11

PRE-CALCULUS
MODULE

Quarter 2: Week 1-9

 Pre-Calculus 11 (STEM)
Quarter 2 – Module 1 & 2:
Angle Measure

Name ____________________________ Q2W1-2

Section ___________________________ Date ____________

Background Information

What’s New

The Babylonians of the ancient Mesopotamian

region divided a circle into 360 parts or arcs, each
measuring 1 degree or 10. In a circle, a central
angle is an angle whose vertex is on the center of
the circle.

Illustration courtesy by mathsisfun.com

An angle is formed by rotating a ray about its endpoint. In the figure shown below, the initial side of
∠𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 is AO, while its terminal side is OB. An angle is said to be positive if the ray rotates in a
counter clockwise direction, and the angle is negative if it rotates in a clockwise direction.

What is It

An angle is in standard position if it is drawn in the xy-plane with its vertex at the origin and its
initial side on the positive x-axis. The angles 𝛼𝛼, 𝛽𝛽, 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝜃𝜃 in the following figure are angles in standard
position.
Now to measure an angle, we use degrees, minutes, seconds, and radians.

1
A central angle of a circle measures one degree, written 1°, if it intercepts of the circumference of
360
1 1
the circle. One minute, written 1', is of 1°, while one second, written 1'', is of 1°.
60 60

Find the degree measures of each given central angle

The given circle is divided Observe the dicretion of the

into 72 parts, each is equals to angle, that will give us a hint on
Clearly the degree measure of 360° ÷ 72 = 5° what part of the central angle
angle 𝛼𝛼 is 15° 𝛽𝛽 = 20 × 5° should we solve.
𝛽𝛽 = 100𝑜𝑜 𝛾𝛾 = 60 × 5°
𝛾𝛾 = 300°

Relationship between r, s, and 𝜽𝜽 (in degrees)

Given a circle with radius r. if an arc of length s is subtended by a central angle of measure 𝜃𝜃
degrees, then
𝜃𝜃 𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜃𝜃
𝑠𝑠 = ° × 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 =
360 180°

Example: supposed the radius is given. Find the arc length s that subtends the given central angle.
 Since 3600 ÷ 450 = 8, then the angle of measure
450 is subtended by an arc that is one-eighth of
the circumference.
1
𝑠𝑠 = × (2)(4)𝜋𝜋
8
1
𝑠𝑠 = × 8𝜋𝜋 = 𝜋𝜋
8

The entire circle is divided into 360°. Thus, an

angle of measure 1800 is subtended by an arc
that is half the circumference.
1
𝑠𝑠 = × (2)(3)𝜋𝜋
2
1
𝑠𝑠 = × 6𝜋𝜋 = 3𝜋𝜋
2

Radian Measure
One radian (rad) is the measure of a central angle subtended by an arc whose length is equal to the
radius of the circle.

s = rad x r
2.5 = 2.5 x 1
4=1x4
2.5 = 2.5
4=4 18 = 6 x 3
Another
Another 18 = 18
5 = 2 x 2.5
8=2x4
5=5
8=8

A central angle of the unit circle that intercepts an arc of the circle with length 1 unit is said to have a
measure of one radian, written 1 rad.
In trigonometry, as it was studied in Grade 9, the degree measure is often used. On the other hand, in
some fields of mathematics like calculus, radian measure of angles is preferred. Radian measure allows
us to treat the trigonometric functions as functions with the set of real numbers as domains, rather than
angles.

Example 1: In the following figure, identify the terminal side of an angle in standard position with
given measure.
1. Degree measure: 135°, -135°, -90°, 405°
𝜋𝜋 3𝜋𝜋 3𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
2. Radian measure: 𝜋𝜋𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, − 𝜋𝜋𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝜋𝜋𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, − 𝜋𝜋𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
4 4 2 2

Solution:
�������⃗ −135° : 𝐴𝐴𝑂𝑂
1. Degree measure: 135° : 𝐴𝐴𝑂𝑂; ������⃗ ; −90° : 𝐴𝐴𝑂𝑂
�����⃗ ; 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 405° : 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
�����⃗
𝜋𝜋 3𝜋𝜋 3𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
2. Radian measure: 𝜋𝜋𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎: �����⃗
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴, − 𝜋𝜋𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎: ������⃗
𝐴𝐴𝑂𝑂 , 𝜋𝜋𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎: �����⃗𝐴𝐴𝑂𝑂, − 𝜋𝜋𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎: �����⃗
𝐴𝐴𝑂𝑂
4 4 2 2

Since a unit circle has circumference2𝜋𝜋, a central angle that measures 360° has measure equivalent to
2𝜋𝜋 radians. Thus, we obtain the following conversion rules.

Converting degree to radian, and vice versa

𝜋𝜋
1. To convert a degree measure to radian, multiply it by .
180°
180°
2. To convert a radian measure to degree, multiply it by
𝜋𝜋

The figure below shows some special angles in standard position with the indicated terminal sides.
The degree and radian measures are also given.
Example 2: Express 75° and 240° in radians.
P

Solution:
𝜋𝜋 5𝜋𝜋 5𝜋𝜋
75 � �= → 75° = 𝜋𝜋𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
180° 12 12
𝜋𝜋 4𝜋𝜋 4𝜋𝜋
240 �
180°
�=
3
→ 240° =
3
𝜋𝜋𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎

𝜋𝜋 11𝜋𝜋
Example 3: Express 𝜋𝜋𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 and 𝜋𝜋𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 in degrees.
8 6
Solution:
𝜋𝜋 180 𝜋𝜋
� � = 22.5 → 8
𝜋𝜋𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 22.5
8 𝜋𝜋

11𝜋𝜋 180 → 11𝜋𝜋

𝜋𝜋𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 330
� � = 330 6
6 𝜋𝜋

Coterminal Angles
Moreover, we also have coterminal angles, coterminal angles are angles in standard position (angles
with the initial side on the positive x-axis) that have a common terminal side.

Example:
Another illustration, to find one coterminal angle with an angle that measures 4100, just subtract 3600,
resulting in 50°

Example 4: Find the angle coterminal with -3800 that has measure:

1. between 0° and 360° 2. between -360° and 0°

Solution: A negative angle moves in a clockwise direction, and the angle -380° lies in Quadrant IV.

1. -3800 + (2 * 360°) = 340° 2. -380° + 360° = -20°

What I need to know

• Illustrate the unit circle and the relationship between the linear and angular measures of a
central angle in a unit circle (STEM_PC11T-IIa1)
• Convert degree measure to radian measure and vice versa (STEM_PC11T-IIa2)
• Illustrate angles in standard position and coterminal angles (STEM_PC11T-IIa3)

What I Know
Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. How many parts or arcs does a circle have if it is divided with each part measuring 10?
2. What direction should a ray rotate for an angle to be positive?
3. What do you call the angles that are in standard position and have a common terminal side?
4. How many degrees is 1 radian approximately equal to?
5. How many radians is equal to a central angle that measures 3600?

What’s In
Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
For items 1- 3: Convert the following degree measures to radian measure.

1. 60°
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
a. 𝜋𝜋𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 b. 𝜋𝜋𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 c. 𝜋𝜋𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 d. 𝜋𝜋𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
8 4 3 5

2. 90°
𝜋𝜋 2𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 2𝜋𝜋
a. 𝜋𝜋𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 b. 𝜋𝜋𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 c. 𝜋𝜋𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 d. 𝜋𝜋𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
2 3 4 5
 3. 150°
5𝜋𝜋 6𝜋𝜋 2𝜋𝜋 5𝜋𝜋
a. 𝜋𝜋𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 b. 𝜋𝜋𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 c. 𝜋𝜋𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 d. 𝜋𝜋𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
8 7 3 6

For items 4 -5: Convert the following radian measures to degree measure.
𝜋𝜋
4. 𝜋𝜋𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
9
a. 40° b. 30° c. 25° d. 20°

3𝜋𝜋
5. 𝜋𝜋𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
4
a. 135° b. 120° c. 110° d. 100°

What’s More
Use another sheet of paper in answering.
For items 1 – 2 find the arc length (s) that subtends the given central angle;

1. 2.
For items 3 – 5 find the arc length indicated by s
 s = (theta in radians)(radius)
3. 4. 5.

What I Can Do

Use another sheet of paper in answering.

Find the angle between 00 and 3600 (if in degrees) or between 0 rad and 2𝜋𝜋 rad (if in radians) that is
co-terminal with the given angle.
1. 685°
2. 451°
3. -1400°
4. 960°45'34''
5. -728°15'43''

37𝜋𝜋
6. 𝜋𝜋𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
10
25𝜋𝜋
7. 𝜋𝜋𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
3
5𝜋𝜋
8. − 𝜋𝜋𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 °
2
27𝜋𝜋
9. 𝜋𝜋𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
8
22𝜋𝜋
10. 𝜋𝜋𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
7

Assessment
Convert each degree measure to radians. Leave answers in terms of 𝜋𝜋.
1. 330°
2. 480°
3. 15°
Convert each radian measure to degree-minute-second measure (approximate if necessary).
5𝜋𝜋
4. 𝜋𝜋𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
6
8𝜋𝜋
5. 𝜋𝜋𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
3
15𝜋𝜋
6. 𝜋𝜋𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
4
For items 7 – 20: Give the degree/radian measure of the following special angles.
 𝜋𝜋
2

Additional activities

1. Find the length of an arc of a circle with radius 21 m that subtends a central angle of
150
2. A central angle 𝜃𝜃 in a circle of radius 9 m is subtended by an arc of length 12 m. Find
the measure of 𝜃𝜃 in radians.
3. A central angle 𝜃𝜃 in a circle measures 2 radians. If the radius of the circle is 7 cm, find
the length of the arc that subtends 𝜃𝜃.

Answer Key
What I Know What's In What’s More
1. C 5𝜋𝜋
1.
1. 3600 3
2. A
15𝜋𝜋
2. Counter-clockwise 2.
3. D 2
3. Co-terminal angles
4. D 3. 6
4. 57.30
5. A 4𝜋𝜋
4.
3
5. 2𝜋𝜋
5. 20
Assessment Additional Activity
What I Can Do
7𝜋𝜋
1. 3250 11𝜋𝜋 1. 𝑚𝑚
1. 𝜋𝜋𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 4
6
2. 910 4
8𝜋𝜋 2. 𝜋𝜋𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
2. 𝜋𝜋𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 3
3. 400 3
4. 240045'34'' 𝜋𝜋 3. 14 cm
3. 𝜋𝜋𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
12
5. 351044'12''
17𝜋𝜋 4. 1500
6. rad
10
𝜋𝜋 5. 4800
7. rad
3
3𝜋𝜋 6. 6750
8. rad
2
11𝜋𝜋
9. rad
8
8𝜋𝜋
10. rad
7
 Assessment 7 -20

References:
Debbie Marrie B. Verzosa, Ph,D., Richard B. Eden, Ph.D., Ian June L. Garces, Ph.D., Pre-Calculus
(VIbal Group Inc. 2016) pp. 106 - 109
Commission on Higher Education and Philippine Normal University. Precalculus Core Subject:
Teacher’s Guide, pp. 126 - 136
Pierce, Rod. (30 Jul 2018) "Degrees (Angles)" Math Is Fun. Ed. Accessed on September 5, 2020.
http://www.mathsisfun.com/geometry/degrees.html
John D. (N.D). “Coterminal angles” mathopenref Accessed on September 6, 2020.
https://www.mathopenref.com/coterminal.html

Prepared by

Jeral S. Reyes
Teacher – II
Note: Practice Personal Hygiene Protocols at all times and keep safe everyone
 Pre-Calculus 11 (STEM)
Quarter 2 – Module 3:
Circular Functions

Name ____________________________ Q2W3LC1

Section _____________________ Date ____________

Background Information

What’s New
Circular Functions are defined such that their domains are sets of numbers that
correspond to the measures (in radian units) of the angles of analogous trigonometric
functions. The ranges of these circular functions, like their analogous trigonometric functions,
are sets of real numbers. These functions are called circular functions because radian
measures of angles are determined by the lengths of arcs of circles. In particular, trigonometric
functions are defined using the unit circle lead directly to these circular functions.

