(G.R. No. L-11602) Cuadra v. Cordova

Republic of the Philippines
SUPREME COURT
Manila
EN BANC
G.R. No. L-11602 April 21, 1958

ALFREDO CUADRA, petitioner-appellant,
vs.
TEOFISTO M. CORDOVA, in his capacity as Mayor of Bacolod City, respondent-appellee.
Palanca and Torres for appellant.
City Attorney Jesus S. Rodriguez for appellee.
BAUTISTA ANGELO, J.:
This is a petition for mandamus filed before the Court of First Instance of Negros Occidental
seeking petitioner's reinstatement as a policeman of the City of Bacolod and the payment of his
back salaries from the date of his dismissal to the date of his reinstatement. Respondent in his
answer set up the defense that petitioner has been removed from the service in accordance
with law.
The case was submitted on an agreed stipulation of facts. There after the trial court rendered
decision holding that the appointment of petitioner was not in accordance with law and so his
dismissal was proper. It consequently dismissed the petition. From this decision, petitioner
appealed.
The important facts to be considered in this appeal are: Petitioner was not a civil service eligible.
He was temporarily appointed as member of the police force of Bacolod City on November 11,
1955. The position to which he was appointed was a newly created one, the salary for which
was, included in the budget for the fiscal year 1955-1956. This budget was approved by the City
Council on November 14, 1955, and by the Secretary of Finance on January 18, 1956.
Petitioner was paid his salary for the service he had rendered from the date of his appointment
to the date of his removal. Petitioner is a high school graduate and had been employed before
the war in the City Engineer's Office of Bacolod City for about two years and was later
transferred to the Patrol Division of Bacolod Police Department until the coming of the Japanese
in May, 1942. He was also employed as confidential agent of former Mayor Amante and served
in that capacity from 1953 to 1954. He was never accused of any crime nor were charges filed
against him before his dismissal.
In justifying the dismissal of petitioner from the service, the trial court gave as its only reason the
fact that he was already 47 years, 3 months and 13 days old when he was appointed to the
position of member of the police force of Bacolod City and as such he was disqualified for such
appointment in the light of Section 17 of Executive Order No. 175, series of 1930, which
provides in part that "To be eligible for examination for initial appointment, a candidate must be a
citizen of the Philippines, between the ages of twenty-one and thirty, of good moral habits and
conduct, without any criminal record, and must not have been expelled or dishonorably
discharged from the civil or military employment." It is claimed by appellant that such ruling is
erroneous because such provision of the Executive Order only applies to one who desires to
take a civil service examination and not to the appointment of one who, like appellant, had
already held several positions in the government.
There is no merit in this claim. Section 17 above referred to specifically provides that "To be
eligible for examination for initial appointment, a candidate must be a citizen of the Philippines,
between the ages of twenty-one and thirty", which terms are clear enough to raise any doubt as
to their import. They refer to an examination for initial appointment, and nothing else, as to
which the age of the examinee must be between 21 and 30. This interpretation appears more
justified when we consider Section 16 of the same Executive Order which provides that "The
Commission of Civil Service shall announce from time to time the date and place of examination
to qualify for the police service, which shall be held in accordance with the provisions of the Civil
Service law and Rules."
But there is one argument which justifies the separation from the service of petitioner and that
refers to the fact that when he was appointed he was not a civil service eligible and his
appointment was merely temporary in nature. His appointment being temporary does not give
him any definite tenure of office but makes it dependent upon the pleasure of the appointing
power. A temporary appointment is similar to one made in an acting capacity, the essence of
which lies in its temporary character and its terminability at pleasure by the appointing power.
And one who bears such an appointment cannot complain if it is terminated at a moment's
notice.
Thus, in Villanosa, et al. vs. Alera, et al., G.R. No. L-10586, May 29, 1957, we held:
. . . Since it is an admitted fact that the nature of the appointments extended to

petitioners was merely temporary, the same cannot acquire the character of permanent
simply because the items occupied refer to permanent position. What characterizes an
appointment is not the nature of the item filled but the nature of the appointment
extended. If such were not the case, then there would never be temporary appointments
for permanent positions. This is absurd. The appointments being temporary, the same
leave the character of "acting appointments" the essence of which is that they are
temporary in nature. Thus, in Austria vs. Amante, 79 Phil., 780, this Court stated:
Lastly, the appointment of petitioner by the President of the Philippines was merely as
Acting Mayor. It is elementary in the law of public officers and in administrative practice
that such an appointment is merely temporary, good until another permanent
appointment is issued, either in favor of the incumbent acting mayor or in favor of
another. In the last contingency, as in the case where the permanent appointment fell to
the lot of respondent, Jose L. Amante the acting mayor must surrender the office to the
lucky appointee.
Reiterating this doctrine this Court in Castro vs. Solidum, G.R. No. L-7750, June 30,
1955, declared:
There is no dispute that petitioner has been merely designated by the President as
Acting Provincial Governor of Romblon on September 11, 1953. Such being the case,
his appointment is merely temporary or good until another one is appointed in his place.
This happened when the President appointed respondent Solidum on January 6, 1954 to
take his place.
It is, therefore, clear that the appointments of petitioners, being temporary in nature, can
be terminated at pleasure by the appointing power, there being no need to show that the
termination is for cause (Mendez vs. Ganzon, 101 Phil., 48).
The decision appealed from is affirmed, without pronouncement as to costs.
Paras, C.J., Bengzon, Montemayor, Reyes, A., Labrador, Concepcion, Reyes, J.B.L., Endencia,
and Felix, JJ., concur.

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Republic of the Philippines

G.R. No. L-11602 April 21, 1958

BAUTISTA ANGELO, J.:

. . . Since it is an admitted fact that the nature of the appointments extended to

The decision appealed from is affirmed, without pronouncement as to costs.

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