PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION STUDENTS’ LEARNING GUIDE

Topic 3: COMMUNICATION PROCESSES, PRINCIPLES AND ETHICS

INTRODUCTION

COMMUNICATION MODELS

In the earlier discussion, you learned about the types of communication mode, context, and
purpose and style. In this lesson, you will review the nature of the communication process and some
important communication models.

Why is it important that you know the communication models? You will realize their importance
because they will help you understand how a communication process works. It is only by knowing the flow
of communication that you will be able to make a communication process effective.

A model is often abstract. It is a representation of real word phenomenon applied to different

forms. The interplay of variables in the model is represented graphically. Try to assess later what
comprises the communication models in what variables are common to each of them.

There are many conceptual models for human communication but in this lesson, you will be
exposed to only four: (1) Aristotle’s model; (2) Laswell’s model; (3) Shannon-Weaver’s model; and (4)
David Berlo’s model of communication.

ARISTOTLE’S COMMUNICATION MODEL

Classical rhetoric dates back to ancient Greece during the time of Plato, Aristotle, and the Greek
Sophists who were great rhetoricians. Effective public speaking was an important consideration in the study
of communication. They were good at argumentation and debate and speech was characterize by repartee.

Aristotle emphasized that there are three variables in the communication process: speaker,
speech, and audience as illustrated in the communication flow below:

Note that the speaker variable here is very important. Without the speaker, there will be no
speech to be produced, depending on the profile of the audience, the speaker adjusts his/her speech.
Some considerations for the audience demographics are age, sex, background, culture, race, religion,
gender, social and economic status, and political orientation or inclination, among others. Even beliefs,
views, and attitudes also play an important role when talking about audience consideration since
oftentimes, the audience bring these with them when they decode a message in any given situation.

LASWELL’S COMMUNICATION MODEL

In1948, Harold Dwight Laswell described communication as being focused in the following Ws:
Who says What in Which channel to Whom and with What effect as seen in the model below:

The whole process of communication begins with the communicator (who) sending out a message
(what) using a medium (in which channel) for a receiver (to whom) experiencing an effect (with what effect)
afterwards. The process may be analysed through the content sent, the medium used, as well as the effect
on the recipient of the message.

While this model is similar to Aristotle’s in the sense that both are linear and have the components,
Laswell’s also differs in that there are five variables involved, with the addition of two: medium and effect.

SHANNON-WEAVER’S COMMUNICATION MODEL

Claude Elwood Shannon and Warren Weaver’s model of communication was introduced in 1949, a
year after Laswell’s, for Bell Laboratories. Originally, it was conceptualize for the functioning of the radio
and television serving as a model for technical communication and, later on, adopted in the field of
communication. In this model, other components such as noise, reception, destination, and feedback have
been identified. Other terms such as information source for the sender, transmitter for the encoder, decoder
(reception), and receiver (destination) were introduced.
 Could you explain the communication flow in the preceding model? How different is it from the first two
models discussed earlier?

BERLO’S COMMUNICATION MODEL

David Berlo’s model conceptualized in 1960 is probably the most well-known among the communication
models. Initially, Berlo’s model was called SMCR which stands for sender of the message, sent through a
channel or medium to a receiver. However, it was modified later on to include noise, hence the acronym
SMCRN.

The major variables involved in the communication process are (1) source, (2) message, (3) channel, and
(4) receiver.

The source being the originator of the message acts as the encoder. As such, the encoder should
practice communication skills such as listening, speaker, reading, and writing. His/her attitude towards the
audience or the subjects as well as his/her knowledge about the topic on hand likewise counts along with
the social system that he/she in which includes values, beliefs and practices, and culture.

The second variable which is message includes (1) content; (2) elements such as the language used
and gestures employed; (3) treatment or the manner by which the message transmitted; and (4) structure
which refers to arrangement of parts of flow of the message. The code shows how the message is sent:
that is, the language (verbal code) employed. Note that there should be no mismatch between the verbal
and non-verbal codes.

The third variable which is channel refers to the different senses: seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting,
and touching. Finally, the fourth variable is receiver, the one who decodes the message. Note that the
components of this last variable similar to those of the first since for communication to be effective, both the
source and the receiver should have good communication skills.

If you were to insert noise as an additional variable for SMCR, where do you think will it fit?
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION

Since communication is a two-way process, it is important that you know the principles to be observed
to make it effective. For both oral and written communication, you should be able to apply the following
principles:

1. Know your purpose in communicating. Are you communicating basically to inform, to entertain, or
to persuade? While you may have more than one purpose, there is still a more dominant objective
or reason why you communicate.
2. Know your audience. In both speaking and writing, you should know your audience as it will dictate
the speaking or writing style you are going to employ. Consider the age, educational, background,
profession, culture, and other salient features of your listeners or readers.
3. Know your topic. You communicate essentially because you want to share something. In speaking
situations, speakers are invited because they have something to share. This also applies to writing.
You write because you wish that other people learn something from you. You may then utilize
several or multiple communication techniques to easily catch the attention of the audience.
4. Adjust your speech or writing to the context of the situation. The environment in which your speech
or writing is to be delivered determines the kind of language you will use.
5. Work on the feedback given you. Once you receive comments from the listeners/readers, work on
them. Take kindly to criticism. In the long run, constructive criticism will prove beneficial to you as
you learn to address them.

PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE ORAL COMMUNICATION

1. Be clear with your purpose. You should know by heart your objective in communicating.
2. Be complete with the message you deliver. Make sure that your claims are supported by facts and
essential information.
3. Be concise. You do not need to be verbose or wordy with your statements. Brevity in speech is a
must.
4. Be natural with your delivery. Punctuate important words with the appropriate gestures and
movements. Exude a certain degree of confidence even if you do not feel confident enough.
5. Be specific and timely with your feedback. Inputs are most helpful when provided on time.

PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE WRITTEN COMMUNICATION: THE 7Cs

1. Be clear. Be clear about your message. Always be guided by your purpose in communicating.
2. Be concise. Always stick to the point and do not beat or run around the bush. Be brief by focusing
on your main point.
3. Be concrete. Support your claims with enough facts. Your readers will easily known if you are
bluffing or deceiving them because there is nothing to substantiate your claims.
4. Be correct. It is important that you observe grammatical correctness in your writing. Always have
time to revise and edit your work. Even simple spelling errors may easily distract your readers.
 5. Be coherent. Your writing becomes coherent only when you convey a logical message. The ideas
should be connected to each other and related to the topic. Make sure that you observe a sound
structure that will present a smooth flow of your ideas. Use transitional or cohesive devices so that
the ideas cohere with one another.
6. Be complete. Include all necessary and relevant information so that the audience will not be left
wanting of any information. Always place yourself in the shoes of the audience, who is always
interested to receive new information.
7. Be courteous. The tone of your writing should be friendly. Avoid any overtone/undertone or
insinuation to eliminate confusion and misinterpretation.

ETHICS OF COMMUNICATION

Communication ethics emphasizes that morals influence the behaviour of an individual, group, or
organization thereby affecting their communication. For instance, given the unethical communication
practice of a certain company of concealing the non-remittance of deducted premiums from employees’
salaries to the SSS or the Social Security System (or GSIS or Government Service Insurance System in
the case of governments offices), the company’s accountability to its employees is undoubtedly affected.
Compare this situation with that of an organization that observes ethical practice and remits the employees’
monthly contribution to the SSS or GSIS regularly. It is important to note that one’s behaviour should be
regulated by honesty, decency, truthfulness, sincerity, and moral uprightness.

Be guided by the following to achieve ethical communication:

1. Establish and effective value system that will pave the way for the development of your integrity as
a person. One’s behaviour and decision-making style affect, in turn, the operations of an
organization.
2. Provide complete and accurate information. Whether it is needed or not, the data you provide
should always be contextualize and correct.
3. Disclose vital information adequately and appropriately. Never conceal or hide information that are
necessary for purposes of transparency.

Observing a code of ethics is essential as it determines the kind of behaviour that is proper and
desirable over one that is displeasing and offensive. A code of ethics sets the standards to be observed by
a person or a company that will create a good reputation or a positive image not only for an individual but
also for the organization, it will, therefore, pave the way for the attainment of the desired results leading to
the success of an individual or the entire company. Success in decision-making will likewise impact the
company’s reputation.

PAULINIAN ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS

ETHICAL, PAULINIAN LEADERS & PROFESSIONALS, who:

1.1 Consistently adhere to ethico-moral standards of decision making and behavior in their personal,
professional and organizational affairs;
1.2 Declare, affirm, and manifest the values and principles of honesty, transparency, responsibility,
accountability, and fairness in their professional lives and endeavor; and
1.3 Articulate, advocate, and exhibit Paulinian ideals and values in their private and professional lives
nurtured by prayer and deep relationship with God.

PAULINIAN AFFIRMATION

“As a Christ-centered Paulinian, I am a Reliable, Productive EXPERT and IMPLEMENTER, competently

pursuing my mission in life.”

LESSON 3: Communication Processes, Principles and Ethics

LEARNING OUTCOMES: During the learning session, you should be able to:

1. Explain the various communication models and how they help in understanding the communication
process;
2. Identify the variables involved in the communication process;
3. Discuss the value of the communication in enhancing one’s personal and professional
relationships;
4. Determine the principles for effective oral and written communication;
5. Evaluate the differences between oral and written communication;
6. Point out the ethical issues involved in communication; and
7. Recognize the importance of a code of ethics in communication.

LEARNING ACTIVITIES

Task 1. COMREHENSION QUESTION. Instruction. Check your understanding of the input by answering
the following questions:

1. What are communication models? Why do you think they were introduced?
2. How does one model differ from the other/s?
3. If you were to choose a conceptual model for communication, what would you prefer and why?
How can you be guided by any of these models when you communicate?
4. How do the principles of effective oral communication differ from those of effective written
communication? Do they have similarities at all?
5. How can one observe ethics in communication?
6. Why is it important to have a code of conduct or a code of ethics?
Task 2: Instruction. Recall the first time you engaged in a public oral presentation. What were the different
factors that you considered at that time? Relate how challenging it was for you especially when viewed by
different kinds of audiences. Share your experience with your seatmate.
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Task 3: Effective Oral Communication. Instruction. View on Youtube the speech of President Rodrigo
Duterte at Philippine China Trade and Investments Forum Beijing, China on October 20, 2016.

Guide Questions:

1. Do you think the five principles of effective oral communication were followed? Which ones were
followed? Which ones were not? Why or why not?
2. What advice would you give to make the speaker more effective? Write your thoughts on the
space below.

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Task 4: Effective Written Communication. Instruction. Read the translated English version in 2015
President Noynoy Aquino’s speech on the Mamasapano incident below then write your reaction to it. Do
you think speech followed the principles of effective written communication? Why or why not? What advice
can you suggest? Write your answer on the space provided after the speech.

President Noynoy Quino’s Speech

National Address
of
His Excellency Benigno S. Aquino III
President of the Philippines
On the incident at Mamasapano, Maguindanao

I stand before you today to report on what we know about the incident in Mamasapano, Maguindanao, last
Saturday and Sunday. I do this not because I wish to preempt the board of inquiry tasked to uncover the
entire truth, but because you have a right to know what we know at this point.

On Saturday, January 24, a group composed of members of our Philippine National Police’s Special Action
Force headed to Barangay Tukanalipao, Mamasapano, Maguindanao. Their mission was to serve
outstanding arrest warrants to two notorious terrorists who have long been pursued by authorities, namely
Abdulbasit Usman and Zulkipli Bin Hir, alias Abu Marwan. According to the most recent report of the
NDRRMC, 44 of our policemen died in the process of fulfilling their duties, while 16 others were injured,
including 3 civilians.

As President and as father of this country, I am greatly saddened that our policemen had to lay down their
lives for this mission. Without question, these people are heroes; they who willingly put themselves in
danger to address threats to our security; they who were wounded; they who gave their lives in the name of
peace. To honor those who perished, I am declaring a National Day of Mourning to symbolize the sorrow
and empathy of our entire country.

Marwan and Usman are not common criminals. There is a long string of outstanding warrants for their
arrest. There are no less than 8 outstanding warrants against Usman alone, while there are no less than 2
for Marwan. One of the earliest warrants was issued in 2002, which means that they were already being
pursued when I was a member of Congress. Allow me to clarify: When a warrant is issued against an
individual, all officers of the law are obligated to serve it. This is precisely why, since long ago, our security
sector, including the AFP, PNP, and NBI, has undertaken multiple operations to capture Marwan, Usman,
and other terrorists.

These agencies are not always required to obtain my approval for each and every one of their operations,
because it would be impractical for them to wait for my clearance before proceeding. My duty: to make
certain that they are carrying out their responsibilities. There are times when certain matters are elevated to
my desk so that I may give guidance, give a more holistic view of the situation, or explain its wider
implications.

