110 CHAPTER 4 BASIC NODAL AND MESH ANALYSIS

6. Correct (and verify by running) the following MATLAB code:

>> e1 = ‘3 = v/7 - (v2 - v1)/2 + (v1 - v3)/3;
>> e2 = ‘2 = (v2 - v1)/2 + (v2 - v3)/14’;
>> e ‘0 = v3/10 + (v3 - v1)/3 + (v3 - v2)/14’;
>>
>> a = sove(e e2 e3, ‘v1’, v2, ‘v3’)

7. Identify the obvious errors in the following complete set of nodal equations if
the last equation is known to be correct:
v1 v2 − v v1 − v3
7= − +
4 1 9
v2 − v1 v2 − v3
0= +
2 2
v3 v3 − v1 v3 − v2
4= + +
7 19 2
8. In the circuit of Fig. 4.34, determine the current labeled i with the assistance of
nodal analysis techniques.

v1 5⍀ v2

i
5A 1⍀ 2⍀ 4A

■ FIGURE 4.34

9. Calculate the power dissipated in the 1  resistor of Fig. 4.35.

2⍀

3A 3⍀ 1⍀ 2A

■ FIGURE 4.35

10. With the assistance of nodal analysis, determine v1 − v2 in the circuit shown in
Fig. 4.36.

v1 1⍀ v2

5⍀
2A 2⍀ 15 A

4⍀

■ FIGURE 4.36
 EXERCISES 111

11. For the circuit of Fig. 4.37, determine the value of the voltage labeled v1 and
the current labeled i1.

i1
+ v1 –

1⍀ 2⍀

3⍀ 2A 6⍀ 6⍀ 4A

■ FIGURE 4.37

12. Use nodal analysis to find v P in the circuit shown in Fig. 4.38.

10 ⍀

40 ⍀ 50 ⍀ 2A

+
10 A 20 ⍀ vP 100 ⍀ 2.5 A 5A 200 ⍀
–

■ FIGURE 4.38

13. Using the bottom node as reference, determine the voltage across the 5 
resistor in the circuit of Fig. 4.39, and calculate the power dissipated by the
7  resistor.

3⍀
4A

3⍀ 1⍀

8A 5A 7⍀
5⍀

■ FIGURE 4.39

14. For the circuit of Fig. 4.40, use nodal analysis to determine the current i 5 .

1⍀ 3⍀ 4⍀
3A
7⍀
2A

2⍀ 5⍀ 6⍀
i5

■ FIGURE 4.40
112 CHAPTER 4 BASIC NODAL AND MESH ANALYSIS

15. Determine a numerical value for each nodal voltage in the circuit of Fig. 4.41.

v3 v7

6⍀ 2⍀ 5⍀ 4⍀ 2⍀ 10 ⍀
2A 2A
10 ⍀ 4⍀
v1
v2
v4 1A v5
v6
v8 6A

2⍀ 5⍀ 5⍀ 1⍀ 4⍀ 1⍀

■ FIGURE 4.41

16. Determine the current i2 as labeled in the circuit of Fig. 4.42, with the
assistance of nodal analysis.

i2 5⍀

– v3 +
3⍀ 2⍀
5⍀ i1 2⍀
– v1 +
3⍀ 0.02v1 0.2v3
10 V
1A
– vx +
vx ■ FIGURE 4.42

17. Using nodal analysis as appropriate, determine the current labeled i1 in the
■ FIGURE 4.43 circuit of Fig. 4.43.

4.2 The Supernode

1⍀ 18. Determine the nodal voltages as labeled in Fig. 4.44, making use of the
5A
supernode technique as appropriate.
4V 19. For the circuit shown in Fig. 4.45, determine a numerical value for the voltage
v1
v2
+ – v3 labeled v1 .
5⍀ 20. For the circuit of Fig. 4.46, determine all four nodal voltages.
2⍀
3⍀
3A
10 ⍀
8A 1⍀
Ref. + +
– 6V 4⍀ 5V –
■ FIGURE 4.44
v1
+ –

9V 2A
3A 5⍀ 9⍀ 5A 1⍀ 2⍀

■ FIGURE 4.45 ■ FIGURE 4.46

 EXERCISES 113

21. Employing supernode/nodal analysis techniques as appropriate, determine the

power dissipated by the 1  resistor in the circuit of Fig. 4.47.