What is It

The sine and cosine functions (and four others: tangent, cosecant, secant, and
cotangent) of angles measuring between 0 and 90

Example 1.
Solution:
From properties of 45 - 45 and 30 - 60 right triangles (with hypotenuse 1 unit), we obtain
the lengths of the legs as in Figure b. Thus, the coordinates of A and B are:

Therefore, we get:

We may then also say that:

3𝜋𝜋 2 𝜋𝜋 3
𝑠𝑠 � 𝜋𝜋𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 � = − , 𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑎 �− 𝜋𝜋𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 � = − .
4 2 3 2
3𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
� 𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎 135° = 𝜋𝜋𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 & − 60° = − 𝜋𝜋𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎�
4 3

From the above definitions, we define the same six functions on real numbers. These
functions are called trigonometric functions.

From the last example, we then have

3𝜋𝜋 3𝜋𝜋 2
𝑠𝑠 � � = 𝑠𝑠 � 𝜋𝜋𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎� = 𝑠𝑠135° = −
4 4 2
and
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 3
𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑎 �− � = 𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑎 �− 𝜋𝜋𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎� = sin(−60°) = − .
3 3 2

In the same way, we have:

𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 0 = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎(0 𝜋𝜋𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎) = tan 0° = 0 .
 3𝜋𝜋 3𝜋𝜋 3𝜋𝜋
Example 2. Find the exact values of , 𝑠𝑠 , and 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 .
2 2 2

Solution:
3𝜋𝜋
Let P� � be the point on the unit circle and on the
2

terminal side of the angle in the standard position with

3𝜋𝜋 3𝜋𝜋
measure 𝜋𝜋𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎. Then P� � = (0,-1), and so:
2 2

3𝜋𝜋 3𝜋𝜋
𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑎 = −1 , 𝑠𝑠 =0 ,
2 2
3𝜋𝜋
but 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 is undefined.
2

3
Example 3. Suppose, s is a real number such that 𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑎 𝑠𝑠 = − and cos 𝑠𝑠 > 0. Find cos 𝑠𝑠.
4

Solution:
Consider s as the angle which measures s rad. Let P(s) = (x,y) be the point on the unit
circle and on the terminal side of angle s.
3
Since P(s) is on the unit circle, we know that 2 + 2 = 1. Since sin 𝑠𝑠 = = − , we get
4
2 2 2 2
+ =1 𝑎𝑎 =1−

2
3 2 7 7
= 1 − �− � = → =± .
4 16 4
7
Since cos 𝑠𝑠 = > 0 , we have cos 𝑠𝑠 = .
4

Let P(x 1 ,y 1 ) and Q(x,y) be points on the terminal side of an angle θ in standard position,
where P is on the unit circle and Q on the circle of radius r (not necessarily 1) with center
also at the origin, as shown above. Observe that we can use similar triangles to obtain:
1 1
𝑠𝑠𝜃𝜃 = 1 = = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑎𝜃𝜃 = 1 = = .
1 𝜋𝜋 1 𝜋𝜋
 We may s of the six circular functions as follows:

3
We then have a second solution, with sin 𝑠𝑠 = − and sin 𝑠𝑠 = , we may choose =
4
−3 and 𝜋𝜋 = 4 (which is always positive). In this case, we can solve for cos 𝑠𝑠, which is
positive since cos 𝑠𝑠 = is given to be positive.
4

2
7
4= + (−3)2 → = 7 → cos 𝑠𝑠 =
4

What I need to know

• Illustrate the different circular functions. (STEM_PC11T-IIb1).

What I Know

Given angle , find the exact values of the six circular functions. Write your answer on a
piece of paper.
1. 𝜃𝜃 = 30°
3𝜋𝜋
2. 𝜃𝜃 =
4
3. 𝜃𝜃 = −150°
4𝜋𝜋
4. 𝜃𝜃 = −
3

What’s In

Given a value of one circular function and sign of another function (or the quadrant
where the angle lies), find the value of the indicated function. Write your answer on a
piece of paper.
1 3
1. sin 𝜃𝜃 = , 𝜃𝜃 𝑎𝑎 ; cos 𝜃𝜃 3. sin 𝜃𝜃 = − , sec 𝜃𝜃 < 0 ; tan 𝜃𝜃
2 7
3 2
2. cos 𝜃𝜃 = , 𝜃𝜃 𝑎𝑎 ; csc 𝜃𝜃 4. cot 𝜃𝜃 = − , cos 𝜃𝜃 > 0 ; csc 𝜃𝜃
4 9
 What’s More

Given the value of a particular circular function and an information about the angle , find
the values of the other circular functions. Write your answer on a piece of paper.
1 3𝜋𝜋
𝑠𝑠𝜃𝜃 = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 < 𝜃𝜃 < 2𝜋𝜋
2 2

What I Can Do
Compute P( ), and find the exact values of the six circular functions. Write your answer on
a piece of paper.
19𝜋𝜋
1. 𝜃𝜃 =
6
32𝜋𝜋
2. 𝜃𝜃 =
3

Assessment
Find the exact value of the following. Write your answer on a piece of paper.
7𝜋𝜋
a) 𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑎
6
5𝜋𝜋
b) 𝑠𝑠
3
3𝜋𝜋
c) 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
4
2𝜋𝜋
d) 𝑠𝑠
3
11𝜋𝜋
e) 𝑠𝑠
6
35𝜋𝜋
f)
6

Additional activities
Given the value of a particular circular function and an information about the angle , find
the values of the other circular functions. Write your answer on a piece of paper.
8 𝜋𝜋
1. 𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑎𝜃𝜃 = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 0 < 𝜃𝜃 <
17 2

2 13 3𝜋𝜋
2. 𝑠𝑠𝜃𝜃 = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 < 𝜃𝜃 < 2𝜋𝜋
13 2

References
Precalculus Teacher’s Guide (Quezon City: Sunshine Interlinks Publishing House, Inc.,
2016), 135-144
Hillegass, Clifton Keith. 2020. “Trigonometry.” CliffsNotes. Accessed September 8, 2020.
https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/trigonometry/graphs-of-trigonometric-
functions/circular-functions
Lumen Learning. “Trigonometric Functions and the Unit Circle.” Boundless Algebra.
Accessed September 8, 2020.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-algebra/chapter/trigonometric-functions-and-
the-unit-circle/
 SHS Mathematics Teacher
ERVIN A. PEREZ
Prepared by:
What I Know
1 3 3
1. 𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑎30° = , 𝑠𝑠30° = , 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎30° = , 𝑠𝑠 30° = 2 , 𝑠𝑠 30° = What's In
2 2 3
2 3
, 30° = 3 3
3
1.
2 3𝜋𝜋 2 3𝜋𝜋 3𝜋𝜋 3𝜋𝜋
2
2.3𝜋𝜋4 = , 𝑠𝑠 =− , 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = −1 , 𝑠𝑠 = 2, 𝑠𝑠 =
2 4 2 4 4 4
3𝜋𝜋 4 7
− 2, = −1 2. −
4
7
1 3 3
3. 𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑎(−150°) = − 2 , 𝑠𝑠(−150°) = − 2
, 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎(−150°) = 3
, 3 10
2 3 3.
𝑠𝑠 (−150°) = −2 , 𝑠𝑠 (−150°) = − 3 , (−150°) = − 3 20
4𝜋𝜋 3 4𝜋𝜋 1 4𝜋𝜋 85
4.𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑎 �− �= , 𝑠𝑠 �− � = − , 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 �− �=− 3, 4.
3 2 3 2 3 −
4𝜋𝜋 2 3 4𝜋𝜋 4𝜋𝜋 3 9
𝑠𝑠 �− �= , 𝑠𝑠 �− � = −2 , �− �=−
3 3 3 3 3
What’s More
3
Additional Activity
What I Can Do 1. 𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑎𝜃𝜃 = − ,
2 17
19𝜋𝜋 1 1. 𝑠𝑠 𝜃𝜃 = ,
1. 𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑎 =− , 8
6 2
19𝜋𝜋 3
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝜃𝜃 = − 3 ,
𝑠𝑠 =− , 15
6 2 𝑠𝑠𝜃𝜃 = ,
𝑠𝑠 𝜃𝜃 = 2, 17
19𝜋𝜋 3
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = ,
6 3 8
19𝜋𝜋 2 3 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝜃𝜃 = ,
𝑠𝑠 = −2 , 𝑠𝑠 𝜃𝜃 = − , 15
6 3
19𝜋𝜋 2 3 17
𝑠𝑠 =− , 𝑠𝑠 𝜃𝜃 = ,
6 3 3 15
19𝜋𝜋 𝜃𝜃 = −
= 3 3
6 15
32𝜋𝜋 3 𝜃𝜃 =
2. 𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑎 8
3
= 2 ,
32𝜋𝜋 1
𝑠𝑠 =− , 13
3 2 2. 𝑠𝑠 𝜃𝜃 = ,
2
32𝜋𝜋 Assessment
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 =− 3, 3 13
3 𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑎𝜃𝜃 = − ,
32𝜋𝜋 2 3 1 13
𝑠𝑠 = , 1. − 2 3
3 3 1 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝜃𝜃 = − ,
32𝜋𝜋 2. 2
𝑠𝑠 = −2 , 2 13
3
3. −1 𝑠𝑠 𝜃𝜃 = − ,
32𝜋𝜋 3 3
=− 4. −2 2
3 3
5. −2 𝜃𝜃 = −
3
6. − 3
Answer Key
 Pre-Calculus 11 (STEM)
Quarter 2 – Module 3:
Reference Angle

Name ____________________________ Q2W3LC2

Section _____________________ Date ____________

Background Information

What’s New

The reference angle is the angle that the given angle makes with the x-axis. Regardless of where
the angle ends (that is, regardless of the location of the terminal side of the angle), the reference angle
measures the closest distance of that terminal side to the x-axis.

What is It

When finding the reference angles, it can be helpful to keep in mind that the positive x-axis is 00
𝜋𝜋
(and 3600 or 0 radians (and 2π radians); the positive y-axis is 900 or radians; the negative x-axis is
2
0 0 3𝜋𝜋
180 or π radians; and the negative y-axis is 270 or radians.
2
If 𝜃𝜃1 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝜃𝜃2 are coterminal angles, the values of the six circular or trigonometric functions at 𝜃𝜃1
agree with the values at 𝜃𝜃2 . Therefore, in finding the value of a circular function at a number 𝜃𝜃, we can
14𝜋𝜋 14𝜋𝜋 2𝜋𝜋
always reduce 𝜃𝜃 to a number between 0 and 2𝜋𝜋. For example, sin = sin � − 4𝜋𝜋� = 𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑎 .
3 3 3
2𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
Also, observe form Figure 1 that sin = 𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑎 .
3 3

Figure 1
 In general, if 𝜃𝜃1 , 𝜃𝜃2 , 𝜃𝜃3 , 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝜃𝜃4 are as shown in Figure 2 with (𝜃𝜃1 ) = ( 1 , 1 ) , then each of
the x-coordinates of (𝜃𝜃2 ), (𝜃𝜃3 ), 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 (𝜃𝜃4 ) is ± 1 , while the y-coordinates is ± 1 . The correct
sign is determined by the location of the angle. Therefore, together with the correct sign, the value of a
particular circular function at an angle 𝜃𝜃 can be determined by its value at an angle 𝜃𝜃1 with radian
. The angle 𝜃𝜃1 is called the reference angle of 𝜃𝜃 .
𝜋𝜋
measure between 0 and
2

Figure 2
The signs of the coordinates of (𝜃𝜃) depends on the quadrant or axis where it terminates. It is
important to know the sign of each circular function in each quadrant.
For Figure 3, it is not necessary to memorize the table, since the sign of each function for each
quadrant is easily determined from its definition. We note that the signs of cosecant, secant, and
cotangent are the same as sine, cosine, and tangent, respectively.

Figure 3
 Using the fact that the unit circle is symmetric with respect to the x-axis, the y-axis, and the
origin, we can identify the coordinates of all the points using the coordinates of corresponding points
in the Quadrant I, as shown in Figure 4 and Figure 5 for the special angles.