A few examples of this are: our response to rogue MNLF elements in Zamboanga, the capture of
individuals high on our list of Most Wanted Persons, and the assault on our peacekeepers in Golan
Heights. In the Golan Heights case, the decision of whether or not to depart could not simply be left to our
battalion commander there. As the person primarily responsible for foreign relations, I had to be consulted
to make certain that we are likewise upholding our obligations to the United Nations.

Marwan is part of the Central Committee of the Jemaah Islamiya, which was responsible for the Bali
bombing in Indonesia. In this incident, two consecutive blasts occurred, which meant that first responders
and individuals who had not left the area were also affected. 202 people died, and Marwan was a suspect
in this case. In Cagayan de Oro in 2012, Marwan attempted to replicate this modus; the second bomb did
not explode, as it was discovered ahead of time, yet 2 people still died as a result of this incident. There are
allegations that, in 2006, Marwan, along with Umbra Kato, led a plot to plant a bomb to assassinate then-
Governor of Maguindanao, Andal Ampatuan. Marwan’s membership in international terrorist networks
means that he has the capacity to acquire the knowledge, the equipment, the funding, and the necessary
safe havens for his fellow terrorists. This is why he was considered the primary target of the operation.
Usman, on the other hand, is connected to nine bombing incidents in Mindanao. He is the primary accused
in the bombing in General Santos City in 2002, in which 15 people died, and 60 were injured.

Together with another terrorist named Mawiyah, Marwan and Usman committed several acts of terrorism in
various parts of Mindanao. They are also both known bomb-making trainers. There are reports that they
run factories of improvised explosive devices, which they sell to fellow terrorists. They have injured and
killed many people, and they continue to threaten the safety of our citizens as long as they roam free.

I emphasize: It is stated in Article II, Section 4 of our Constitution that “The primary duty of government is to
serve and protect the people.” This is why, when our police force uncovered the precise location of Marwan
and Usman, they decided to take action and serve the warrants of the two individuals. Our authorities
gathered actionable intelligence. They found not just the region, the province, or the municipality, but the
very house in which the two were hiding. Not acting on this knowledge would make it possible for Marwan
and Usman to escape, which would mean that the long process of gathering information would have to start
all over again.

It was past 4 in the morning when the SAF reached the stronghold in which Marwan and Usman were
hiding. In the encounter that followed, the primary target, Marwan, was allegedly killed. Upon hearing the
gunshots, Usman and his cohorts fought back. There were also non-combatants spotted in the houses in
which Marwan and Usman were located; it was necessary for our forces to close the distance to avoid
involving the innocent. Marwan’s house was the first attacked; Usman responded, and the element of
surprise, which was necessary to avoid detection, was lost. This is why the SAF decided to withdraw and
rendezvous with their companions, who were securing their exit route from the area where the encounter
occurred. It appears that it was during this withdrawal when the bloodiest part of the clash happened.

Like so many others, I have many questions surrounding the incident, and I expect the board of inquiry to
uncover the truth behind this incident. In the briefings the PNP gave me about the continuing operations
against Marwan and Usman, I repeated countless times the need for proper, sufficient, and timely
coordination. The terrain covered by this operation is complicated: muddy, with swampland, and there is
even the need for our SAF to cross a river to reach their destination. There are also many other forces
scattered in the area: the BIFF, MILF, and even a Private Armed Group. Even if the MILF and BIFF now
constitute two different groups, many of them are related by blood or by affinity. Strangers cannot just enter
their territory. Our troops needed to enter quietly and carefully; otherwise, their targets may have been
alerted.

It is precisely because the forces of the SAF were much smaller than the surrounding numbers who could
intervene that it was important for the Armed Forces to be ready to position their troops, resources, and
equipment like cannons or artillery, should our police require support. They needed sufficient notice to
place their troops where they would be of greatest assistance. In these kinds of encounters, had the
assistance of the Armed Forces been necessary, they would not have been able to mobilize and arrive at a
moment’s notice, especially because the members of the 6 th Infantry Division, who were nearest to the
action, have other duties.

To my repeated reminders about the necessity of coordination, the director of the SAF answered, “Yes Sir.”
All that he said was that operational security, or the restriction of information only to those who needed to
know, was likewise necessary. Even then, I underscored the need to alert other branches, or their
respective heads; the notification must come at the appropriate time, with complete information, for them to
make the necessary preparations.