2A
1
– + + –
3
4V 4V
+
3A – 7V

2
■ FIGURE 4.47

22. Referring to the circuit of Fig. 4.48, obtain a numerical value for the power
supplied by the 1 V source.

6A

4V
14  7 7
+ – – +

3V
2
4A 3
+
– 1V +
1A 10 ⍀
2
v 2⍀
–
■ FIGURE 4.48
+ –
23. Determine the voltage labeled v in the circuit of Fig. 4.49. 20 ⍀
5V
24. Determine the voltage vx in the circuit of Fig. 4.50, and the power supplied by –
the 1 A source. +
12 ⍀
5A 10 V
2vx

– + ■ FIGURE 4.49
8⍀ 8A

+
1A 5⍀ vx 2⍀
–

■ FIGURE 4.50

25. Consider the circuit of Fig. 4.51. Determine the current labeled i1.

0.5i1
2⍀
– +

3 V +– 2A
+
–
4V
4⍀ i1

■ FIGURE 4.51
114 CHAPTER 4 BASIC NODAL AND MESH ANALYSIS

26. Determine the value of k that will result in vx being equal to zero in the
circuit of Fig. 4.52.
1⍀ vx 4⍀ vy 3⍀

– +
2V + 1⍀ 1A kvy
–

Ref.
■ FIGURE 4.52

27. For the circuit depicted in Fig. 4.53, determine the voltage labeled v1 across
the 3  resistor.
+ v1 –
3⍀

2⍀ 5⍀

+
2A 4v1 v1
–

■ FIGURE 4.53

28. For the circuit of Fig. 4.54, determine all four nodal voltages.
v1

4⍀ + 1⍀
–
1V

3⍀
v4 v2
Ref.
3A
– 1⍀ 2vx
vx 2⍀
+

v3
■ FIGURE 4.54

4.3 Mesh Analysis

29. Determine the currents flowing out of the positive terminal of each voltage
source in the circuit of Fig. 4.55.

4⍀ 5⍀
+ –
1V –
1⍀ + 2V

■ FIGURE 4.55
 EXERCISES 115

30. Obtain numerical values for the two mesh currents i1 and i2 in the circuit
shown in Fig. 4.56.

7⍀ 3⍀
– –
5V i2 i1 12 V
+ +
14 ⍀

■ FIGURE 4.56

31. Use mesh analysis as appropriate to determine the two mesh currents labeled in
Fig. 4.57.

9⍀ 9⍀

1⍀
+ –
15 V – + 21 V
i1 – i2
+
11 V

■ FIGURE 4.57

32. Determine numerical values for each of the three mesh currents as labeled in
the circuit diagram of Fig. 4.58.

i2
1⍀ 6⍀
9⍀
+ i1
2V – –
+ 3V

i3 7⍀
5⍀

■ FIGURE 4.58

33. Calculate the power dissipated by each resistor in the circuit of Fig. 4.58.
34. Employing mesh analysis as appropriate, obtain (a) a value for the current iy
and (b) the power dissipated by the 220  resistor in the circuit of Fig. 4.59.
35. Choose nonzero values for the three voltage sources of Fig. 4.60 so that no
current flows through any resistor in the circuit.

+ –

220 ⍀ 5⍀
iy 2⍀ 3⍀
2.2 k⍀

1 k⍀ 4.7 k⍀
+
+ 7⍀ –
5V – 4.7 k⍀ 1 k⍀
5.7 k⍀
+ –

■ FIGURE 4.59 ■ FIGURE 4.60

116 CHAPTER 4 BASIC NODAL AND MESH ANALYSIS

36. Calculate the current ix in the circuit of Fig. 4.61.

10 A

8⍀ 12 ⍀ 20 ⍀

ix
+
3V – 4⍀ 8⍀ 5⍀

■ FIGURE 4.61

37. Employing mesh analysis procedures, obtain a value for the current labeled i in
the circuit represented by Fig. 4.62.

