INDEX

1. AIM OF PROJECT
2. INTRODUCTION
3. THEORY
4. Principal
5. WORKING
6. APPARATUS REQUIRED
7. DIAGRAM
8. PROCEDURE
9. USES OF TRANSFORMERS
10. CONCLUSION
n, PRECAUTIONS
12. SOURCES OF ERROR
13. B1B1L10GRAPHY

AIM
To investigate the relation between the
ratio of —

1. Input and output voltage.

2. Number of turnings in the secondary
coil and primary coil of a self-made
transformer.

INTRODUCTION
The transformer is a device used for converting a low alternating
voltage to a high alternating voltage or vice-versa.
A Transformer based on the Principle o f mutual induction according
to this principle, the amount o f magnetic flux linked with a coil
changing, an e.m.f is induced in the neighboring coil.
A transformer is an electrical device which is used for changing the
A.C. voltages. A transformer is most widely used device in both low
and high current circuit. As such transformers are built in an
amazing strength o f sizes. In electronic, measurement and control
circuits, transformer size may be so small that it weight only a few
tens o f grams where as in high voltage power circuits, it may weight
hundred of tones.
In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer from one circuit to
another circuit takes place without the use o f moving parts.
A transformer which increases the voltages is called a step-up
transformer. A transformer which decreases the A.C. voltages is
called a step-down transformer.
Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece o f apparatus both for
high and low current circuits.

THEORY

When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil

plp2, an alternating current starts falling in it. The
altering current in the primary produces a changing
magnetic flux, which induces altering voltage in the
primary as well as in the secondary. In a good-
transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked with
primary is also linked with the secondary, and then the
induced e.m.f. induced in each turn of the secondary is
 ' anstormer-7 1 567475?next

EDUaanrt°Fthh 1 “ each tUrn ° f ,he Prim="V. Thus if

tp and Es be the instantaneous values of the e.m.f.'s
induced in the primary and the secondary and Np and Ns
are the no. of turns of the primary secondary coils of the
transformer and
d(J) / dt = rate of change of flux in each turn off the
coil at this instant,
we have ,
Ep = -Np d (p / d t_ _____________(l)
and
Es = -Ns dcp/dt_______________ (2)
Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by
dividing 2 by 1, we get
E s/ Ep = - N s / N p ________ __ (3)
As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in
the primary coil p i, so the instantaneous current in
primary coil is due to the difference (E -E p ) in the
instantaneous values of the applied and back
e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o, plp2 coil, then the
instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given by
Ip = E - Ep / Rp
E - Ep = Ip Rp
Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f
Hence equation 3 can be written as
E s/Ep = E s/E
= output e.m .f/ input e.m.f
= Ns/Np - K
Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.

IN A STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER

Es < E so K < 1, hence Ns < Np

If
Ip = value of primary current at the same instant
And
Is = value of secondary current at this instant, then
Input power at the instant = Ep Ip
And
Output power at the same instant = Es Is

k
If there are no losses of power in the transformer,
then
Input power = output power
Or
Ep Ip = Es Is
Or
Es / Ep = Ip / Is = K

ILLUSTRATION
Step Down Transformer
Prim ary S e c o n d a ry

2000 W 2000
 Step Down Transformer
Input
Voltage
„ Iron Core Output
Voltage
Primary Secondary
Coil Coil
(Input) (Output) %

IN A STEP UP TRAN SFO RM ER

Es > E so K > 1, hence Ns > Np As, k > 1, so Ip > Is

or Is < Ip
i.e. current in secondary is weaker when
secondary voltage is higher.
Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in
current in the same ratio.
 Step Up Transformei^lron Core

Input Output
Voltage Voltage

Primary Secondary
% Coil
(Input)
Coil
(Output)
 EFFIC IEN C Y
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of
output power to the input power.
i.e.
H = output power / input power = Es Is / Ep Ip
Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no power
losses
, n = i.
But in actual practice, there are many power losses;
therefore the efficiency of transformer is less than one.