I wonder: how and why could it have happened that the notification of the AFP battalions close to the
operation only came close to the time of jump-off, or even after our forces had already jumped-off? The
problem there was that the soldiers who were members of the battalion assigned to guard the main supply
routes to this location were scattered in different areas. In simple language, the notification to the AFP
came too close to the time of the encounter, thus making it difficult to determine if they were given enough
time to prepare, had their assistance been necessary. If my order to ensure sufficient coordination had
been complied with, then perhaps it was pushed to the limit, resulting in very minimum compliance. In fact, I
was surprised to learn that the heads of the Western Mindanao Command, or even of the 6 th Infantry
Division, had only been advised after the first encounter involving Marwan and Usman; the SAF forces
were already retreating, and the situation had already became problematic.

Now, on the MILF: We have already made such great strides because we trusted one another. We have
already proven that we can work together: in 2014, a Japanese national was rescued in Maguindanao; in
that same year, we were able to prevent the explosion of a bomb in Maguindanao. I have also read the
statement of Chairman Al Haj Murad about the Mamapasano incident; the MILF’s formation of a Special
Investigative Commission in order to determine the details of the incident constitutes a good first step. I am
hopeful that the MILF will show, in the soonest possible time, even more concrete evidence of their
solidarity in the pursuit of peace, towards the pursuit of truth, and the accountability of those responsible.

Let us also avoid spreading rumors and fueling speculation about the incident. The Bible itself says: The
truth shall set us free. There is already a board of inquiry assigned to uncover the whole truth. Let us wait
for the results of their findings.

We have already come such a long way in our quest to realize the peace that we have long desired for
Muslim Mindanao. All sides exhibited great trust to reach this point. The incident in Mampasano has
already given rise to those who want to take advantage of this tragedy to undermine that trust; they wish to
derail the peace process. There are even some already calling for a halt to the passage of the Bangsamoro
Basic Law in the House of Representatives and the Senate.

This should not happen. The success of the entire peace process is contingent on this law. If this law is
kept from being passed at the soonest possible time, the peace process will be derailed; the status quo will
remain. If that happens, we cannot hope for anything but the same results: Citizens who take to the
mountains after losing hope; individuals kept from gaining justice who instead choose to exact violence on
their fellowmen. It would be as if we helped Marwan and Usman to reach their goals. Do we want to return
to the point when communities are ready, at a moment’s notice, to flee to evacuation centers, because of
the threat of an encounter? If this were to happen, who would benefit? If the peace process were derailed,
how many more graves would we have to dig? How many more children will idolize Marwan; how many will
want to grow up to be Usman; how many engineers will choose to build bombs rather than buildings?

Let us also remember: The members of the SAF lost their lives while fulfilling their duty to maintain the
peace. If the peace process fails, if we return to the status quo, or if the violence were to worsen, is this not
the exact opposite of the cause to which they gave their lives?

Is it not true: In facing this challenge, in order to realize peace, should we not link arms more tightly, and
pursue with greater determination the next steps in the process, like passing the BBL; forming the
Bangsamoro Transition Authority; widening opportunities for all; and correcting a political system where a
few benefit to the detriment of the majority of our countrymen?

To the families of the SAF members who perished: I fully sympathize with your grief. I know that this grief
may be accompanied by worries about your future, especially if your loved ones who sacrificed their lives
were also your breadwinners. I guarantee: The state will give the maximum assistance it can, within the
limits of the laws and rules. On this occasion, I also take the opportunity to appeal to the public: If possible
let us extend our utmost support to the bereaved, and maximize the help we can give to the families of
those who fell, in recognition of the valor of these heroes who gave their lives for the realization of the
peace we have long desired.

In the face of our grief, in the face of the desire of some to exact revenge, in the face of the threats to
destroy the trust we have forged over such a long period of time, today, our ability to show compassion to
our fellowmen faces a great test. This is why, to all of my countrymen who desire peace, from lawmakers,
to the members of the uniformed forces, to the leaders of the MILF, to our countrymen in the Bangsamoro,
and to every decent Filipino: Let us show what heights a country united by a single aspiration can reach.
Let us ensure that the ultimate sacrifice made by some members of the SAF does not go to waste. We will
gain justice, in time, through the right processes, and without letting go of our dreams to realize a
widespread and lasting peace.