3⍀

4⍀ 1⍀

i
+
2V –

1⍀ 4⍀

■ FIGURE 4.62

38. Determine the power dissipated in the 4  resistor of the circuit shown in
Fig. 4.63.
2i1
5⍀
– +

– +
4V + 3⍀ –
1V
4⍀ i1

■ FIGURE 4.63

39. (a) Employ mesh analysis to determine the power dissipated by the 1 
resistor in the circuit represented schematically by Fig. 4.64. (b) Check your
answer using nodal analysis.
40. Define three clockwise mesh currents for the circuit of Fig. 4.65, and employ
mesh analysis to obtain a value for each.

10 ⍀
0.5vx
1⍀ 5⍀ 2⍀ 9⍀

ix + vx – 10 ⍀
+ + –
4A 2⍀ 5ix 2⍀ 1A 2V – – 1V + 5V
3⍀

■ FIGURE 4.64 ■ FIGURE 4.65

 EXERCISES 117

41. Employ mesh analysis to obtain values for ix and va in the circuit of Fig. 4.66.

0.2ix

+
–
+
7⍀ va 7⍀
– 9V
+
–

4⍀
1⍀
ix
+
–

4⍀
0.1va
■ FIGURE 4.66

4.4 The Supermesh

42. Determine values for the three mesh currents of Fig. 4.67.

i2
7⍀ 1⍀
3⍀
+
1V – 2A
i1
2⍀
3⍀ i3
10 ⍀ 5⍀
■ FIGURE 4.67 1⍀
+ i1
3V –
43. Through appropriate application of the supermesh technique, obtain a numerical
value for the mesh current i 3 in the circuit of Fig. 4.68, and calculate the power 5A i3 4⍀
dissipated by the 1  resistor.
17 ⍀
44. For the circuit of Fig. 4.69, determine the mesh current i 1 and the power
dissipated by the 1  resistor.
■ FIGURE 4.68
45. Calculate the three mesh currents labeled in the circuit diagram of Fig. 4.70.
2A

4.7 k⍀ 8.1 k⍀ i1
3⍀ 3.1 k⍀

1A
5⍀ i1 10 ⍀ i2 +
3.5 k⍀ 7V
1.7 k⍀ –

– 5.7 k⍀
7V +
11 ⍀
3A
9A 1⍀ 3A
2.2 k⍀
i3 6.2 k⍀
5⍀

■ FIGURE 4.69 ■ FIGURE 4.70

118 CHAPTER 4 BASIC NODAL AND MESH ANALYSIS

46. Employing the supermesh technique to best advantage, obtain numerical val-
ues for each of the mesh currents identified in the circuit depicted in Fig. 4.71.

+
–
8V
i1
1A –2 A
1⍀ 4⍀

5⍀
–
3A 3⍀ i2 3⍀ i3 + 2V
2⍀

+
–
6⍀
3V
■ FIGURE 4.71

47. Through careful application of the supermesh technique, obtain values for all
three mesh currents as labeled in Fig. 4.72.

12 ⍀ + vx –
i1 4⍀
13 ⍀
i2 i3
11 ⍀ 3⍀ – 8V
12 ⍀ +
5i1
13 ⍀ 1–
v +
3 x 1V –
i1

1⍀ 2⍀

5A
■ FIGURE 4.72 ■ FIGURE 4.73

48. Determine the power supplied by the 1 V source in Fig. 4.73.

49. Define three clockwise mesh currents for the circuit of Fig. 4.74, and employ
the supermesh technique to obtain a numerical value for each.
50. Determine the power absorbed by the 10  resistor in Fig. 4.75.

