NAME OF PROJECT

RESTAURANT
PROJECT OF CSE326

COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY

PUNJAB

December,2022

Submitted to:Dr. Sandip Singh (28707)

Submitted by:
NAME: Akash Kumar (REG NO:12216095)
NAME: Govardhan choudhary (REG NO:12216238)
NAME: Ravi (REG NO:12216569)
Sources of Plastic Pollution
 1. Food Wrappers & Containers

 Food Wrappers and Containers account for 31.14% of pollution in the

environment.
 Modern food packaging makes food safe, dependable, shelf-stable, and
sanitary.
 Unfortunately, most of the food packaging is single-use and cannot be
recycled.
 From biscuit containers to chocolate bar wrappers to potato chip bags,
single-use plastic packaging can be found everywhere.
 Paper and paperboard, hard plastic, and glass make up most of the food
packaging.
 They break down quickly in the sun and surf, but the microscopic plastic
particles remain, consumed by animals who mistake them for food and then
suffer the effects of ingesting toxic, non-digestible plastic.
 Plastic packaging material describes a wide array of different
polymer based packaging materials. Typical materials are
polyethylene (PE), High Density Polyethylene (HDPE), polyethylene
terephthalate (PET), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polystyrene (PS) and
poly carbonate (PC). The type of material used depends on the final
application, which may be bottles, containers, films or coatings.

2. Fishing Nets
 More than 640,000 tons of nets, lines, pots, and traps used in commercial
fishing are dumped and discarded in the sea every year, the same weight as
55,000 double-decker buses.
 The report, which draws on the most up-to-date research on “ghost gear”
polluting the oceans, calls for international action to stop the plastic
pollution, which is deadly for marine wildlife.
 About 300 sea turtles were found dead because of entanglement in ghost
gear off the coast of Oaxaca, Mexico, last year. And in October, a pregnant
whale was found entangled in ghost gear off the Orkney coast. The fishing
gear was jammed in the animal’s baleen, the filter-feeder system inside its
mouth, and scientists said the net would have hugely impaired the minke
whale’s feeding and movement.

3. Bottle & Container Caps.

 481.6 billion plastic bottles were used worldwide in single year.

 Only 9% of plastic is recycled (this number is declining) due to
China no longer accepting US plastics.
 More than $1 billion worth of plastic is wasted each year.
 Bottle caps are often so small that it’s easy to overlook the impact they
have on the environment. If you drop one on the ground at the park or the
beach, you may think it’s not a big deal.
 Bottle & Container Caps account for 15.5% of pollution in the
environment.
 Caps are harmful to the environment because they float on the
surface of the water and seem like a tempting meal for birds.
4.Healthcare Industry

Single-use plastics are being overused in healthcare when alternatives

are available, despite the negative impact on both human health and
the environment. Plastic has become ubiquitous in healthcare, with a
dramatic shift towards single-use items in recent decades. Our latest
publication, Measuring and reducing plastics in the healthcare sector,
provides data on plastic use in the healthcare sector and successful
case studies of reducing plastics. Our publication also gives you
practical steps on how to measure data for your own healthcare
facility’s plastic consumption to support a compelling, evidence-based
case for taking action on plastic in healthcare. 

5.Tourism Industry

 Through the construction and creation of infrastructure and

services, tourism increases the amount of plastic washed into the
oceans.
  In fact, during peak tourist season, 40 percent of the plastic
pollution in the Mediterranean Sea comes from this source.

6.Plastic Bags

 Plastic doesn’t biodegrade. It’s forever. In the ocean, it breaks

down and photo-degrades into little pieces of itself. Plastic sized
particles outnumber plankton 6 to 1! It’s mistaken as food by
marine animals and kills them.
 Plastic Bags account for 11. 18% of pollution in the environment.
 The inherent evil of plastic bags is well established by now, and reusable
bags have mostly entered the mainstream - but unfortunately, this hasn't
resulted in a big reduction in plastic bags.

7. Straws and Stirrers

 Straws and Stirrers account for 8.13% of pollution in the

environment.

 Straws have no way of recycling, which should be prohibited.

  In other words, even if there is a need, there is no method to
recycle straws.
8. Beverage Bottles

 Beverage Bottles account for 7.27% of pollution in the environment.