Figure 4

Figure - D

Figure 5
Example 1. Use reference angle and appropriate sign to find the exact value of each expression.
11𝜋𝜋 11𝜋𝜋
a) 𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑠𝑠 c) 𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑎 150°
6 6
7𝜋𝜋 8𝜋𝜋
b) cos(− ) d) tan
6 3

Solutions:
11𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
a) The reference angle of 𝑠𝑠 , and it lies in Quadrant IV wherein sine and cosine are negative
6 6
and positive, respectively.
11𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 1
𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑎 = −𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑎 = −
6 6 2
11𝜋𝜋 3
𝑠𝑠 = 𝑠𝑠 =
6 2
7𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
b) The angle − lies in Quadrant II wherein cosine is negative, and its reference angle is .
6 6

7𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 3
𝑠𝑠 �− � = − 𝑠𝑠 = −
6 6 2
1
c) 𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑎150° = 𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑎30° =
2
8𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
d) 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = − 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = − =− =− 3
3 3 𝑜𝑜

What I need to know

• Use reference angles to find exact values of circular functions.
(STEM_PC11T-IIb2)

What I Know
Use reference angle and appropriate signs to find the exact value of each expression. Write
your answer on a piece of paper.
13𝜋𝜋
5. 𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑎510° 3. 𝑠𝑠
3
10𝜋𝜋
6. tan(−225°) 4. cot(− )
3

What’s In

Use reference angle to find the exact value of each expression. Write your answer on a piece
of paper.
5𝜋𝜋 5𝜋𝜋
1. 𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑎2 150° + 𝑠𝑠 2 150° 4. 2cos − 𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑎
3 3
2. cos(−30°) + sin420° 5. sec750° + 𝑠𝑠 (−300°)
2𝜋𝜋 2𝜋𝜋
3. 𝑠𝑠 2 + 𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑎2
3 3
 What’s More

Solve the following problem. Write your answer on a piece of paper.

1. Find the reference angle of 1500°.
2. Find the first-quadrant reference angle for 954°.
16𝜋𝜋
3. Find the reference angle for rad in radians
5
16𝜋𝜋
4. Find the reference angle of rad in radians
9

What I Can Do

Use reference angle to find the exact value of each expression. Write your answer on a piece
of paper.

a) 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎(−225°) + 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎405°

8𝜋𝜋 13𝜋𝜋
b) 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎2 + 2cos − 𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑎
4 3 6

c)
1

𝑜𝑜
d)
� � 𝑜𝑜

Assessment

Use reference angle and appropriate sign to find the exact value. Write your answer on a piece
of paper.
a) 𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑎 600°
4𝜋𝜋
b) cos(− )
3
c) tan(−810°)
d) 𝑠𝑠 585°
13𝜋𝜋
e) 𝑠𝑠
3
35𝜋𝜋
f) cot
6
 What I Know What's In
1. 1
1
1.
2 2. 3
3. 1
2. −1
3
4. 1 +
2
3. 2 5. 0
3
4. −
3
What’s More What I Can Do Assessment
1. 60 1. 0 3
7. −
2
1
2. 54 8. −
1 2
2. −
2 9. undefined
𝜋𝜋 10. − 2
3. rad 2 3
5 11.
3
3
2𝜋𝜋 3. − 12. − 3
3
4. rad
9
4. – 1
Answer Key
References

Precalculus Teacher’s Guide (Quezon City: Sunshine Interlinks Publishing House, Inc., 2016), 135-
144
Hillegass, Clifton Keith. 2020. “Trigonometry.” CliffsNotes. Accessed September 8, 2020.
https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/trigonometry/graphs-of-trigonometric-
functions/circular-functions
Lumen Learning. “Trigonometric Functions and the Unit Circle.” Boundless Algebra. Accessed
September 8, 2020.circle/
Stapel, Elizabeth. 2020. “Reference Angles.” Purplemath. Accessed September 8, 2020.
https://www.purplemath.com/modules/radians3.htm

Prepared :

ERVIN A. PEREZ
SHS – Teacher
Mathematics
 MATHEMATICS 11

Quarter 2 – Module 4 & 5

GRAPHING THE SIX CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS

Name ____________________________ Week 4 and Week 5

Section _____________________ Date ____________

Background Information

What’s New

There are situations in day to day living which can’t be modeled by merely
a linear function or to a function which tends to move in an expected way
(the normal ones). Such functions which we termed transcendental (beyond
normal) are usually used in the field of Biology, Physics, Physiology and
other Hard and Social Sciences. The Six Circular Functions are included in
this Transcendental Functions, study the figure below.

Questions:

1. Is the graph above really a function? Why or Why not?

2. Can you think of a polynomial function that will somehow model the graph above?

What is It

In order to attain the objectives of this lesson, we will separate the topics into four (4)
subtopics, namely:

A. Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions

B. Translation of the Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
C. Graphs of Other Circular Functions
D. Solve Situational Problems Involving Circular Functions
A. GRAPHS OF SINE and COSINE FUNCTIONS
Let’s start by defining terms:
A periodic function is a function f such that f(x) = f(x + np), for every real number x in
the domain of f, every integer n, and some positive real number p. The smallest possible
positive value of p is the period of the function. Examples of periodic functions are the sine
and cosine functions. The graphs and properties of the sine and cosine functions are shown
in the following figures.
What is the Amplitude of a Periodic Function?

The amplitude of a periodic function is half the difference between the maximum and
minimum values. The graph of y = a sin x or y = a cos x, with a
shape as the graph of y = sin x or y = cos x a|, |a|].
The amplitude is |a|.

How to Graph y = 2 sin(x)?

X 0 π/2 Π 3π/2 2π

sin x 0 1 0 1 0

2sin (x)

Graph the two functions in a single Cartesian coordinate plane, use different colors of
pens for the two functions.

, the three middle points are: ¼(0+

Plot points and join in a smooth curve.

Looking at the graphs of sin x and 2sin x, do you see their difference?

Based on the previous example, we can generalize the following:

• For b > 0, the graph of y = sin bx will resemble that of y = sin x, but with

• The graph of y = cos bx will resemble that of y = cos x

Example 1: How to Graph y = cos (2x/3) over one period?

Solution:
.
Divide the interval into four equal parts.
Obtain key points for one period.
The amplitude is 1.
Join the points and connect with a smooth curve.
 x 0 9
2x/3 0
cos 2x/3 1 0 1 0 1

B. TRANSLATION OF THE GRAPHS OF SINE and COSINE FUNCTIONS

What is a Phase Shift?

The Phase Shift is how far the function is shifted horizontally from the usual position.

The Vertical Shift is how far the function is shifted vertically from the usual position.
 For sine functions, can be written in one equation:
y = a sin(b(x + c)) + d
From this equation, we know that the:
• Amplitude is a
•
• Phase shit is c (positive to the left)
• Vertical shift d
The important concepts involving graphs of sine and cosine are summarized below:
1. The domain f(x) = sin x and g(x) = cos x is Real Numbers. The range [-1, +1], and the
amplitude is 1.
2. Let a be an element of Real Numbers. The amplitude of the graphs of y = a sin x and
y = a cos x is /a/.
3. The graphs of y = a sin x and y = a cos x are vertical reflections of the graphs of y = -
a sin x and y = -a cos x, respectively.
4. The period of the functions y = sin b (x -
5. The graphs of y = sin (x - c) and y = cos (x - c) can be obtained from the graphs of y
= sin x and y = cos x, respectively, by a horizontal translation or a phase shift of /c/
units. If c > 0, the translation is to the right, and if c < 0, the translation is to the left.
6. The graphs of y = sin x + d and y = cos x + d can be obtained from the graphs of y =
sin x and y = cos x, respectively by a horizontal translation of /d/ units up (if d > 0) or
/d/ units down (if d < 0).

C. GRAPHS OF OTHER CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS

Graphs of Tangent and Cotangent Functions
 • Guidelines for Sketching Graphs of Tangent and Cotangent Functions

To graph y = tan bx or y = cot bx, with b > 0, follow the following steps:
Step b. To locate two adjacent vertical asymptotes, solve the
following equations for x:

Step 2 Sketch the two vertical asymptotes found in Step 1.

Step 3 Divide the interval formed by the vertical asymptotes into four equal parts.

Step 4 Evaluate the function for the first-quarter point, midpoint, and third-quarter point,
using the x-values found in Step 3.

Step 5 Join the points with a smooth curve, approaching the vertical asymptotes. Indicate
additional asymptotes and periods of the graph as necessary.
Example 2: How to Graph y = tan(2x)?

Solution:
Step :
x x=

Step 2: Sketch the two vertical asymptotes found.

x Divide the interval into four equal parts.

Step 3: First quarter x-values. Middle value: 0

Third quarter

Step 4: Evaluate the function:

x 0
2x 0
tan 2x 1 0 1

Step 5: Join the points with a smooth curve, approaching the vertical asymptotes.
Indicate additional asymptotes and periods of the graph as necessary.
• Graphs of Secant and Cosecant Functions
 • Guidelines for Sketching Graphs of Cosecant and Secant Functions
To graph y = csc bx or y = sec bx, with b > 0, follow these steps:
Step 1 : Graph the corresponding reciprocal function as a guide, using a dashed
curve.

Use as a
To Graph
Guide
y = a csc bx y = a sin bx
y = a sec bx y = cos bx
Step 2 Sketch the vertical asymptotes.
They will have equations of the form x = k, where k is an x-intercept of the
graph 
of the guide function.

Step 3 Sketch the graph of the desired function by drawing the typical U-shapes
branches between the adjacent asymptotes. The branches will be above the
graph of the guide function when the guide function values are positive and
below the graph of the guide function when the guide function values are
negative.

Example 3: How to Graph y = 2 sec(x/2)?

Solution:
Step 1: Graph the corresponding reciprocal function y = 2 cos (x/2).
The function has amplitude 2 and one period of the graph lies along the interval that
satisfies the inequality

Divide the interval into four equal parts.

Step 2: Sketch the vertical asymptotes. These occur at x- values for which the guide
function equals 0, such as x x x x

Step 3: Sketch the graph of y = 2 sec x/2 by drawing the typical U-shaped branches,
approaching the asymptotes.
D. SOLVING SITUATIONAL PROBLEMS INVOLVING CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS

Simple Harmonic Motion

In mechanics and physics, simple harmonic motion is a special type of periodic motion
where the restoring force on the moving object is directly proportional to the object's
displacement magnitude and acts towards the object's equilibrium position. It results in
an oscillation which, if uninhibited by friction or any other dissipation of energy, continues
indefinitely.

Equations of Simple Harmonic Motion

The displacement y(directed height or length) of an object behaving in a simple
harmonic motion with respect to time t is given by one of the following equations:
y = a sin b (t – c) + d or y = a cos b (t – c) + d
In both equations, we have the following information:
Amplitude = /a/ = ½ (M – m) the maximum displacement above and below the rest
position or central position or equilibrium, where M is the maximum height
and m is the minimum height;

Period = the time required to complete one cycle (from one highest to lowest

point to the next;

Frequency = the number of cycles per unit of time;

c – responsible for the horizontal shift in time; and

d – responsible for the vertical shift in displacement.

Examples 4: Answer each problem.

1. A weight is suspended from a spring and is moving up and down in a simple harmonic
motion. At start, the weight is pulled down 5 cm below the resting position, and then
released. After 8 seconds, the weight reaches its highest location for the first time. Find the
equation of the motion

Solution:
We are given that the weight is located at its lowest position at t = 0; that is, y = -5
when t = 0. Therefore, the equation is y = -5cos bt.

Because it took the weight 8 seconds from the lowest point to its immediate highest
point, half the period is 8 seconds.

2. Suppose you ride a Ferris wheel. The lowest point of the wheel is 3 meters off the ground,
and its diameter is 20m. After it started, the Ferris wheel revolves at a constant speed, and it
takes 32 seconds to bring you back again to the riding point. After riding for 150 seconds,
find your approximate height above the ground.
Solution:
 We ignore the fixed value of 3m off the ground, and assume that the central position
passes through the center of the wheel and is parallel to the ground.
We let t be the time (in seconds) elapsed that you have been riding the Ferris wheel,
and y is the directed distance of your location with respect to the assumed central
position at time t. Because y = -10 when t = 0, the appropriate model is y = -10 cos bt

Given that the Ferris wheel takes 32 seconds to move from the lowest point to the
next, the period is 32.

then

When t = 150, we get

Bringing back to the original condition given in the problem that the riding point is 3m
off the ground, after riding for 150 seconds, you are approximately located 3.83 + 13
= 16.83 m off the ground.

3. In Luzon, the number of hours of daylight varies roughly between 11 and 13 hours. The
longest day is during the summer solstice, which typically occurs on June 21. Define sine
function f where f(t) is the number of daylight hours at time t and t = 0 that corresponds to
January 1.

Solution:
The amplitude is half the difference between the highest and lowest values, or

. Since the period is 365 days then , or . Our initial

function is .

The maximum value of this function is attained when , or t = 91.25.

However, the maximum occurs when t = 171, corresponding to June 21. Thus, the
graph needs to be shifted 79.75 units to the right.
Finally, since the average value of the maximum and minimum daylight hours is 12,
then we need to shift the graph 12 units up.

Thus, the required function is .

What I need to know

• Illustrate by the help of the graph the domain and range of a particular circular
function. (STEM_PC11T-IIc1)
• Graph the six circular functions; determine its amplitude, period and phase shift.
(STEM_PC11T-IIcd-1)
• Solve situational problems involving circular functions. (STEM_PC11T-IId2)
 What I Know
Define a formula on how to get the period, amplitude, phase shift and the domain & range of
Sine and Cosine Functions

What’s In

Indicate the amplitude, period, phase shift of the following functions.

1. f(x) = 4 sin x 6. F(x) = cos (1/2)x

2. 7. F(x) = -cos (x + 3)
3. f(x) = 3 sin x 8. F(x) = sin (x –
4. f(x) = - 9. F(x) = -2 sin x - 4
5. – 12) + 3 10. F(x) = 2 cos(x – -5

What’s More Identify the domain and range of the following functions.
a. y = 2 cot x f. y = a sin x
b. y = sec 2x g. y = sin bx
c. y = 2 tan (x – h. y = a sin(x – c)
d. -2
e. y = cos (x – j. y = -2

What I Can Do

Multiple-Choice. Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. If y = cos x, then what is the maximum value of y?

a. 1 b. -1

2. What is the period of the trigonometric function given by f(x) = 2 sin (5x)?

3.What is the amplitude of the function f(x) = -

a. 3 b. -3 d. 2

4. Which of the following functions has the greatest period?

a. f(x) = 20 sin(2x – b. f(x) = -

c. f(x) = 2 sin(0.1x) d. f(x) = -

5. What is the range of the function f(x) = -4 cos(2x – 3)?

a. (0, 4) b. [0, 4] c. (-4, 4) d. [-4, 4]

6. What is the phase shift of the function f(x) = 7 sin(2x –

c. – d. –

7. What is the range of the function f(x) = - –

a. [-6, 6] b. [-4, 8] c. [0, 8] d. [-6, 0]

8. What is the amplitude of f(x) = 4 sin x cos x?

a. 4 b. 3 c. 2 d. 1

9. What is the period of f(x) = (1/2) sin x cos x?

a. ½

10. What is the amplitude of f(x) = sin x + cos x?

a. b. c. d. 2

Additional Activities

A. Sketch the graph of the function over two periods. Indicate the amplitude, period, phase,
shift, domain and range.

1. y = cot (x – 4. y = 2 sec (x –

2. y = cot 2x 5. y = 2 sin 3(x – -3

3. y = sec ½ x

B. Solve the following problems involving circular functions.

2.The displacement (in cm) of an object suspended by a spring can be modeled by the function
of the
motion of the object.

3. A signal buoy in Laguna Bay bobs up and down with the height (h) of its transmitter (in feet)
above the sea level modeled by h(t) = a sin bt + d at time t (in seconds). During a small
squall, its height varies from 1 ft to 9 ft above sea level, and it takes 3.5 seconds from one
9-ft height to the next. Find the values of the constants a and d.

4. A point P in simple harmonic motion has a frequency of ½ oscillations per minute and
amplitude of 4ft. Express the motion of P by means of an equation in the form d = a sin bt.

5. The vibrations of a sound wave can be modeled by a sine function. The A note has a
frequency of 440 Hz (cycles or periods per second) and the E note has a frequency of 660
Hz. Give the sine function of the form f(x) = sin Bx that can model the vibrations for the note
A and for the note E.
Rubrics:

Criterion Full Marks Good No Marks

Provision of Solutions are Some solutions are No solution provided

solutions correctly provided missing. (0 Point)
(3 Points) (1 – 2 Points)
Correctness of the Answer is correct. Answer is partially There is no answer,
Answer (2 Points) correct. or the answer is
(1 Point) wrong.
(0 Point)

Answer Key
What I Know What's In What’s More
1. amplitude 4, period a. Domain
y = a sin b (x – c) + d or 2π, phase shift 0
2. amplitude 1, period 4,
y = a cos b (x – c) + d phase shift 0 Range (-∞, +∞)
3. amplitude 3, period
amplitude = /a/ 2π, phase shift 0 b. Domain
4. amplitude I, peiod, 2π,
period = 2π/b
phase shift moved π/4
phase shit: c > 0 shifted /c/ to the left
units to the right 5. amplitude 1, period Range (-∞, -1] U [1, +∞)
1/3, phase shift moved
c < 0 shifted /c/ units to the left 2/ π to the right and 3 c. Domain
units upward
d > 0 shifted /d/ units upward 6. amplitude 1, period
4π, phase shift 0
d < 0 shifted /d/ units 7. amplitude 1, period Range (-∞, +∞)
downward 2π, phase shift moved
3 units to the left d. Domain
Domain: (-∞, +∞)
8. amplitude 1, period
Range: (-/a/, +/a/) 2π, phase shift moved
π/4 units to the right
9. amplitude 1, period
2π, phase shift moved Range (-∞, -3] u [-1, +∞)
4 units downward e. Domain (-∞, +∞)
10. amplitude 2, period
2π, phase shift moved Range [-1, +1]
π/2 units to the right
and 5 units downward f. Domain (-∞, +∞)
Range [-a, +a]
g. Domain (-∞, +∞) Additional Activity
What I Can Do
Range [-1, +1] B.
h. Domain (-∞, +∞) 1. A 1. Answer may vary
2. B
Range [-a, +a] 3. A 2. amplitude 15cm, period ½
4. C cm, frequency 2cm/s
i. Domain (-∞, +∞) 5. D
3. a = 4.05, d = 6.05
6. B
Range [-1/3, +1/3]
7. B 4. 4 sin πt
j. Domain (-∞, +∞) 8. C
9. D 5. A note: y = sin 2π 440x
Range [-2, +2] 10. A
E note: y = sin 2π 660x
References

“Application of Circular Functions”. Accessed on September 11, 2020.

https://schooltutoring.com/help/math-review-of-applications-of-circular-functions/
Ascano, Joy P, Martin Jr., Jesus Lemuel, Olefernes, Arnel D, Tolentino, Mark Anthony C.
2016. PreCalculus, First Edition. Reviewed by Garces, Ian June L. Quezon City:
Department of Education
“Circular Function Image” Accessed on September 11, 2020.
https://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images;_ylt=Awr9GjDxL19fcNgAesxXNyoA;_yl
u=Y29sbwNncTEEcG9zAzEEdnRpZAMEc2VjA3BpdnM-
?p=Application+of+the+graph+of+circular+functions&fr2=piv-web&fr=spigot-yhp
sfmac#id=60&iurl=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fcolalg.math.csusb.edu%2F~devel%2FIT%2Fmain
%2Fm03_circular%2Fimages%2Fsin-cos.gif&action=click
Garces, Ian June L, Eden, Richard, Versoza, Debbie Marie.2016. Precalculus. Quezon City:
Vibal Group, Inc
“Graphs of the Circular Functions”. Accessed on September 11, 20202.
http://shawtlr.net/trig/trig_m4_slides.pdf
“Graph and Properties of Sine Funtction Image”. Accessed on September 11, 2020.
https://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images;_ylt=Awr9F68INl9fFkYA5gyJzbkF;_ylu
=X3oDMTBsZ29xY3ZzBHNlYwNzZWFyY2gEc2xrA2J1dHRvbg--
;_ylc=X1MDOTYwNjI4NTcEX3IDMgRhY3RuA2NsawRjc3JjcHZpZANLblhWWlRFd0xqT
EtLeW9GV0pIRy53QkZNVGMxTGdBQUFBQ09QdjVhBGZyA3NwaWdvdC15aHAtc2Zt
YWMEZnIyA3NhLWdwBGdwcmlkAzRtZXA3bXVEUXNLM21hMVM5UjhrdEEEbl9zdWd
nAzAEb3JpZ2luA2ltYWdlcy5zZWFyY2gueWFob28uY29tBHBvcwMwBHBxc3RyAwRwc
XN0cmwDBHFzdHJsAzQ3BHF1ZXJ5A2dyYXBoJTIwYW5kJTIwcHJvcGVydGllcyUyMG
9mJTIwc2luZSUyMGZ1bmN0aW9uBHRfc3RtcAMxNjAwMDc3NjE1?p=graph+and+pro
perties+of+sine+function&fr=spigot-yhp-sfmac&fr2=sb-top-images.search&ei=UTF-
8&n=60&x=wrt&y=Search
“Simple Harmonic Function”. Accessed on September 11, 2020.
https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/trigonometry/additional-topics/simple-
harmonic-motion
“Simple Harmonic Function”. Accessed on September 11, 2020.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_harmonic_motion

Prepared by:

ALVIN F. BUTSAYO
SHS Teacher - Mathematics
 PRECALCULUS
Module 6 & 7: TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

Name ____________________________ Week 6 -7

Section _____________________ Date:__________

Background Information

What’s New

Consider the following two groups of equations:

Group A Group B
A.1 x2 - 4 = 0 B.1 x2 - 4 = (x + 2) (x – 2)

A.2 (x + 3)2 = x2 + 9 B.2 (x + 3)2 = x2 + 6x + 9

16 16
A. 3 4
= 4x – 1 B. 3 4
=x-4

Questions:

1. What can you say about the two groups?

2. How can you compare these two groups?
3. Which of these two is identity and conditional equation?

What is It

An identity equation is an equation that is said to be true for all permissible values in the
domain of the equation. It means that any values we assign to the given variables, the equation will
always be satisfied. However, if the equation will not be satisfied for some values, then that equation is
a conditional equation. So, in the two groups given, we can now identify which one is identity equation
and which one is conditional.

Example 1: Identify whether the given equation is an identify or conditional equation. If the equation is
conditional, find the possible value/s that will satisfy the given equation.

1.1 ( 3 − 3) 3= x – 3
P

1.2 x3 – 1 = x2 + x – 1
1.3 2x – 4 = 7x + 2
1.4 cos2A = 1 – sin2A
1.5 sin2A = cos2A + 1
Solutions:

1.1 This is an identity considering the rule of radical equation.

1.2 This is also an identity from the difference of two cubes.
1.3 This is a conditional equation because it can only be true when x = - 6/5.
1.4 This is an identity derived from the Pythagorean identity.
1.5 This is a onditional e uation If = 0, then the value is 0 for both sides of the e uation If =
π, the left side and the right side of the equation is 0 and -2 respectively.

In Trigonometry, when equations are true for right-angled triangles or the one that involves
trigonometric functions, these are called trigonometric identities. Each side has its name. The adjacent
side, the opposite and the longest side which is the hypotenuse.

• FUNDAMENTAL TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES. The fundamental trigonometric

identities are used to establish other relationships among trigonometric functions. These
are as follows:

A. Reciprocal Identities

csc θ = sec θ = cot θ=

𝜽𝜽 𝜽𝜽 𝜽𝜽

B. Quotient Identities
𝜽𝜽 𝜽𝜽
tan θ = cot θ =
𝜽𝜽 𝜽𝜽

C. Pythagorean Identities

sin2θ + cos2θ = 1 tan2θ + 1 = sec2θ 1 + cot2θ= csc2θ

Example 2: Simplify the following:

2.1

1 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎2
2.2 2
1

2.3 tan (- )

Solutions:

•
2.1 = = 1

1 1
2.2 = = • = = tan2 θ
1 𝑜𝑜 𝑜𝑜 1 𝑜𝑜

( )
2.3 tan (- ) = = - tan θ
( )

In Example 2.3, another trigonometric value was derived from the quotient identities. This is
called the even-odd identity which is also one of the fundamental identities.
 D. Even – Odd Identities

sin (-θ) = -sin θ cos (-θ) = cos θ tan (-θ) = -tan θ

We can find more trigonometric values by applying the fundamental trigonometric identities
such as the following related to Pythagorean identity;

sin2 θ = 1 − cos2 θ tan2θ = sec2 θ – 1

cos2 θ = 1 − sin2 θ cot2θ + 1 = csc2 θ
tan2 θ + 1 = sec2 θ cot2θ = csc2 θ – 1

In addition to this, we can also prove other trigonometric identities from these values.
Consider the next example.

