Like Charge repel each other (P to P and e to e) and unlike charge

attracts each other’s (P to e).

F
+ +F - F F +
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 1.2 Columbs Law

 It states that the force b/n two charges Q1 and Q2 is directly

proportional to the product of their charges and inversely
proportional to the square of the distance b/n them.

q1q 2 …………………………….(1)
Mathematically F  k
where
r2
• q1 and q2 are the charges in coulombs,
• r is the distance between them in meters,
• and k is constant k = 9x109 N.m2/C 2.
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1.3 Electric Field

 Around a charged body, there will be invisible lines of force represent

an invisible electrical field that causes the attraction and repulsion.

 These invisible lines of force around the charged body is known as an

Electric Field.

 The electric field around a charged body is represented by electric flux

lines.

The denser the flux lines, the stronger the electric field.

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 Electric field strength at a point is the force acting on a unit positive
charge at that point; that is,

 Electric field strength at a point is the force acting on a unit positive

charge at that point; that is,

𝐹
𝐸=
𝑄
.......................(2) Newton/Columbs(N/c)

 The force exerted on a unit positive charge (Q2 =1 C), by a charge Q1,
r meters away, as determined by Coulomb’s law in eq(1)

𝐾𝑄1
 𝐸= .................................................(3)
𝑟2
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1.4 Electric Current (I)

 Electric current is the time rate of change of charge, measured in amperes

(A).
𝑑𝑞(𝑡)
𝑖(𝑡) = .........................................................(4)
𝑑𝑡
1 ampere = 1 coulomb/second
 The charge transferred between time t0 and t is obtained by integrating both sides

𝑡
𝑞(𝑡) = 𝑡0
𝑖(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 .............................................................(5)

 Types of current

(a) Current from a battery flows steadily

in one direction (direct current, DC).

(b) Current from a power plant

varies sinusoid ally (alternating current, AC

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Current flow ways

 Convectional current flow – current flows from positive terminal to the

negative terminal of battery.

 Direction current flow-current flows from negative terminals the positive

terminal of battery.

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 1.5 Voltage (V)

 To move the electron in a conductor in a particular direction requires

some work or energy transfer.
 This work is performed by an external electromotive force (emf), typically
represented by the battery

 This emf is also known as voltage or potential difference.

 Voltage (or potential difference) is the energy required to move a unit

charge through an element, measured in volts (V).

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  the voltage between two points is one volt if it requires one joule of
energy to move one coulomb of charge from one point to the other.
 In equation form.

𝑊
𝑉= ................................................................(6)
𝑄
W is energy in joule
Q is charge in coulombs (C)
1 V= 1 J/C=1Nm/c
 Two equivalent representations of the same voltage Vab:

(a) Point a is 9 V above point b.

(b) Point b is −9 V above point a.
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 1.6 Power (P)
 Power is the indication of how much work is done (the conversion of
energy from one form to another in specified amount of time).
 measured in watts (W).

𝑊 𝑄𝑉
𝑃= = = 𝑉𝑖...............................................................(7)
𝑡 𝑡
P is power in watts (W, J/S).
W is energy in joules (J)
t is time in Seconds (s)
 when the current enters through the positive terminal of an element and p =
+vi.
 If the current enters through the negative terminal, p = −vi.

a) Absorbing power,

(b) Supplying power

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 1.7 Energy (W)
 Energy is the capacity to do work, measured in joules (J).
 The energy lost or gained by any system is determined by the energy
absorbed or supplied by an element from time to to time t is

𝑡 𝑡
𝑤= 𝑃
𝑡0 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑡0
𝑉𝑖 𝑑𝑡 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . .(8)

 Energy (Wh) =power (w)*time (h)

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 1.8 Magnetic field and Faradays Law

Magnetic Field
 In the region surrounding a permanent magnet there exists a magnetic
field, which can be represented by magnetic flux lines.
 Magnetic flux lines, however, do not have origins or terminating points as
do electric flux lines but exist in continuous loops.
 The group of force lines going from the north pole to the south pole of a
magnet is called the magnetic flux Ø.

 The unit of magnetic flux is the weber (Wb). One weber equals 108 lines.

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 Faraday’s Law’s of Electromagnetic Induction

 Faraday’s first law state that whenever a conductor are placed in a

varying magnetic field emf are induced which is called induced emf.
 Or whenever a conductor is rotate in a magnetic field emf are induce
which are induced emf.