 The process of water bottling emits 2.5 million tons of carbon dioxide into
the environment each year.
 Disposable water bottle waste is washed into the ocean every year, killing
1.1 million marine animals.
 Bottles recycle at a reasonably high rate of 74 %, depending on the kind of
plastic used.

9. Agricultural Industry

 Polymers enable farmers, foresters, and fishermen to retain livelihoods, improve

productivity, reduce crop losses, and conserve water in a variety of ways, from mulching
and irrigation to fishing gear and greenhouse films.
 New research demonstrates that, despite their many advantages, agricultural plastics are
becoming a threat to the environment's long-term viability.
 As a result, agricultural plastics become a serious hazard to the environment.

10.Construction Sector

 “The construction industry is the second largest user of plastic,

with 20% of plastic waste coming from the construction sector”,
said Simon Corbey, Associate Director of ASBP. “It is estimated we
produce globally 300MT of plastic annually with 50% of this being
single use. Piping and conduit are the largest users of polymers in
construction and consume 35% of production”.
 The construction industry is the second-largest consumer of
plastic, accounting for 20 percent of all plastic waste.
 They are anticipated to produce 300 metric tons of plastic every year, with
half of that being single use.
 Current Plastic Waste Management Scenario
Landfilling
Though all plastics can be disposed
of in landfills, it is viewed highly
reckless as it
needs an enormous quantity of
space and the chemical components
and energy carried
in plastic is dissipated (wasted) in
this disposal route. In 2008, a
staggering amount of
29.2 million tons of plastic was
disposed of in landfills in the United
States. In nations
where landfills are inadequately
managed, plastic wastes can be
simply blown into
waterways or carried out to sea
by floodwater. Also, when plastics
disintegrate in
landfills, they may leak pollutants
(phthalates and bisphenol A) into
the soil and
encompassing environment.
Though all plastics can be disposed
of in landfills, it is viewed highly
reckless as it
needs an enormous quantity of
space and the chemical components
and energy carried
in plastic is dissipated (wasted) in
this disposal route. In 2008, a
staggering amount of
29.2 million tons of plastic was
disposed of in landfills in the United
States. In nations
where landfills are inadequately
managed, plastic wastes can be
simply blown into
waterways or carried out to sea
by floodwater. Also, when plastics
disintegrate in
landfills, they may leak pollutants
(phthalates and bisphenol A) into
the soil and
encompassing environment
1.Landhilling.
Though all plastics can be disposed of in landfills, it is viewed highly reckless
as it needs an enormous quantity of space and the chemical components and
energy carried in plastic is dissipated (wasted) in this disposal route. In 2008, a
staggering amount of 29.2 million tons of plastic was disposed of in landfills in
the United States. In nations where landfills are inadequately managed, plastic
wastes can be simply blown into waterways or carried out to sea by
floodwater. Also, when plastics disintegrate in landfills, they may leak
pollutants (phthalates and bisphenol A) into the soil and encompassing
environment.
2.Incineration

1. The simplest way to lessen the

amount of solid waste is to
burn it in a process called
2. ‘incineration’. The fundamental
benefits of a municipal waste
incinerator are that they
3. need less land and can also
be efficiently used for power
generation. Nevertheless,
 4. incineration of plastics in
MSW also generates toxic gas
emissions that carry heavy
5. metals, dioxins, and other
volatile organic compounds
(VOCs). Heavy metals such as
6. lead, zinc, arsenic, cadmium
and mercury are parts of the
waste stream and
7. consequently, when
incinerated, they eventually
reach the atmosphere and
further
8. persist with soot particles and
generated ash
The simplest way to lessen the amount of solid waste is to burn it in a
process called ‘incineration’. The fundamental benefits of a municipal waste
incinerator are that they need less land and can also be efficiently used for
power generation. Nevertheless, incineration of plastics in MSW also
generates toxic gas emissions that carry heavy metals, dioxins, and other
volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Heavy metals such as lead, zinc, arsenic,
cadmium and mercury are parts of the waste stream and consequently,
when incinerated, they eventually reach the atmosphere and further persist
with soot particles and generated ash.
3.Recycling

