IoT Based Load Management System Using Multiple Sources

By

Umar Farooq
CUI/FA19-EPE-118/ATD
Zabeeh ullah
CUI/FA19-EPE-028/ATD
Abdullah
CUI/FA19-EPE-181/ATD
BS Thesis
In

Electrical (Electronics) Engineering

COMSATS University Islamabad

Abbottabad Campus-Pakistan
COMSATS University Islamabad-Abbottabad Campus

IoT Based Load Management System Using Multiple

Sources

A Thesis Presented to

COMSATS University Islamabad- Abbottabad Campus

In partial fulfillment

of the requirement for the degree of

BS Electrical (Electronics) Engineering

By

Umar Farooq
CUI/FA19-EPE-118/ATD
Zabeeh ullah
CUI/FA19-EPE-028/ATD
Abdullah
CUI/FA19-EPE-181/ATD

Fall 2022
A Under Graduate Thesis submitted to Electrical and Computer Engineering Department as partial

fulfillment of the requirement for the award of Degree of Bachelor of Science in Electrical

(Electronics) Engineering.

Name Registration Number

Umar Farooq CUI/FA19-EPE-118/ATD

Zabeeh Ullah CUI/FA19-EPE-028/ATD

Abdullah CUI/FA19-EPE-181/ATD

Supervisor
Engr. Fahad khan
Lecturer, Electrical and Computer Engineering
Abbottabad Campus
COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI)
Abbottabad Campus
Fall 2022
 Final Approval
This thesis titled

IoT Based Load Management System Using Multiple Sources

By

Umar Farooq
CUI/FA19-EPE-118/ATD
Zabeeh Ullah
CUI/FA19-EPE-028/ATD
Abdullah
CUI/FA19-EPE-181/ATD
Has been approved

For the COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus

