➢ Roots of Nonlinear Equations

CHAPTER 3 ➢ Interpolation Polynomial

➢ Numerical Differentiation
➢ Numerical Integration
Numerical ➢ Numerical Solution of Ordinary
Differential Equations

Methods ➢ Numerical Solution of Partial Differential

Equations
 ROOTS OF NON-LINEAR EQUATIONS

❑ Methods that can be used to solved non-linear equations.

❑ We want to know the solution of x, so that f (x)=0.
❑ Example of non-linear equations:

→ 3sin x + e x = 0
→ 3x3 + 3x + 1 = 0

Bisection method

Methods of Roots of Newton Raphson

Nonlinear Equations method

Secant method
f (a)

f (b)
 x3
Example: Find the possible sub-interval that contain the solution of f ( x) = − x 2 + 1 To increase your speed in
3 obtaining the value using
in the interval  −2,3 , with step size (h) = 1, using intermediate value theorem. calculator? Learn it from
https://youtu.be/g6txNbJkrGk
Use 4 decimal points in your calculations.

x f (x) Sign of f (x)

-2 -5.6667 -ve
-1 -0.3333 -ve
[-1,0]
0 1.0000 +ve
[-2,3]
1 0.3333 +ve
[1,2]
2 -0.3333 -ve
[2,3]
3 1.0000 +ve

(−2)3
f (−2) = − (−2) 2 + 1 = −5.6667
3

x3
 There are three possible sub-interval that contain the solution of f ( x) = − x 2 + 1:  −1, 0 , 1, 2  and  2,3.
3
 Roots of Non-linear Equations:
BISECTION METHOD
*Aim: We want to find the solution of x, so that f (x)=0.
(Find the root of solution f (x))

To increase your speed in obtaining the value using calculator?

Go to https://youtu.be/g6txNbJkrGk
 Example 1: Find the solution of e − x - x = 0 in the interval  0,1 by using Bisection method.Use 3 decimal places in all calculations.

Check the sign of

ai + bi f (ai ) f (ci )  0 OR f (bi ) f (ci )  0
i ai bi ci = f (ai ) f (bi ) f (ci )
2
f (ai ) f (ci )  0 f (bi ) f (ci )  0

0 0 1 0.5 1.000 -0.632 0.107 /

1 0.5 1 0.75 0.107 -0.632 -0.278 /
2 0.5 0.75 0.625 0.107 -0.278 -0.090 /
3 0.5 0.625 0.563 0.107 -0.09 0.007 /
4 0.563 0.625 0.594 0.007 -0.09 -0.041 /
5 0.563 0.594 0.579 0.006 -0.042 -0.019 /
6 0.563 0.579 0.571 0.006 -0.019 -0.006 /
7 0.563 0.571 0.567 0.006 -0.006 0.000

 The solution of f ( x) = e x − x is 0.567.

 Example 2: Find the root of x 4 − x − 10 = 0 accurate to  =0.015 in the interval 1.5, 2 by using Bisection method.
Use 3 decimal places in all calculations.

ai − ci   Check the sign of

ai ai + bi f (ai ) f (ci )  0 OR f (bi ) f (ci )  0
i bi ci = f (ai ) f (bi ) f (ci ) OR
2
bi − ci   f (ai ) f (ci )  0 f (bi ) f (ci )  0

0 1.5 2 1.75 -6.438 4 -2.371 0.25 /

1 1.75 2 1.875 -2.371 4 0.485 0.125 /
2 1.75 1.875 1.813 -2.371 0.485 -1.009 0.062 /
3 1.813 1.875 1.844 -1.009 0.485 -0.282 0.031 /
4 1.844 1.875 1.860 -0.282 0.485 0.109 0.015 - -

 The solution is 1.860.

 Roots Of Non-linear Equations:
NEWTON-RAPHSON METHOD
Formula Newton Raphson method:
f ( xi )
xi +1 = xi −
f '( xi )

*Aim: We want to find the solution of x, so that f (x)=0.

(Find the root of solution f (x))
To increase your speed in obtaining the value using calculator?
Go to https://youtu.be/g6txNbJkrGk
Example 1: Solve x3 − 3x − 1 = 0 using Newton Rapson method with initial value x0 = 0. Use 6 decimal places in all calculations.