 Faraday’s Second law state that the emf

induced in a circuit is directly proportional to
the time rate of change of the magnetic flux
through the circuit.
E = N d∅/dt
 where N represents the number of turns of the
coil and d∅/dt is the instantaneous change in
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flux (in Weber's).
1.9 Self and Mutual Inductance

Self Inductance

 An inductor is a piece of wire twisted into a coil. It is also called a

solenoid.
 If the current is constant in time, the inductor behaves like a wire with
resistance.
 The current has to vary with time to make it behave as an inductor.
When the current varies the magnetic field or flux varies with time
inducing an Emf in the coil.
 The ability of a coil to oppose any change in current is a measure of the
self-inductance L of the coil

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 Inductors are coils of various dimensions designed to introduce
specified amounts of inductance into a circuit.

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Cont.….
 A close approximation,interms of physical dimenisons,for the
inductance of the coil can be found using the following equations.

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 Mutual Inductance

 Mutual inductance exists between coils of the same or different dimensions.

 When two inductors (or coils) are in a close proximity to each other, the
magnetic flux caused by current in one coil links with the other coil
 thereby inducing voltage in the latter. This phenomenon is known as mutual
inductance.

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  Although the two coils are physically separated, they are said to be
magnetically coupled. Since the entire flux φ1 links coil 1, the voltage

𝑑∅1
induced in coil 1 is 𝑉1 = 𝑁1 ………………….…..(10)
𝑑𝑡
 Only flux φ12 links coil 2, so the voltage induced in coil 2 is
𝑑∅12
𝑉2 = 𝑁2 .....................................(11)
𝑑𝑡
Mutual inductance Vid.file

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1.10 Electrical Circuit Parameters

 An electric circuit is the combination of any number of sources and

loads and connected in any manner which allows charge to flow.

1. Resistors

2. Capacitors

3. Inductors

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Resistors (R)
 The resistance R of an element denotes its ability to resist the flow of electric
current; it is measured in ohms (Ω).

 The opposition ability to resists to change in current flow is called resistance.

 The circuit symbol in Fig below is for a fixed resistor and variable resistors.

 A short circuit is a circuit element with resistance approaching zero.

 An open circuit is a circuit element with resistance approaching infinity.

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 The resistance of any material with uniform cross-sectional area depends
on the following factors:

1.Type of material 2. Length of material

3.Cross- sectional area 4.Temperature

 The factors governing the resistance of a conductor at a fixed temperature of

20C (room temperature) may be summarized mathematically as follows:

where:
ρ = the resistivity of the material in ohm meters, (Ω-m)
l = the length of the material, in m
A = the cross-sectional area of the material, in seq. meter.

In the above equation the lowercase Greek letter rho (ρ) is the constant of
proportionality and is called the resistivity of the material.
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 Temperature Coefficient of Resistance
 the temperature coefficient of resistance at a temperature of 20°C, and
R20 as the resistance of the sample at 20°C, the resistance R1 at a
temperature T1 is determined by

Conductors temperature will result in an Positive

increase in the resistance level Temp coff

Semiconductors an increase in temperature will Negative

result in a decrease in the Temp coff
resistance level

Insulators an increase in temperature will negative.

result in a decrease in the Temp coff
resistance

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 Types and Applications of Resistors

CONDUCTANCE
 the reciprocal of the resistance of a material, we have a measure of
how well the material will conduct electricity. has the symbol G, and is
measured in Siemens (S).
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 Capacitors(C)

 A capacitor is a passive element designed to store energy in its electric field.

 A capacitor consists of two conducting plates separated by an insulator (or
dielectric).

 When a voltage source v is connected to the capacitor, the source deposits a

positive charge q on one plate and a negative charge −q on the other.
 The amount of charge stored
q= CV..............................................................(12)
C, the constant of proportionality, C is known as the capacitance of the
capacitor.
 The unit of capacitance is Farad (F). 1 farad = 1 coulomb/volt.

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 Capacitance is the ratio of the charge on one plate of a capacitor to the voltage
difference between the two plates, measured in farads (F).
∈𝐴
C= ......................................................................(13)
𝑑
A is the surface area of each plate
d is the distance between the plates,
∈ is the permittivity of the dielectric material between the plate
Types of Capacitors
(a) Fixed capacitor (b) variable capacitor
 To obtain the current-voltage relationship of the capacitor,
𝑑𝑞
𝑖=
𝑑𝑡
Differentiating both sides it gives
𝑑𝑣
𝑖=𝑐
𝑑𝑡
 The instantaneous power delivered to the capacitor is
𝑑𝑣
𝑃 = 𝑉𝑖 = 𝐶𝑉 ..................................................................(14)
𝑑𝑡
1
 The energy stored is 𝑊 = 𝐶𝑉 2 …………………………………………………………..(15)
2
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Types and Application of capacitors

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Inductors(L)
 An inductor is a passive element designed to store energy in its magnetic
field. An inductor consists of a coil of conducting wire.