Example 3: Prove the given identities.

3.1 os = sin os s

3.2 1 = (se - tan ) (se + tan )

3.3 csc - cot =

1

Solutions

3 1 os = sin os s

1
= sin os

= cos θ

3.2 1 = (se - tan ) (se + tan )

= sec2 + se tan – se tan – tan2

= sec2 – tan2

= 1 (from the Pythagorean identity tan2θ + 1 = sec2θ)

3.3 csc - cot =

1

1 cos
csc - cot = − (from the reciprocal identity csc θ = and
sin 𝜽𝜽
𝜽𝜽
quotient identity cot θ = )
𝜽𝜽

1
= (apply the rule of algebraic fraction with the same denominator)

1 1 1
= • (multiply the numerator and denominator by )
1 1
 1 𝑜𝑜
= (find the product)
(1 )

= (from Pythagorean identity sin2 θ = 1 − cos2 θ)

(1 )

= (simplify)

• OTHER TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES. The following are other trigonometric

values that were derived through the application of the other trigonometric identities.

A. Sum and Difference Identities of Cosine

cos(A – B) = cosAcosB + sinAsinB

To produce the sum identity of, even-odd trigonometric and the cosine difference
identity was applied. So from cos(A – B) = cosAcosB + sinAsinB, we have, cos[A – (-B) =
cosAcos(-B)+ sinAsin(-B). Since cos(-B) = cosB and sin(-B) = -sinB, then,

cos(A + B) = cosAcosB - sinAsinB

B. Co-function Identities
, ,
Let A = . We know that = 90° and by applying the cosine difference identity,
, , ,
cos( 2 – B) = cos( )cosB + sin( )sinB
2 2
= 0 cosB + 1•sinB (because cos90° = 0 and sin 90° = 1)
= sinB
, ,
From cos( – B), let us try to replace B to – B. So we have,
2 2

, , , , , ,
cos[( - ( - B)] = cos( )cos( – B) + sin( )sin( – B)
2 2 2 2 2 2
,
= 0 • sinB + 1• sin( – B)
2
,
cosB = ( – B)

And for tangent function, let us apply the quotient identity, the cofunction of sine and cosine
identity and the reciprocal identity

,
, ( )
tan( - B) = , = = cotB
2 ( )

, , ,
sin( - B) = cosB cos( - B) = sinB tan( - B) = cotB

C. Sum and Difference Identity of Sine

To get the sum identity of sine, we will utilize the two co function identities.
 ,
sin(A+B) = cos[( - (A + B)]
2
,
= cos[( - A) - B)]
2
, ,
= cos( 2 − A)cosB + sin( 2 − A)sinB

= sinAcosB + cosAsinB

From the identity of sine difference, we will appy the even-odd identity, replacing B with -B.
sin(A +(- B) = sinAcos(-B) + cosAsin(-B)
= sinAcosB - cosAsinB

Sum and Difference Identity of Sine

sin(A+B) = sinAcosB + cosAsinB

sin(A- B) = sinAcosB - cosAsinB

D. Sum and Difference of Tangent

Formulas for the tangent function can be derived from similar formulas involving the
sine and cosine.

tan(A+B) = tan(A- B) =

Example 4: Apply the sum and difference identities to find the exact values of the following:
4.1 sin (30° + 45°)
4.2 cos (90° – 30°)
4.3 tan (45° + 30°)
Solutions:
4.1 sin(30° + 45°) = sin30°cos45° + cos30°sin45°
= ( )+( )( )

= +

4.2 cos (90° – 30°) = cos90°cos30° + sin90°sin30°

=0( ) + 1( )

= 1/2

45 30 1
4.3 tan (45° + 30°) = = = =
1 45 30 1
• SOME USEFUL TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

A. Double Angle Identities

𝜽𝜽
Sin 2θ = 2sin θ cosθ Cos 2 θ = cos2 θ – sin2 θ tan2 θ =

Cos 2 θ = 1 – sin2 θ
Cos 2 θ = 2 cos2 θ - 1

B. Half Angle Identities

𝜽𝜽 𝜽𝜽
Sin2( ) = Cos2( ) =

𝜽𝜽 𝜽𝜽
Tan( ) = Tan( ) =
𝜽𝜽
𝜽𝜽 𝜽𝜽 1
Tan( ) = 𝜽𝜽 Tan2( ) =
1

Example 5: Apply double and half angle trigonometric identities to answer the following

5. 1 What is the value of cos 660 using double angle identities?

Solution: from Cos 2 θ = 2 cos2 θ - 1

cos 660 = cos 2 (330°)

= 2cos2(330) – 1
3
= 2 ( 2 )2 – 1
3
=2( )–1
4
3
= -1
2
= /
5.2 Determine the exact value of tan 75° using half-angle identities

Solution:

tan 75° = tan ½ (150)

=
=
1
=

= +
 • SOLVING SITUATIONAL PROBLEMS USING TRIGONOMETRIC
IDENTITIES

Trigonometric identities are also very useful when we solve situational problems relative
to right triangles and the rotation of angles in a cartesian plane. Consider the following problems in
the next example.

Example 6: Solve the following word problems involving trigonometric identities.

6.1 If tan = 2, and that 1 0 2 0 , al ulate the remaining trigonometric ratios of

angle

5
Solution: se = 1+5= 5 os = 1/ 5 = 5

5 2 5 5
sin =2•- =- s =-
5 5 2

ot = 1/2

6.2 Given that cos = - 3/5 and that 1 0 2 0 ,and tan = /24 here is in uadrant I,
find the value of sin ( + )

Solution: Since cos = - 3/5, that means is III and sin = - 4/5 lso, tan = 7/24
here is in uadrant I, so sin = - /2 and os = - 24/25.

sin ( + ) = sin os + os sin

= (-4/5)(-24/25) + (-3/5)(-7/25)

34
6.3 If A and B are acute angles (in degrees) such that cscA = 17 and csc B = , what is A + B?
5

Solution: cscA = 17, A In Q.I tan A = ¼

34
Csc B = , B in Q.I tan B = 3/5
5

tan (A + B) = =1 A + B = 45° ( because tan 45° = 1)

1 ( )

What I need to know

• Determine whether an equation is an identity or a conditional equation (STEM_PC11T-IIe1)
• Apply trigonometric identities to find other trigonometric identities (No given code)
• Solve situational problems involving trigonometric identities (STEM_PC11T-IIg2)
 What I Know
For items 1-3, solve the given equation and identify if the equation is an identity or conditional. If
the given is conditional, find the value that will satisfy the give equation.

1. 2(a+5) = 4a – 2(a -5)

2. 6(m + 2) = 2(m – 8) + 4
3. (1 - cos2 ) s 2 = 1

For items 4 -5, use the basic trigonometric identities to simplify the given expression

4. tan os s
5. cot csc sin

What’s In
Apply trigonometric identities to prove the given identity below;

1. os /(1 - tan ) + sin /(1 - ot ) = sin + os

2. se (1 - sin2 ) = 1
3. tan sin + os = se
4. (1 - os )(1 + os )(1 + ot2 ) = 1
5. ot + tan = se s

What’s More
Use other trigonometric identities to determine the exact values of the following

1.Cos 100° cos10° + sin 100° sin 10°

A. 1 C. -1
B. 0 D. undefined
2.Tan (135° - 45°)

A. 0 C. undefined
B. -1 D. 1/2
3. sin( 30° + 60°)
A. ½ C. 1
B. 0 D. -1
4. tan 2A if tanA = -1/3 and sec >0
A. ½ C. – 1/3
B. 3/4 D. - ½

5. tan π/12 (Hint: Use half-angle identity)

A. 2 + 3 C. 1 + 3
B. 2 - 3 D. 1 - 3
 What I Can Do

Solve the following situational problems using trigonometric identities. Use a separate sheet for your
solutions.
3
1. Given sinA = 2 and cosB = -1/2, A in A in Q.II and B in Q.III, find sin(A+B)
2. If sec = 2 and 0 π/2, find the remaining trigonometri fun tions of
3. If cos A = - /13 and 0 π, find sin 2 and os2

Assessment

Write True if the statement is true and False if not. If the statement is false, write the correct one.
__________ 1. Tan A = cosA/sinA

__________ 2. Cos2A = 2cos2A -1 is an identity.

__________ 3. 2(a + 4) = 3- 2(a – 4) is a conditional equation.

__________ 4. secAtanA is equal to sinAsecA

6 2
he e a t value of os π/12 is
2

,
__________ 6. tan( - B) = cotB is an even-odd identity.
2

__________ 7. Given that cos = - 3/5 and that 1 0 2 0 ,and tan = /24 here is in
Quadrant I, the value of cos ( + ) = 44/125.
_________ 8. cosA is equal to

If sin = -3/4 and cos is greater than 0, then os = /4

_________ 10. Cos2(A/2) is equal to the square root of the sum of one and cosA, all over
two.

Additional Activities
A. Analyze the given problem below. Apply the concept of trigonometric identities to solve the given
real world problem below.

1. A ball is thrown following a projectile motion. The range(horizontal distance) of the

ball can travel is given by R = sin 2 here is the range (in feet), v o is the
initial speed (in ft/s) is the angle of elevation the ball is thrown, and g = 32 ft/sec2 is
the acceleration due to gravity.
 1.1 press the ne range in terms of the original range hen angle (0º < 45°) is
doubled. (Hint: when the angle is doubled, the new range will become

R’ = sin 4 . Use double angle identity)

1.2 If a ball travels a hori ontal distan e of 20 ft hen i ed at an angle of ith
initial speed of 20 2 ft/s, find the horizontal distance it can travel when you double
(Hint : use the result of item a)

References

Department of Education. MELC in Mathematics Curriculum Guide : STEM_PC11T-IIe-1 to IIg-2,

pp. 77.

Department of Education. Precalculus Learner’s Material, First Edition. Sunshine Interlinks

Publishing House,Q.C.,Philippines.2016. pp 171.
Elizabeth D.C. Landicho , MSA: Trigonometry (Quezon City: Merlie S. Alferez, 2017), 63.

Trigonometric Identities.”Last accessed Sept 2020”. https://www.onlinemath4all.com/problems-on-

trigonometric-identities-with-solutions.html
Trigonometric Identities.”Last accessed Sept 2020”.
https://www.superprof.co.uk/resources/aademic/maths/t.com/problems-on-trigonometric-identities-
with-solutions.html
 Mathematics
Master Teacher I
LOIDA B. QUIRIMO, MAED
Prepared by:
What I Know What's In What’s More
Process of verifying may 1. B
1. Identity vary
2. Conditional, m = -6 2. C
3. Identity
4. 1 3. C
5. cotθ
4. C
5. B
Additional Activity
What I Can Do Assessment
1.1
1. Sin(A + B) = 0 1. False, cotθ
2. Cosα = ½, tanα = 3, 2. True
sin 2θ = , so,
3 2 3
sinα = , cscα = ,
2 3 3. True
3
cot α =
3
4. Fals, secθtanθ = sinθsec2θ cos2θ = 1−
3. Sin2θ = -120/169
6 2
Cos2θ = -119/169 5. False, since sin4θ = 2sin2θcos2θ,
4
6. False, Co-function 2
4− 2 2
Identity R’ = sin4θ = 2
7. True 1.2
8. True 40 64000 409600
R’ = = 24
800
7
9. False, Hence, the new range is 24
4
ft
Answer Key
 PRE-CALCULUS

Quarter 2– Module 8
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Name ____________________________ Week : 8
Section _________________________ Date: ___________

Background Information

What’s New
In the previous lessons on functions (algebraic and trigonometric), given a
number in the domain of a function, we computed for the value of the function at
that number. Now, given a value in the range of the function, we reverse this
process by finding a number in the domain whose function value is the given one.

For a function y = f(x) to have an inverse function, f(x) must be one-to one:
that is, for every x in the domain, there is exactly one y in its range, and likewise,
each y in the range corresponds to exactly one x in the domain. If the function is one-to-one, write the
range of the original function as the domain of the inverse, and write the domain of the original function
as the range of the inverse. We denote the inverse function of a function f by f -1. The graphs of a function
and its inverse function are symmetric with respect to the line y = x.