Thank you, and good evening to us all.

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TASK 5. Code of Ethics. Instructions. The code of ethics in the workplace should be carefully thought out
since it will guide the employees in assessing what is right and wrong for your business. If you were put up
your own business, what values would you incorporate in your company’s Code of Ethics?

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PROCESSING

1. In activity 1, you analyse conceptual model of communication in different communicative tasks

which help you understand how communication process works to make the communication
process effective.
2. In activity 2, you learn to scrutinize the speech of the President Rodrigo Duterte if the five principles
of effective communication were followed or not. It is very important to a speaker to know your
purpose, audience, topic, and situation of communication or speaking in small group or big group
discussions. Knowing the audience feedback will help you or the speaker to improve in different
aspects.
3. In activity 3, you learn to examine the written speech of former President Noynoy Aquino on
Mamasapano incident. Here, you discover and learn that the speech follows the 7 Cs for effective
written communication such as clear, concise, concrete, correct, coherent, complete, and
courteous.
4. In activity 4, the role play activity made you realize that in every organization-the communication
ethics must be observed to establish value system among the employees and value integrity as a
 person, to provide accurate data information, and to disclose vital information for transparency
purposes.
5. In activity 5, the values constructed served as the code of ethics or standards to be observed by
any of the employee in order to maintain the good reputation and positive image in the
organization.

FORMATION:

Being observant is a natural human instinct or a trait that helps us constantly improve and
become more competitive in the environment. In order for us to become responsible in writing effective
speeches, we should be observant in applying the 7Cs or Principles of Effective Oral and Written
Communication. We should also be observant to apply the desirable behaviour and follow the ethics and
standards practiced and implemented to avoid committing displeasing and offensive actions against
anyone in the organization.

DEPENDING ACTIVITY

Form yourselves into groups of five members. Presume that you are doing business with a company that
does not observe ethical actions. Role-play a situation in which your group responds to one unethical issue.
Think of ways on how you can improve the ethical climate of the company then share it with the class.

SYNTHESIS:

1. The communication models explain how the communication process works. Some of the well-
known conceptual models are Aristotle, Shannon-Weaver, Laswell and Berlo’s models.
2. For oral communication to be effective, there is a need to be clear with the purpose, complete and
concise with the message, natural with the delivery, and specific and timely with the feedback.
3. For written communication to be effective, the 7 Cs, namely clarity, conciseness, concreteness,
correctness, coherence, completeness, and courtesy should be observed.
4. A code of ethics is important for any organization. Without it, confusion, misunderstandings, and
conflicts arise within the structure since there are no standards to be observed.

ASSESSMENT: SELF- ASSESSMENT

Instruction: Now that you see the importance of ethical action, rate yourself on how well you respond to
some trying times.
Descriptors Yes No
1. I can always recognize an ethical issue.
2. I can be aware of the different perspectives of stakeholders on an
issue.
3. I am able to weigh things objectively.
 4. I can think of alternative courses of action for a dilemma.
5. I can formulate policies to avoid the recurrence of the dilemma.

ASSIGNMENT: Instructions: Students will look into these topics and do advance research to answer these
questions.

1. How do you think has communication changed or improved overtime?

2. What modes are now being utilized and were not present before? What are the advantages and
disadvantages of each mode?

REFLECTION GUIDE

 What I have LEARNED this week that has helped me do all aspect of this better?
 What I have DONE this week that has made me better at doing all aspects of this?
 How can I IMPROVE at doing all aspects of this is:

EXPANDED OPPORTUNITIES

1. Make your own model of communication and explain the process by citing a situation
comprehensively.

Situation:

2. Research and compare two speeches that follow the Principles of Oral and Written
Communication.
 Speech Title:_________________________ SpeechTitle:_____________________________
Writer:__________________________ Writer: _______________________________

Body: Body:

Observations: Observations:

REFERENCES
President Aquino’s Speech addressing the nation on January 28, 2015. Retrieved from:
https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2015/01/28/english-president-aquinos-speech-addressing-the-
nation-on-january-28-2015/

Mudrino M. & Martin I. (2018). Purposive Communication: Using English in Multilingual Contexts. C&E
Publishing Inc. 839 EDSA, South Triangle Quezon City. Philippines.

Prepared by:

MR. ALVIN J. SUMAMPONG, MAENG