Most plastic can be recycled and

the elements recovered can be
given a second-life.
Yet, this design is not fully utilized,
due to complications with the
accumulation and
sorting of plastic waste. Several
developing (and certain developed
countries) have
inadequate waste management
provisions which frequently result in
plastics (and other
waste) being carelessly disposed into
rivers and water bodies. Although
recycling is the
most efficient way to deal with
plastic waste, its effectiveness is
profoundly depended
on public awareness, economic
viability, and the implementation
of public
infrastructures
Most plastic can be recycled and the elements recovered can be given a
second-life. Yet, this design is not fully utilized, due to complications with the
accumulation and sorting of plastic waste. Several developing (and certain
developed countries) have inadequate waste management provisions which
frequently result in plastics (and other waste) being carelessly disposed into
rivers and water bodies. Although recycling is the most efficient way to deal with
plastic waste, its effectiveness is profoundly depended on public awareness,
economic viability, and the implementation of public infrastructures.

Plastic waste recycling technologies

1. Liquid refuse-derived fuelconversion.

Conversion of plastic waste into

molten refuse-derived fuel (RDF)
oil by catalytic
pyrolysis whereby it is segregated
mechanically from solid waste and
treated - this
division method is not fool-proof,
other fragmentary waste material
is also separated
along with the plastic waste. Then
the segregated waste is sent
through a conveyor belt
fixed with optical segregation
device for 100% source separation
of plastic waste. This
miscellaneous plastic waste is
transformed into a useful fuel, i.e.
liquid RDF oil through
catalytic pyrolysis. The complete
feed material is converted into
Liquid RDF, gases and
some sludge. There is no effluent
generated in the process and the
remaining gases from
the reactor are released throughvents
Conversion of plastic waste into molten refuse-derived fuel (RDF) oil by
catalytic pyrolysis whereby it is segregated mechanically from solid waste
and treated - this division method is not fool-proof, other fragmentary
waste material is also separated along with the plastic waste. Then the
segregated waste is sent through a conveyor belt fixed with optical segregation
device for 100% source separation of plastic waste. This miscellaneous plastic
waste is transformed into a useful fuel, i.e. liquid RDF oil through catalytic
pyrolysis. The complete feed material is converted into Liquid RDF, gases and
some sludge. There is no effluent generated in the process and the remaining
gases from the reactor are released throughvents.
2. Gasification of wasteplastic.
This is another way to lessen landfill space and incineration expenses of waste
plastic.
The gasification process’ principal benefit is that it uses inert air bearing nitrogen
instead
of oxygen, thus making it a much simpler process while also reducing the cost.
This is a
vertical fixed bed gasification system, where a thermo-chemical process
turns carbon-
based material into gases such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and
hydrogen and
methane gas, which can be utilised for heat or power production.
Gasification procedure using air as a gasifying agent has been determined to be
an eco-
friendly means of transforming biomass and plastic waste refuse into fuel
gases.
Immediate gasification has benefits of a simple method and cost-effective
procedure, but
the unavoidable presence of nitrogen in the inert air could decrease the calorific
value of
resulting fuel gases because of dilution. Waste plastic includes polyethylene,
polypropylene and polystyrene, which are softened by heating up to 100-150
degrees C
This is another way to lessen landfill space and incineration expenses of waste
plastic. The gasification process’ principal benefit is that it uses inert air bearing
nitrogen instead of oxygen, thus making it a much simpler process while also
reducing the cost. This is a vertical fixed bed gasification system, where a
thermo-chemical process turns carbon-based material into gases such as
carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen and methane gas, which can
be utilised for heat or power production. Gasification procedure using air as a
gasifying agent has been determined to be an eco-friendly means of
transforming biomass and plastic waste refuse into fuel gases. Immediate
gasification has benefits of a simple method and cost-effective procedure, but
the unavoidable presence of nitrogen in the inert air could decrease the calorific
value of resulting fuel gases because of dilution. Waste plastic includes
polyethylene, polypropylene and polystyrene, which are softened by heating up
to 100-150 degrees C.
3. Microbial Degradation of Plastics