As you go through this module, keep in mind this question: How are the trigonometric functions
related to inverse trigonometric functions? Trigonometric functions are functions of an angle. They are
used to relate the angles of a triangle to the lengths of the sides of a triangle. There are six trigonometric
functions which can be used to find an unknown side length of a right triangle, if one side length and
an angle measure are known. The Inverse trigonometric functions can be used to find the unknown
measure of an angle of a right triangle when two side lengths are known.

What is it

Graphs of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Trigonometric functions are all periodic functions. Thus, the graphs of none of them pass the
horizontal line test and so are not one-to-one. This means none of them have an inverse unless the
domain of each is restricted to make each of them one-to-one, thus can have an inverse. Since the graphs
are periodic, if we pick an appropriate domain, we can use all values of the range. Take a look at the
graphs of f(x) = sin x, f(x) = cos x and f(x) = tan (x).
 We know the fact that domain of inverse function is the range of the function. To find the
domain and range of inverse trigonometric functions, switch the domain and range of the original
functions as shown in the table below.

Each graph of the inverse trigonometric function is a reflection of the graph of the original
function about the line y=x. Notice that the domain is now the range and the range is now the domain.
Because the domain is restricted all positive values will yield a 1st quadrant angle and all negative
values will yield a 4th quadrant angle. Similarly, we can restrict the domains of the cosine and tangent
functions to make them one-to-one.

Inverse Sine Function

All the trigonometric functions that we consider are periodic over their entire domains. This
means that all trigonometric functions are not one-to-one if we consider their whole domains, which
implies that they have no inverses over those sets. But there is a way to make each of the trigonometric
functions one-to-one. This is done by restricting their respective domains. The restrictions will give us
well-defined inverse trigonometric functions. The domain of the sine function is the set R of real
numbers, and its range is the closed interval [1, 1]. As observed in the previous lessons, the sine function
is not one-to-one, and the first step is to restrict its domain (by agreeing what the convention is) with
the following conditions:
(1) the sine function is one-to-one in that restricted domain; and
(2) the range remains the same.

The inverse of the (restricted) sine function f(x) = sin x, where the domain is restricted to the
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
closed interval [− , ], , is called the inverse sine function or arcsine function, denoted by
2 2
f-1(x) =sin-1x or y = arcsin x. It is read as “y is the inverse of sine x and means y is the real number angle
whose sine value is x”.
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
Here the domain of f-1(x) =arcsin x is[1, 1]and its range is [− , ]. Thus, y=sin-1x or
2 2
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
y= arcsin x, if and only if sin y=x where -1 1 and y .
2 2

Note: Be careful of the notation used he supers ript 1 is an e ponent o avoid this
notation, some books use the notation y= arcsin(x) instead. y= arcsin(x) means sin(y) =x; y = arccos(x)
means cos(y) =x and y= arctan(x) means tan(y) =x.
Example 1: Find the exact value of each expression.
a. Arcsin (-1)
1
b. sin-1 (− )
2
𝜋𝜋
c. arcsin (sin )
3
d. arcsin (sin π)
1
e. sin[ sin-1(− ) ]
2

Solutions:
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
a. arcsin(-1)= − because sin(− ) = -1
2 2
1 𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 1
b. sin-1(− ) = − because sin(− ) = (− )
2 6 6 2
𝜋𝜋 3 𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 3
c. arcsin(sin ) = arcsin ( ) = because sin( )
=
3 2 3 2 3
d. ar sin(sin π) = arcsin (0) =0 because sin π = 0
1 𝜋𝜋 1 1 𝜋𝜋
e. sin[ sin-1(− ) ]= sin(− ) = (− ) because sin-1(− ) = −
2 6 2 2 6

Inverse Cosine Function

The development of the other inverse trigonometric functions follows similarly

from that of the inverse sine function. By restricting the domain of cos-1( ) to the interval [0,π] gives a
one- to-one function. y=cos-1x or y=arccosx means cos y=x where -1 1 and 0 y π.

Example 2: Find the exact value of each expression.

a. cos-10
3
b. arccos(− )
2
-1 3𝜋𝜋
c. cos (cos )
4
3𝜋𝜋
d. cos-1(cos )
4
5𝜋𝜋
e. arccos(𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑎 )
2
f. cos-1(-1)

Solutions:
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
a. cos-10 = because cos =0
2 2
3 5𝜋𝜋 5𝜋𝜋 3
b. arccos(− ) = because cos =−
2 6 6 2
3𝜋𝜋 3𝜋𝜋
c. cos-1(cos )=
4 4

3𝜋𝜋 3𝜋𝜋
d. cos-1(cos )=
4 4
5𝜋𝜋
e. arccos(𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑎 ) = 0
2
f. cos-1(-1)= π

Inverse Tangent Function and the Remaining Inverse Trigonometric Functions

The inverse tangent function is similarly defined as inverse sine and inverse cosine
functions.
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
y=tan-1x or y=arctan x means tan y=x where x R and − < y <
2 2
Example 3: Find the exact value of each expression.
𝜋𝜋
a. tan-1(1) =
4
𝜋𝜋
b. arctan(- 3)=−
3
5 5
c. tan [tan-1(− )]= −
2 2

Rule to Find Range of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Even though there are many ways to restrict the range of inverse trigonometric functions, there
is an agreed upon interval used. That is , [-π/2 , π] Similarly, we can restrict the domains of the cosine
and tangent functions to make them 1 to 1. The domain of the inverse tangent function is ( ∞,∞) and
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
the range is [− , ]. The inverse of the tangent function will yield values in the 1st and 4th quadrants.
2 2
The same process is used to find the inverse functions for the remaining trigonometric functions--
cotangent, secant and cosecant.

• Understanding and Using the Inverse Sine, Cosine, and Tangent Functions
In order to use inverse trigonometric functions, we need to understand that an inverse
trigonometric function “undoes” what the original trigonometric function “does,” as is the case with
any other function and its inverse. In other words, the domain of the inverse function is the range of the
original function, and vice versa, as summarized in the table below.

Example 4: The following examples illustrate the inverse trigonometric functions:

𝜋𝜋 1 1 𝜋𝜋
a. Since sin( )= then, sin-1( )=
6 2 2 6
b. in e os(π)= -1 then, cos-1(-1)= π
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
c. Since tan ( )= 1 then, tan-1(1)=
4 4
3 3
d. Since sin 60 = then, sin ( )= 60o
o -1
2 2
e. Since cos 90o= 0 then, cos-1(0) = 90o
f. Since tan 60o= 3 then, tan-1( 3 )= 60o
 What I need to know (Learning Competency with Code )

• Illustrate the domain and range of inverse trigonometric functions.(STEM_PC11T-IIh-1)

• Evaluate an inverse trigonometric expression. ( STEM_PC11T-IIh-2)

What I know (Pre-assessment)

Find out what you already know about this module by taking the pre-test to check how much
you know about inverse trigonometric functions.
Direction: Write the letter that corresponds to the best answer on your answer sheet.
1. It is a relation where each element in the domain is related to only one value
in the range by some rule.
a. One-to-one function c. Function
b. Relation d. Many-to-one function
2. What do call the rule that relates values from a set of values (called the
domain) to a second set of values (called the range)?
a. One-to-one function c. Function
b. Relation d. One-to-many relation.
3. All x values or inputs are called what?
a. Range c. Domain
b. Relation d. Function
4. All y values or outputs are called what?
a. Range c. Domain
b. Relation d. Function
5. The graph of the inverse of a function can be obtained by reflecting the
graph of the function along the ___.
a. origin c. x-axis
b. y-axis d. line y=x
6. Find the domain of a function sin-1(x).
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
a. [− , ] c. ( , )
2 2 2 2
b. (-1,1) d.[ -1,1]
7. Find the range of a function sin-1(x).
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
a. [− , ] c. (− , )
2 2 2 2
b. (-1,1) d.[ -1,1]
8. The domain of a function cos-1(x) is
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
a. [− , ] c. (− , )
2 2 2 2
b. (-1,1) d.[ -1,1]
-1
9. The range of the function cos (x) is
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
a. [− , ] c. [0 ,2π ]
2 2
b. [0, π] d [ -1,1]
10. The domain of a function tan-1(x) is
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
a. All real nos. c. ( , )
2 2
b. (-1,1) d.[ -1,1]
11. The range of the function tan-1(x) is
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
a. All real nos. c. [- , ]
2 2
b. [0,π] d [ -1,1]
1
12. The value of sin-1(- ) is
2
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
a. c.
3 6
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
b. − d.−
3 6
 3
13. The value of cos-1( ) is
2
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
a. c.
3 6
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
b. − d.−
3 6
𝜋𝜋
14. The value of arcsin (sin ) is
3
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
a. c.
3 6
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
b. − d.−
3 6
15. The value of cos[tan-1(-1)] is
a. - 2 c. 3
2 2
1
b. 2 d.
2
2

How was your performance in the pre-assessment? Were you able to answer all the problems?
Did you find difficulties in answering them? Are there questions familiar to you?

In this lesson, we first restrict the domain of each trigonometric function because each of
them is not one-to-one. We then define each respective inverse function and evaluate the values of
each inverse trigonometric function.

What’s In

Exercise 1 Exercise 2

What’s More

Answer each of the following questions:

1. What is the domain and range for inverse sine?
2. What is the domain and range for inverse cosine?
3. What is the domain and range for inverse tangent?
1
4. hat is the e a t value of sin (- )?
2
5. hat is the e a t value of os (0)
6. hat is the e a t value of tan (-1)?
 1
7. hat is the e a t value of os ( )?
2
8. hat is the e a t value of tan (-1/ 3)
3
9. hat is the e a t value of sin ( )?
2
2
10. Find the value arccos .
2

Assessment
______1. The graphs of a function and its inverse function are symmetric with respect to the
vertical axis.
______2. If (x,y) exists on the original function then (y,x) exists on its inverse.

______3.We need to restrict the domain to make a function one- to-one.

______4. For a function to have an inverse it must pass the horizontal line test.
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
______5.The domain of tan-1x is [− , ]
2 2
______6.The range of arcos x are all sets of real numbers.
______7. The domain of sin-1x is [-1,1].
3 𝜋𝜋
______8.The value of cos-1( ) =
2 6
______9. The value of tan-1( 3) = 90o
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
______10. The value of arcsin (sin ) is .
3 3

What I Can Do

Find the exact value of each expressions.

(a) tan-1 1
(b) arctan(- 3)
5
(c) tan[tan-1- ]
2
𝜋𝜋
(d) tan-1[tan( )]
6
(e) cos[ tan-1 (-1)]
(f) sin [ar tan( 3)]

Additional Activity

Exercise 1 Exercise 2
 What I Know What’s In What I can Do
1. c Exercise.1
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
2. a a) a)
2 4
3. c 𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
b) − b) −
4. a 2 3
𝜋𝜋 5
5. d c) c) −
3 2
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
6. d d) − d)
3 6
7. a 2
e) 𝜋𝜋 2
8. d 2 e) cos(− )=
𝜋𝜋 4 2
9. b f) 𝜋𝜋 3
3 f) sin( )=
10. a 𝜋𝜋 3 2
11. c g)
6
4𝜋𝜋
12. d h) −
3
13. c
14. a Exercise.2
15. a
a) π
3𝜋𝜋
b)
4
c) 0
What’s more 2
d) − Additional Activities
5
e) 0 Exercise.1
1. Domain: [-1, 1]
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 a) π
Range: [− ,] f) 𝜋𝜋
2 2 3 b) −
4
𝜋𝜋
2. Domain: [-1, 1] c)
2
ange [0, π] d) -10
3. Domain: (-∞, ∞) e) 0
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 3
Range: (− , ) f) −
2 2 8
𝜋𝜋
4. -
6 Assessment:
𝜋𝜋 Exercise.2
5. 1. False
2
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
6. - 2. True a) −
4 6
𝜋𝜋 3. True 𝜋𝜋
7. b)
3 4. True 2
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
8. - 5. False c)
6 3
𝜋𝜋 6. False 𝜋𝜋
9. d)
3 2
𝜋𝜋 7. True 4𝜋𝜋
10. e)
4 8. True 3
9. False 3𝜋𝜋
f)
10. True 4
g) Undefined
Answer Key:
References:

Carpi,Joy N. and Magat,Marc Edly R. 2018.Pre-Calculus.1st Edition. Barangka Drive, Mandaluyong