. ,
efficiency = ] -
losses
input
1- tr V w.
V .l.cos^,

n = i- *,R, \Y
VjCpsOj A/.liCOsO,
differentiating above equation with respect to I,

... m \V
^dlL - o ....V,cos<I>
VpfeosO,

r| will be maximum at - 0
di.
Hence efficiency r\ will be maximum at
R, W,
vjcos<D, ~
w,
V.I^cosd), Vjl^coscl),

l,2K.
i i \vi tr i •,■l si1
 ENERGY LOSSES
Following are the major sources of energy loss in a
transformer:
1. Copper loss is the energy loss in the form of heat
in the copper coils of a transformer. This is due to
joule heating of conducting wires.
2. Iron loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in
the iron core of the transformer. This is due to
formation of eddy currents in iron core. It is
minimized by taking laminated cores.
3. Leakage of magnetic flux occurs inspite of best
insulations. Therefore, rate of change of magnetic
flux linked with each turn of S1S2 is less than the
rate of change of magnetic flux linked with each
turn of P1P2.
4. Hysteresis loss is the loss of energy due to
repeated magnetization and demagnetization of the
iron core when A.C. is fed to it.
5. Magneto striation i.e. humming noise of a
transformer
 PRIN CIPA L

It is based on the principle o f mutual induction that is if

a varying current is set-up in a circuit then induced
e.m.f. is produced in the neighboring circuit. The varying
current in a circuit produce varying magnetic flux which
induces e.m.f. in the neighboring circuit.

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:h bookmarks Clif
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er Bookmarks When current is allowed to flowthrough
the first bread-board which works as a
rectifier. It convert AC voltage to DC
voltage with the help of step down
transformer. DC voltage is verified by the
lighteningofLED. This DC is again
regulated to AC by passing through choke
coil with the help of step-up transformer.
This can be verified by the lightening of
bulb.

APPARATUS REQUIRED r&

Pdge 1 of 1 0 words
1. IRON ROD

2 . C O P P E R W IR E

3 . V O LT M E T R E

4 . A M M ETRE

DIAGRAM
The mutual inductance term in the primary The mutual inductance term in the
circuit represents the load of the secondary. secondary represents the coupling from
It has the negative sign because It helps the the primary and acts as the voltage
source to produce more current In response source that drives the secondary circuit.
to Increasing load in the secondary circuit.

/ P I
Y A/s.
V, M M ^ = I s R2 +
At At At

Secondary

PROCEDURE
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1. T a k e th ic k iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and wind a

large n u m b e r of tu rn s of thin Cu wire on thick paper (say 60).
T h is co n stitu te s prim ary coil of the transformer.

2. C o ve r th e prim ary coil with a sheet of paper and wound

re la tiv e ly sm alle r num ber of turns (say 20) of thick copper wire
o n it. T h is co n stitu tes the secondary coil. It is a step down
tran sfo rm e r.

3. C o n n e ct p i, p2 to A.C main and measure the input voltage

and cu rren t using A.C voltm eter and ammeter respectively.

4. Sim ilarly, m easure the output voltage and current through

s la n d s2.

5. N ow connect s la n d s2to A.C main and again measure voltage

and current through primary and secondary coil of step up
transform er.

6. Repeat all steps for other self made transformers by

changing number of turns in primary and secondary coil.

11Q F S O F T R A N S F O R M E R S
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Cl
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'• ,VolU« c rc 8 ul« o r for T.V., refrigerator, computer, air

conditioner, etc.

2. A step dow n tra n sfo rm e r is used for welding purposes.

3- A ste p dow n tran sfo rm er is used for obtaining large

c u rre n t.

4- A step up tra n sfo rm er is used for the production o f X-Rays

and NEON ad vertisem ent.

5 . T ra n sfo rm e rs are used in voltage regulators and stabilized

p o w er supplies.

6 . T ra n sfo rm ers are used in the transmissions of a.c. over long

d istan ces.

7 . Sm all tran sform ers are used in Radio sets, telephones, loud
speakers and electric bells etc

CONCLUSION

Page 1 of 1 0*
 u

1. The output voltage of the transformer across

th e secondary coll depends upon the ratio (Ns/Np)
with respect to the input voltage

2. The output voltage of the transformer across

th e secondary coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/N p)
with respect to the input voltage

3. There is a loss of power between input and

output coil of a transformer.

r> T> V C A 1ITIO N S

1. Keep safe yourself from high
voltage.

2. While taking the readings of

current and voltage the A.C
should remain constant.

SOURCES OF ERROR
 • ••avir
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1. Values of current can be

changed due to heating effect.

2. Eddy current can change the

readings.