The principal approaches used to

treat plastic waste are landfill,
incineration and
recycling. Each of these techniques
has its shortcomings. The plastics in
the landfill will
persist for a great deal of time
without decomposing. The plastics
buried in the soil makes
it useless since the land
underneath becomes too delicate
to hold any structure. The
incineration of plastics discharges
toxic gases, which are a pollutant
to the atmosphere.
And it is generally costly to
recycle plastics. Save for these
methods, biodegradation by
microbes has been determined to
be an environment-friendly means
for degradation of
plastic waste. Although recycling is
still the most favoured approach,
biodegradation is fit
for plastics with particular
applications, such as agricultural
mulch films. [7] Following
are the various steps of plastic
degradation by microorganisms:
The principal approaches used to treat plastic waste are landfill, incineration
and recycling. Each of these techniques has its shortcomings. The plastics in the
landfill will persist for a great deal of time without decomposing. The plastics
buried in the soil makes it useless since the land underneath becomes too
delicate to hold any structure.
 Bio-deterioration is the action of microbial constructs and additional
decomposer bodies which are responsible for the physical and
chemical degeneration that transforms the mechanical, physical and
chemical characteristics of plastic.
 Bio-fragmentation points to the catalytic actions that divide polymeric
plastics into oligomers, dimers or monomers by ecto-enzymes or free-
radicals discharged frommicroorganisms.
 Assimilation distinguishes to the combination of molecules carried in the
cytoplasm in the microbialmetabolisms.

Improve the Existing Waste Management Practices

Measures for Government
 Community involvement is the answer to maintain a project related
to the management of solid waste. A waste generator fee is the most
suitable wayforward
 It is imperative to realise near-source waste segregation as
biodegradables and recyclable matter for proper wastemanagement
  Viable decentralized composting plants to be established to lessen the
load on garbage collectors. For large cities, zone-wise decentralized
composting units should beestablished  Support educational institutions
to exercise waste management in their curriculum and organise student
projects for wasterecycling
 Waste to be treated as a resource and a formal recycling sector to be
developed from the waste hence providing employment to rag-pickers
and employ them in the mainstream.

Use of E-crusher
Crushers are widely used as a primary stage to produce the particulate product
finer than about 50–100 mm in size. They are classified as jaw, gyratory and cone
crushers based on compression, cutter mill based on shear and hammer crusher
based on impact.

A jaw crusher consists essentially of two crushing plates, inclined to each other

forming a horizontal opening by their lower borders. Material is crushed between
a fixed and a movable plate by reciprocating pressure until the crushed product
becomes small enough to pass through the gap between the crushing plates. Jaw
crushers find a wide application for brittle materials. For example, they are used
for comminution of porous copper cake.

A gyratory crusher includes a solid cone set on a revolving shaft and placed within
a hollow body, which has conical or vertical sloping sides. Material is crushed
when the crushing surfaces approach each other, and the crushed products fall
through the discharging opening.

Hammer crushers are used either as a one-step primary crusher or as a secondary

crusher for products from a primary crusher. They are widely used for crushing of
hard metal scrap for different hard metal recycling processes.
Pivoted hammers are pendulous, mounted on the horizontal axes symmetrically
located along the perimeter of a rotor and crushing takes place by the impact of
material pieces with the high-speed moving hammers and by contact with
breaker plates. A cylindrical grating or screen is placed beneath the rotor.
Materials are reduced to a size small enough pass through the openings of the
grating or screen. The size of product can be regulated by changing the spacing of
the grate bars or the opening of the screen.
The feature of the hammer crushers is the appearance of elevated pressure of air
in the discharging unit of the crusher and under pressure in the zone around of
the shaft close to the inside surface of the body side walls. Thus, the hammer
crushers also act as high-pressure forced-draught fans. This may lead to
environmental pollution and product losses in fine powder fractions.

A design for a hammer crusher (Figure 2.6) allows essentially a decrease of the
elevated pressure of air in the crusher discharging unit [5]. The A-zone beneath
the screen is communicated through the hollow ribs and openings in the body
side walls with the B-zone around the shaft close to the inside surface of body
side walls. As a result, circulation of suspended matter in the gas between A- and
B-zones is established and high pressure of air in the discharging unit of crusher is
reduced.

References