 If current is allowed to pass through an inductor, it is found that the

voltage across the inductor is directly proportional to the time rate of
change of the current.
𝑑𝑖
𝑉=𝐿 ………………………………………………………(16)
𝑑𝑡
Where L is the constant of proportionality called the inductance measured in
henry (H),
The energy stored is
1
𝑊 = 𝐿𝑖 2 ...................................................(17)
2

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Types and Application of Inductors

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1.11 Electrical Sources

 An active element is capable of generating energy examples are elements

include Generators, batteries, and operational amplifiers.
 Passive element don’t generate energy passive elements are resistors,
capacitors, and inductors.
 An Independent source is an active element that provides a specified voltage
or current that is completely independent of other circuit variables

(a) Used for constant or time-varying voltage(ac) (b) constant voltage(dc)

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 An independent current source is an active element that provides a specified
current completely independent of the voltage across the source.

Symbol for independent current source

 An Ideal dependent (or controlled) source is an active element in which the

source Quantity is controlled by another voltage or current.

 Dependent sources are usually designated by diamond-shaped symbols.

(a) Dependent voltage source.

b) Dependent current Source.

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Types of Dependent Sources

 A voltage-controlled voltage source (VCVS).

 A current-controlled voltage source (CCVS).

 A voltage-controlled current source (VCCS).

 A current-controlled current source (CCCS).

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Examples
1.How much charge is represented by 4,600 electrons?

Solution

Each electron has −1.602 × 10−19 C.

Hence 4,600 electrons will have −1.602 × 10−19 C/electron × 4,600 electrons = −7.369 ×

10−16 C

2.Two equal charge are separated by 1cm.if the force of repulsion b/n them are 9.7*10-2N.

What is there charge? Both

𝐾𝑄1𝑄2
From Columbs law F= here Q1=Q2=Q
𝑟2

Q= 𝐹𝑟2/𝑘=( 9.7 ∗ 10 − 2 ∗ (1 ∗ 10 − 2)2)/9*109 N𝑚2/c

Q=32.83microcolumbs

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3. The total charge entering a terminal is given by q = 5t sin 4πt mC. Calculate

the current at t = 0.5 s.

Solution:

i = dq/dt = d/dt(5t sin 4πt) mC/s = (5 sin 4πt + 20πt cos 4πt) mA

At t = 0.5,

I = 5 sin 2π + 10π cos 2π = 0 + 10π = 31.42 mA

4. To move charge q from point a to point b requires−30 J. Find the voltage

drop vab if: (a) q = 2 C, (b) q = −6 C .

(a) V=w/q=-30J/2C=−15 V

(b)V=w/q=-30J/-6C=5 V.

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5. The voltage across a 5-μF capacitor is

v(t) = 10 cos 6000t V

Calculate the current through it

By definition, the current is

i(t) = Cdv/dt= 5 × 10−6 d/dt(10 cos 6000t)

= −5 × 10−6 × 6000 × 10 sin 6000t = −0.3 sin 6000t A

6 .Calculate the charge stored on a 3-pF capacitor with 20 V across it. Find the energy

stored in the capacitor.

(a) Since q = Cv,

q = 3 × 10−12 × 20 = 60 pC

(b) The energy stored is

w = 1/2C𝑉 2= 1/2× 3 × 10−12 × 400 = 600 pJ

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 7. Find the inductance of the air-core coil.

8. Find the power delivered to an element at t = 3 ms if the current entering

its positive terminal is i = 5 cos 60πt A and the voltage is: (a) v = 3i

(a) The voltage is v = 3i = 15 cos 60πt; hence, the power is

p = vi = 75 cos2 60πt W

At t = 3 ms,

p = 75 cos2(60π × 3 × 10−3) = 75 cos2 0.18π = 53.48 W

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9. How much energy (in kilowatt-hours) is required to light a 60-W bulb

continuously for 1 year (365 days)?

10.Find the power absorbed or supplied by the resistors?

11. Find the power delivered to the dc motor of fig shown below.

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12. A coil consists of 2000 turns of copper wire having a cross-sectional area of
0.8 mm2. The mean length per turn is 80 cm and the resistivity of copper is
0.02 μ Ω –m. Find the resistance of the coil and power absorbed by the coil

when connected across 110 V d.c. supply.

13. What is the relative increase or decrease in conductivity of a conductor if the

area is reduced by 30% and the length is increased by 40%? The resistivity is
fixed.

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