City: Books Atbp.Publishing Corp.157-160
Department of Education. 2016.Pre-Calculus (Teaching Guide). Commission on Higher Education.
Diliman,Quezon City. 219-229
Department of Education. General Mathematics Learner’s Material (Meralco Ave.,Pasig City,
Lexicon Press Inc., 2016) 67-68
iitutor 201 omain and ange of Inverse un tions athemati s Last Modified on Dec 18,
2018 . YouTube video, 7:20.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xI1gQo2CUyo
Mathispower4u.2010. Introduction to Inverse Sine, Inverse Cosine, and Inverse Tangent. Last
Modified on June 4, 2010. YouTube video, 10:01
https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=226&v=LUpa5nPskAc&feature=emb_title
Mclogan,Brian.2016.Master How to determine the domain and range of the inverse trigonometric
functions. Last Modified on June 24,2016. YouTube video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uIELpwkmTJw 13:15
Olvido, Lucrecia R. and Torreon, Charito G. 2016. Pre-Calculus. 1st Edition. Barangka Drive,
Mandaluyong City: Books Atbp.Publishing Corp. 208-223
Professor Dave Explains.2018. . Inverse Trig Functions Last Modified on Jan .16, 2018. YouTube
video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YXWKpgmLgHk. 6:53
Reyes,Apolinario C. 2016. Pre-Calculus. 1st Edition.Tinajeros,Malabon City:Jimczyville Publications.
225-231
Sirug,Winston S. 2016. Pre-Calculus. 1st Edition.Intramuros,Manila.Mindshapers Co.Inc.
301-315
Simple Math. 2017.How to do inverse trig functions - arcsin, arccos, arctan. Last Modified on July
22,2017 YouTube video, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y3LajBcnb7s. 10:47

Prepared by:

Engr. Liliosa C. Pamintuan

SHS Math Teacher
 PRE-CALCULUS

Quarter 2– Module 9
Trigonometric Equations
Name ____________________________ Week : 9

Section _____________________ Date : ____________

What’s New

We have differentiated an identity from a conditional equation in our previous lessons. Recall
that an identity is an equation that is true for all values of the variable in the domain of the equation,
while a conditional equation is an equation that is not an identity. Trigonometric functions are periodic.
Thus, trigonometric equations typically have many solutions. When solving for all solutions, one
strategy is to first find all solution in one period, and then generate these to determine all solutions in
R. (set of real numbers). hen is restri ted to elements found in the interval [0,2π), e all the solution
the fundamental solution set. Otherwise it is the general solution.

In this lesson, we mostly study conditional

trigonometric equations. Any equation that involves
trigonometric expressions is called a trigonometric
equation. When solving trigonometric equations, our aim
is to solve the values of the angle that will satisfy the given
equation. It is like solving the algebraic equations in terms of x and y. Generally, its solutions are infinite
due to the periodicity of trigonometric functions. To simplify the determination of the possible solution
s of e first introdu e a limit 0 2π or [0,2π),then for every integer, +2 π is also a solution

To “solve an equation” means to find all solutions of the equation. Here, unless stated as angles
measured in degrees, we mean solutions of the equation that are real numbers (or equivalently, angles
1 1 𝜋𝜋
measured in radians). For example, the equation sin x = has the unique solution x = sin-1( )= in the
2 2 6
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
closed interval[− , ]. However, if we consider the entire domain (not the restricted domain) of the
2 2
𝜋𝜋
sine function, which is the set R of real numbers, there are solutions (other than ) of the equation sin
6
1
x= .
2

What is it:
In trigonometry,solving an equation denotes not only finding the value of the function but also
finding the value of the angle. In order to solve these equations we shall make extensive use of the
graphs of the functions sine, cosine and tangent. The symmetries which are apparent in these graphs,
and their periodicities are particularly important as we shall see. Some special angles and their
trigonometric ratios:
 • Methods of Solving Trigonometric Equations:
1. If a trigonometric equation contains a single function of the same angle, solve for the function by
algebraic means then find the corresponding value or values of the angle.
2. If the equation is composed of more than one function, transform the function or functions
so that the resulting equation contains only one function.
3. If the expression on the equation is factorable with the product equal to zero, factor the
expression and equate each factor to zero then solve the resulting equations.
4. If the equation is composed of two or more arguments,reduce the number of arguments by using
thee fundamental identities,then solve the resulting equation.
5. If the e uation involves multiple of an angle su h as sin3 ,find all possible values of 3 hen
determine all possible values of

• Some Simple Trigonometric Equations

Example1:Solve the equation sin x = 0.5

Solution: We look for all solutions lying in the interval 0 3 0o . This means we are looking for
all the angles, x, in this interval which have a sine of 0.5. We begin by sketching a graph of the
function sin x over the given interval. This is shown in Figure 1.

We have drawn a dotted horizontal line on the graph indicating where sin x = 0.5. The solutions
of the given equation correspond to the points where this line crosses the curve. From the Table above
we note that the first angle ith a sine e ual to 0 is 30 his is indi ated in igure 1 Using the
symmetries of the graph, we can deduce all the angles which have a sine of 0.5. These are: x = 30o,
150 . his is be ause the se ond solution, 1 0 , is the same distan e to the left of 180o that the first is
to the right of 0o. There are no more solutions within the given interval.

Example 2: olve the e uation os = 0

Solution: We look for all solutions lying in the interval 0 3 0o As before we start by looking at
the graph of cos x. This is shown in Figure 2. We have drawn a dotted horizontal line where cos x =
0 he solutions of the e uation orrespond to the points where this line intersects the curve. One
fact we do know from the table is that cos 0 = +0 his is indi ated on the graph e an then ma e
use of the symmetry to dedu e that the first angle ith a osine e ual to 0 is 120o. This is because
the angle must be the same distance to the right of 90 that 60ois to the left. From the graph we see, from
consideration of the symmetry, that the remaining solution we seek is 240o. Thus x = 120o , 240o
(fundamental solution)
Example 3: Solve the equation 2 cos x-1 = 0.

Solution:
1
The given equation is equivalent to: cos x =
2

On the interval [0, 2π), there are only t o solutions of the last e uation, and these are:
𝜋𝜋 5𝜋𝜋
x= (this is in quadrant I) and x = (in quadrant IV).
3 3
𝜋𝜋
e ause the period of osine fun tion is 2π, the omplete solutions of the e uation are = R + (2π)
3
5𝜋𝜋
and x= + (2π) for all integers k. In the preceding example, by saying that the “complete solutions
3
𝜋𝜋 5𝜋𝜋
are x = R+k(2π) and x= +k(2π) for all integers k” we mean that any integral value of k will
3 3
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 19𝜋𝜋
produce a solution to the given equation. For example, when k = 3, x = +3(2π)= + π =
R R is a R

3 3 3
5𝜋𝜋 5𝜋𝜋 7𝜋𝜋
solution of the equation. When k =-2, x= +(-2)(2π) = - 4π = is another solution of 2cos
3 3 3
𝜋𝜋 19𝜋𝜋
x-1=0. The family of solutions x = + (2π) can be equivalently enumerated as x =
R + 2 π, while
3 3
5𝜋𝜋 7𝜋𝜋
the family x= +2 π an also be stated as = +2 π (general solution)
3 3

Example 4: olve tan 3 = 1 for values of in the interval 0o 1 0o.

Note that in this example we have the tangent of a multiple angle, 3x.To enable us to cope with the
multiple angle we shall consider a new variable u where u = 3x,
so the problem be omes that of solving tan u = 1 for 0o u 40o

We know from the table that an angle whose tangent is 1 is 45o, so using the symmetry in the graph
e an find the angles hi h have a tangent e ual to 1 he first ill be the same distance to the
right of 90o that 45o is to the left, that is 135o. The other angles will each be 180o further to the right
because of the periodicity of the tangent function. Consequently the solutions of tan u = 1 are given
by:
u = 135o, 315o, 495o But u = 3x and so
3x = 135o , 315o , 495o

from which
x = 45o, 105o , 165o

Example 5: Solve: (1 + cos )(tan -1) = 0.

Solutions:
cos =-1 tan =1
𝜋𝜋
= π+2 π = + π
4
𝜋𝜋
herefore, the solutions of the e uation are = π+2 π and = + π for all k Z
4
• Using Identities in the Solution of Equations

When solving equations involving two or more trigonometric functions it is often helpful to rewrite
these in terms of one function.

There are many trigonometric identities. Two commonly occurring ones are:
sin2x + cos2x = 1 sec2x = 1 + tan2x

We will now use these in the solution of trigonometric equations.

Example 6: Solve the equation cos2 x + cos x = sin2 x for 0o 1 0o

Solution:
We can use the identity sin2x + cos2x = 1, rewriting it as sin2 = 1 os2 x to write the given equation
entirely in terms of cosines.
cos2 x + cos x = sin2 x
cos2 + os = 1 os2 x
Rearranging, we can write:
2 cos2 + os 1=0
This is a quadratic equation in which the variable is cos x. This can be factorized to
(2 os 1)( os + 1) = 0
Hence, 2 os 1 = 0 or os + 1 = 0
from which
1
cos x = or cos = 1
2

where x= 60o or x=180o

So, there are two solutions of the original equation, 60o and 180o.

Example 7: Solve the equation 3 tan2 x = 2 sec2 x + 1 for 0o 1 0o

Solution:
In this example we will simplify the equation using the identity sec2 x = 1 + tan2 x.
3 tan2 x = 2 sec2 x + 1
3 tan2 x = 2(1 + tan2 x) + 1
3 tan2 x = 2 + 2 tan2 x + 1
Rearranging we can write
tan2 x = 3
so that, tan = + 3 or 3

We solve each of these equations separately. he solutions of tan = 3 an be obtained by inspe ting
the graph in the figure belo rom the table e no that one angle ith a tangent of 3 is 0o.
There are no other solutions in the given interval. Using the symmetry of the graph we can deduce the
solution of the e uation tan = 3 his is = 120o

So, the given equation has two solutions, x = 60o and x = 120o

• Some examples where the interval is given in radians

In the previous examples, we sought solutions of equations where the angle required was measured
in degrees. We now look at some examples where the angle is measured in radians. In fact, it is advisable
to work with angles in radians because many trigonometric equations only make sense when an angle
is measured in this way.

Example 8: olve the e uation tan = 1 for π π

Solution: A graph of the tangent function over this interval is shown in the figure below. We know
𝜋𝜋
from the table that one angle with a tangent equal to 1 is .
4
Using the symmetry of the graph we an dedu e that the solutions of the e uation tan = 1 are
𝜋𝜋 3𝜋𝜋
= ,
4 4

3
Example 9: Solve the equation cos 2x = for 0 2π
2

Solution:
We handle the multiple angle by letting u = 2x so that the problem becomes that of solving
3
cos u = for 0 u 4π
2
The graph of cos u over this interval is shown in the figure below.
 3 𝜋𝜋
We know from the table that an angle which has cosine equal to is 30o, that is u =
2 6
This is indicated on the graph. Using the symmetry of the graph we can deduce all the angles which
3
have cosine equal to . These are:
2
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
u= , 2π - , 2π + , 4π -
6 6 6 6

𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
But u = 2x and so, 2x = , 2π - , 2π + , 4π -
6 6 6 6

𝜋𝜋 11 𝜋𝜋 13𝜋𝜋 23 𝜋𝜋
2x= , , ,
6 6 6 6
x= , , ,

3
Example 10: Solve sin = for values of in the interval π π
2 2

Solution: We handle the multiple angle by letting = u so that the problem becomes that of solving
2
3 𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
sin u = for − u
2 2 2

A graph of sin u over the given interval is shown in figure below:

3 𝜋𝜋
We know from the table that an angle which has sine equal to is u = 0 or u = .
2 3
3
Using the symmetry of the graph e an dedu e angles hi h have a sine e ual to
2
𝜋𝜋
There is only one solution in the given interval and this is u = But u = and hence,
3 2
𝜋𝜋
= ; x=
3 2

Example 11: Find the value of x in sec x csc x = csc x

Solution:
sec x =
1
=1
𝑜𝑜
cos x=1 where cos 0o =1 therefore x=0o
Example 12: Solve for x in 2cos2x+cosx-1=0 ( by factoring )

Solution:
(2cosx-1) (cosx+1) = 0
2cosx=1
1 𝜋𝜋 1 𝜋𝜋 5𝜋𝜋
cosx = where cos( ) = so x = ;
2 3 2 3 3
cos x+1=0
cosx=-1 here os (π) =-1 so =