→ Find f '( x) = 3x 2 − 3 f ( x0 ) −1
x1 = x0 − = 0− = −0.333333
f '( x0 ) −3
→ substitute the initial value x0 = 0 into the f '( x)
f ( x1 ) −0.037037
= 3(0) − 3 = −3
2 x2 = x1 − = (−0.333333) − = −0.347222
f '( x1 ) −2.666667

Formula NRmethod:
f ( x2 ) −0.000196
f ( xi ) x3 = x2 − = (−0.347222) − = −0.347296
xi +1 = xi − f '( x2 ) −2.638310
f '( xi )

i x f ( xi ) f '( xi )
0 0 -1 -3
1 -0.333333 -0.037037 -2.666667
2 -0.347222 -0.000196 -2.638310
3 -0.347296 -0.000000 -

 This is the solution

 Example 2: Solve x 2 − 4 x + 6 = 0 using Newton Rapson method with initial value x0 = 2.

→ Find f '( x) = 2 x − 4
→ substitute the initial value x0 = 2 into the f '( x)
2(2) − 4 = 0

i x f(x) f’(x)
0 2 2 0
1 Solution cannot be find - -

2
x1 = 2 − = not exist
0

 if f '( x0 ) = 0, we cannot find the solution of f ( x) using that x0 .

 Example 3: Use the Newton Raphson method to estimate the root of f ( x) = x 2 + 2 x − 5 = 0 accurate to   0.001
and given an initial point is x0 = 1. Use 4 decimal places in all calculations.

→ Find f '( x) = 2 x + 2

→ substitute the initial value x0 = 0 into the f '( x)

f '(1) = 2(1) + 2 = 4

i x f ( xi ) f '( xi ) xi − xi −1
0 1 -2 4 -
1 1.5 0.25 5 x1 − x0 = 1.5 − 1 = 0.5
2 1.45 0.0025 4.9 x2 − x1 = 1.45 − 5 = −0.05 = 0.05
3 1.4495 0.00005  0.0001 4.8990 0.0005
4 1.4495 0.00005  0.0001 - -

 This is the solution

 Roots of Non-linear Equations:
SECANT METHOD
Formula Secant method:
 xi − xi −1 
xi +1 = xi − f ( xi )  
 f ( xi ) − f ( xi −1 ) 

*Aim: We want to find the solution of x, so that f (x)=0.

(Find the root of solution f (x))
To increase your speed in obtaining the value using calculator?
Go to https://youtu.be/g6txNbJkrGk
Example 1: Solve x3 − 3x − 1 = 0 using Secant method with initial value x0 = 0 and x1 = 1. Use 6 decimal places in all calculations.

 xi − xi −1  x
xi +1 = xi − f ( xi )   i f ( xi )
 f ( xi ) − f ( xi −1 
)
0 0 -1
 x1 − x0 
x2 = x1 − f ( x1 )   1 1 -3
 f ( x1 ) − f ( x0 
)
 1− 0  2 -0.5 0.375
= 1 − (−3)   = −0.5
 (−3) − (−1)  3 -0.333333 -0.037037
 x2 − x1  4 -0.348315 0.002685
x3 = x2 − f ( x2 )  
 f ( x2 ) − f ( x1 
) 5 -0.347302 0.000016
 (−0.5) − 1 
= (−0.5) − (0.375)   6 -0.347296 -0.000000
 (0.375) − (−3) 
= −0.333333

 x3 − x2 
x4 = x3 − f ( x3 )  
 f ( x3 ) − f ( x2 
)
 (−0.333333) − (−0.5) 
= (−0.333333) − (−0.037037)  
 ( −0.037037) − (0.375) 
= −0.348315
 *How to determine initial value if it is not given in the question?
Example: Solve 4 x cos(2 x) − ( x − 2) 2 in the interval  0, 5 using Bisection, Newton-Raphson & Secant method.
Use 3 decimal places in all calculations.

x f (x) Sign of f (x)

0 -4 -ve
1 -2.665 -ve
2 -5.229 -ve
3 10.522 +ve
4 -6.328 -ve
5 -25.781 -ve