1⍀

ia 10 ⍀
4⍀ – 5V
+
1.8v3 5A
3⍀ 4⍀
+
3V –
1⍀ + +
–
v3 4V –
2ia 5⍀ 6A
2⍀
+
–

■ FIGURE 4.74 ■ FIGURE 4.75

 EXERCISES 119

4.5 Nodal vs. Mesh Analysis: A Comparison

51. For the circuit represented schematically in Fig. 4.76: (a) How many nodal
equations would be required to determine i5? (b) Alternatively, how many
mesh equations would be required? (c) Would your preferred analysis method
change if only the voltage across the 7  resistor were needed? Explain.

1⍀ 3⍀ 4⍀
3A
7⍀
2A

2⍀ 5⍀ 6⍀
i5

■ FIGURE 4.76

52. The circuit of Fig. 4.76 is modified such that the 3 A source is replaced by a
3 V source whose positive reference terminal is connected to the 7  resistor.
(a) Determine the number of nodal equations required to determine i 5 . (b) Al-
ternatively, how many mesh equations would be required? (c) Would your pre-
ferred analysis method change if only the voltage across the 7  resistor were
needed? Explain.
53. The circuit of Fig. 4.77 contains three sources. (a) As presently drawn, would
nodal or mesh analysis result in fewer equations to determine the voltages v1
and v2 ? Explain. (b) If the voltage source were replaced with current sources,
and the current source replaced with a voltage source, would your answer to
part (a) change? Explain?

10 A

3⍀ 6⍀ 12 ⍀

+ v1 – + v2 –
+ +
240 V – 30 ⍀ – 60 V

■ FIGURE 4.77

54. Solve for the voltage vx as labeled in the circuit of Fig. 4.78 using (a) mesh
analysis. (b) Repeat using nodal analysis. (c) Which approach was easier,
and why?

22 V
+ –

+
2⍀ 11 A 9⍀ vx
–

■ FIGURE 4.78
120 CHAPTER 4 BASIC NODAL AND MESH ANALYSIS

55. Consider the five-source circuit of Fig. 4.79. Determine the total number of
simultaneous equations that must be solved in order to determine v1 using
(a) nodal analysis; (b) mesh analysis. (c) Which method is preferred, and does
it depend on which side of the 40  resistor is chosen as the reference node?
Explain your answer.

4A 6A

0.1v1
+
–
20 ⍀ 10 ⍀
96 V V2
+
40 ⍀ v1
–

■ FIGURE 4.79

56. Replace the dependent voltage source in the circuit of Fig. 4.79 with a depen-
dent current source oriented such that the arrow points upward. The controlling
expression 0.1 v1 remains unchanged. The value V2 is zero. (a) Determine the
total number of simultaneous equations required to obtain the power dissipated
by the 40  resistor if nodal analysis is employed. (b) Is mesh analysis pre-
ferred instead? Explain.
57. After studying the circuit of Fig. 4.80, determine the total number of simulta-
neous equations that must be solved to determine voltages v1 and v3 using
(a) nodal analysis; (b) mesh analysis.

i2 50 ⍀

– v3 +
45 ⍀ 30 ⍀ 20 ⍀

– v1 +
+ + +
5i2 0.02v1 100 V 0.2v3
– –
–

■ FIGURE 4.80

58. From the perspective of determining voltages and currents associated with all
components, (a) design a five-node, four-mesh circuit that is analyzed more
easily using nodal techniques. (b) Modify your circuit by replacing only one
component such that it is now more easily analyzed using mesh techniques.

4.6 Computer-Aided Circuit Analysis

59. Employ PSpice (or similar CAD tool) to verify the solution of Exercise 8.
Submit a printout of a properly labeled schematic with the answer highlighted,
along with your hand calculations.
60. Employ PSpice (or similar CAD tool) to verify the solution of Exercise 10.
Submit a printout of a properly labeled schematic with the two nodal voltages
highlighted, along with your hand calculations solving for the same quantities.
61. Employ PSpice (or similar CAD tool) to verify the voltage across the 5 
resistor in the circuit of Exercise 13. Submit a printout of a properly labeled
schematic with the answer highlighted, along with your hand calculations.