Example 13: Solve for x in 3tan2x=2 sec2x+1

Solution:
from the identity : sec2x = tan2x +1 substitute in the equation
3tan2x=2(tan2x +1)+1
3tan2x=2tan2x +2+1
tan2x =3
tanx= + 3
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 4𝜋𝜋
tan ( ) = 3 ; = ;
3 3 3
2𝜋𝜋
tan ( ) = − 3 ; x= ;
3

Example 14: Find all solutions for all equation 2sin3x+1=0

Solution:
2sin3x+1=0
1
sin 3x= -
2
1 7𝜋𝜋 11𝜋𝜋
In [0,2π), the only value of 3 for hi h sin3 = - are- and
2 6 6
Thus, all solutions are of the form:
7𝜋𝜋 11𝜋𝜋
3x= +2 π or 3 = +2 π
6 6
7𝜋𝜋 2
x= + π x= +
18 3

Example 15: Solve for 2 cos x tan x = 2 cosx

Solution:
2 cos x tan x = 2 cos x
2 cos x tan x- 2 cos x = 0
(2 cos x)(tan x-1) = 0 tanx-1=0
2 cos x=0 tan x = 1
𝜋𝜋
cos x=0 x =
4
𝜋𝜋 3𝜋𝜋
x= ;
2 2
𝜋𝜋 3𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
x= +2 π ; = +2 π = +2 π
2 2 4

General solutions: +2 +2 +2 for all k Z

• Situational Problem–Solving:

Example 1: One of the cables that anchors the center of the London Eye Ferris wheel to the ground
must be replaced. The center of the Ferris wheel is 69.5 meters above the ground, and the second
anchor on the ground is 23 meters from the base of the Ferris wheel. Approximately how long is the
cable, and what is the angle of elevation (from ground up to the center of the Ferris wheel)? See the
figure below.

Solution:
Use Pythagorean theorem: a2+b2=c2
(69.5)2+(23)2= c2
c=73.2 meters
he angle of elevation is ,formed by the se ond an hor on the ground and the able
reaching to the center of the wheel. We can use the tangent function to find its measure.
69.5
tan = =
23
-1
=tan ( 3.02)
= 1 o
Therefore: The angle of elevation is approximately 71.7°, and the length of the cable is 73.2 meters.

Example 2: For any length of ladder, the base needs to be a distance from the wall equal to one fourth
of the ladder’s length. Equivalently, if the base of the ladder is “a” feet from the wall, the length of the
ladder will be 4a feet. Find the angle that a ladder of any length forms with the ground and the height
at which the ladder touches the wall. See the figure below.

Solution:
he side ad a ent to is a and the hypotenuse is 4a
1
Thus, os = =
4 4
-1 1
= os )(
4
o
=
a2+b2=c2
(a)2+b2= (4a)2
b2 =16a2 -a2
b = a 15
Hence, the ladder touches the wall at a feet from the ground.
Example 3: The finance department of a car company conducted a study of their weekly sales in the
past years, and came out with the following approximating function: s(t) = 12.18 cos(0.88t -7.25) +
20 40, t 0, here s(t) represents weekly car sales in million pesos at week t (t = 0) represents the start
of the study).
a. Find the weekly sales at the start of the study.
b. Find the projected maximum and minimum weekly sales of the company.
Solution.
a. s(0) = 12.18 cos[0.88(0)- 7.25)]+ 20.40

= 12.18 cos(-7.25) + 20.40

= (12.18)(0.9920) + 20.40
= 32.48

The weekly sales of the car company at the start of the study is approximately P32.48 million

b. The projected maximum and minimum weekly sales of the company are attained when the
cosine values are 1 and -1, respectively.
Thus, the maximum weekly sales is 12.18 + 20.40 = 32.58 million pesos, and the minimum
weekly sales is -12.18 + 20.40 = 8.22 million pesos.

Example 4: The voltage V (in volts) coming from an electricity distributing company is fluctuating
a ording to the fun tion (t) = 200 + 1 0 sin(120πt) at time t in se onds
a) Determine the first time it takes to reach 300 volts.
b) For what values of t does the voltage reach its maximum value?

Solution:
a) We solve for the least positive value of t such that V (t) = 300.
200 + 1 0 sin(120πt) = 300
100
sin(120πt) =
170

100
120πt = sin-1( )
170

t = 36.0319
120π
t= 0.00167 seconds (first time it takes to reach 300 volts)

b) The maximum value of V (t) happens when and only when the maximum
value of sin(120πt) is rea hed e no that the ma imum value of sin(120πt)
is 1, and it follows that the maximum value of V (t) is 370 volts. Thus, we
need to solve for all values of t su h that sin(120πt) = 1
𝜋𝜋
sin(120πt)=1 sin( ) =1
2
𝜋𝜋
120πt = + 2 π, k nonnegative integer
2
𝜋𝜋
+2 π (cancel 𝜋𝜋)
2
t= 120π
1
t = + 2k
2
120

1 2
t= + k
240 120

t= 0.00417+0.017k
This means that the voltage is maximum when t =0.00417 + 0.017k for each non-negative integer
k.
Example 5: Jayce wants to make a bike launch ramp. Given the dimensions below, what will be the
launch angle (to the nearest 10th).

Solution:
1.81
= sin-1
4.88

o
θ = 21

Example 6: Suppose you want to climb up a path that ends 200 feet above your current location and
is 400 feet horizontally away from you. However, you do not want to climb up an elevation greater
than 40 degrees, should you make the climb?

Solution:
200
tan =
400
1
tan =
2
1
=tan-1 ( )
2
=2 o
o
o can a et eci θ=2

What I need to know (Learning Competency with code)

• Solve trigonometric equations. (STEM_PC11T-IIi-1)
• Solve situational problems involving inverse trigonometric functions and trigonometric
equations (STEM_PC11T-IIi-2)

What I know (Pre-Test)

Find out what you already know about this module by taking the pre-test to check how much you
know about trigonometric equations.

Direction: Write the letter that corresponds to the best answer on your answer sheet.
1. olve the e uation e a tly 2 os 3= , 0 2π
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
a) = c) =
2 6
𝜋𝜋
b) = d) = π
3

2. olve the e uation e a tly 2sin +1=0, [0,2π]

7𝜋𝜋 11𝜋𝜋 7𝜋𝜋 11𝜋𝜋
a) x= , c) x= ,
6 6 6 6

7𝜋𝜋 11𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 11𝜋𝜋

b) x= − , d) x= ,
6 6 6 6
3. Identify all the e a t solution of the e uation 2(tan +3)= + tan 0 2π
𝜋𝜋 3𝜋𝜋 4𝜋𝜋 7𝜋𝜋
a) x= , c) x= ,
4 4 3 6
3𝜋𝜋 7𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 7𝜋𝜋
b) x= , c) x= ,
4 4 6 6
3
4. What would be the solution for cos x= on the interval 0 2π
2
𝜋𝜋 2𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 11𝜋𝜋
a) x= , c) x= ,
3 3 6 6
𝜋𝜋 2𝜋𝜋 5𝜋𝜋 11𝜋𝜋
b) x= , c) x= ,
6 3 6 6
5. Find the value of x for 1-2cos x =0
𝜋𝜋 5𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 5𝜋𝜋
a) x= , c) x= ,
3 3 6 6
𝜋𝜋 5𝜋𝜋 5𝜋𝜋 2𝜋𝜋
b) x= , d) x= ,
6 3 6 3

6. ind the value of for sin + 2 = - sin 0 2π

2𝜋𝜋 5𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 3𝜋𝜋
a) x= , c) x= ,
3 3 6 2
𝜋𝜋 5𝜋𝜋 5𝜋𝜋 7𝜋𝜋
b) x= , d) x= ,
6 3 4 4
7. If os = -1, then is e ual to
a) 0o c) 180o
o
b) 90 d)360o
8. If 2sin tan -tan =0 then is e ual to
a) 45o c) 60o
b) 90o d)180o

9. Solve for tanx= -1

𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
a) + π, Z c) + π, Z
4 4
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
b) + π, Z d) + π, Z
6 6
1
10. Solve for sin x =
2
𝜋𝜋 5𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 5𝜋𝜋
a) +2 π, +2 π, Z c) +2 π, +2 π, Z
4 4 6 6
𝜋𝜋 5𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 5𝜋𝜋
b) +2 π, +2 π, Z d) +2 π, +2 π, Z
4 4 6 6

How was your performance in the pre-assessment? Were you able to answer all the problems? Did
you find difficulties in answering them? Are there questions familiar to you?

What’s In
Solve the following trigonometric equations:
a) 2sinx+1=0
b) sinx tanx=0
c) tanx+1=0
d) 2 cos x-1=0
e) 2sin3x+1=0
f) 3csc2 =1+2 s 2
g) 2 cscx+2=4
4
h) secx=
3
 What’s More

What I Can Do

Problem-solving. Solve each problem.

1. A tower, 28.4 feet high, must be secured with a guy wire anchored 5
feet from the base of the tower. What angle will the guy wire make with
the ground?

2. The top of a broken tree touches the ground at a distance of 15 feet

from its base. If the length of the broken part is 17.4 feet, what angle
does the broken end of the tree make with the ground?

Assessment: True or false:

______1. A trigonometric equation is one in which the unknown variable(s)
is (are) trigonometric function(s).
______2. To solve a trigonometric equation is to find the ratio of the sides of a triangle whose
functional value will satisfy the equation.
______ 3. The principles used in solving algebraic equations also apply in solving trigonometric
equations.
______ 4. All trigonometric equations are identities.
______5. The equation 1- tan2x=sec2x is a Pythagorean identity.
an = is a quotient identity.
𝑜𝑜
ne solution of in the e uation 2 sin ot =1 is 300o.
1
or =sin-1( ), the value of = 0o.
2
If se + 4= se , then =120o
1 𝜋𝜋 5𝜋𝜋
_______10.Two solutions of sin 𝜃𝜃 = are and
2 6 6
References:
Carpio,Joy N. and Magat,Marc Edly R. 2018.Pre-Calculus.1st Edition. Barangka Drive, Mandaluyong City:
Books Atbp.Publishing Corp.242-259
Department of Education. 2016.Pre-Calculus (Teaching Guide). Commission on Higher Education.
Diliman,Quezon City. 219-229
Eden,Richard B. and Garces, Ian June L. 2016. Pre-Calculus.1st Edition. Araneta Ave. Quezon City.Vibal
Group Inc. 176-180
Grasley,Brandon. 2019. Solving simple trig equations. Last modified on Apr 26,2019. YouTube video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2usVyTSYDyw. 6:27
Olvido, Lucrecia R. and Torreon, Charito G. 2016. Pre-Calculus. 1st Edition. Barangka Drive, Mandaluyong
City: Books Atbp.Publishing Corp. 208-223
Organic chemistry Tutor. 2017. Solving Trigonometric Equations By Finding All Solutions. Last modified on
October 21,2017. YouTube video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kEcbxiLeGTc 11:49
Professor Dave Explains.2018. . Inverse Trig Functions Last modified on Jan .16, 2018. YouTube video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YXWKpgmLgHk. 6:53
Reyes,Apolinario C. 2016. Pre-Calculus. 1st Edition.Tinajeros,Malabon City:Jimczyville Publications. 233-234
Sirug,Winston S. 2016. Pre-Calculus. 1st Edition.Intramuros,Manila.Mindshapers Co.Inc. 305-316
TRIGONOMETRY Solving Trigonometric Equations in Filipino. Last modified on November 12, 2013.
YouTube video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I2gy6J8WPsw.11:04

Answer Key:
k k
10. True 4
c) x= +
9. True 3𝜋𝜋
8. False 2. k Z
7. True b) = π
, 1. 0, Z
6. True
5. False +2 π
What I Can Do 6
4. False =
7𝜋𝜋
3. True +2 π ,
2. False 6
a) x=
1. True 𝜋𝜋
Assessment What’s More

- cos-1
, 2 cos-1 h)
g) 10. d
, f) 9. a
8. d
, , , e) 7. c
, , , d) 6. d
5. a
, c) 4. c
, b) 3. b
2. a
, a) , , 1. d
What’s In What I Know

Prepared by:
Engr. Liliosa C. Pamintuan
SHS Math Teacher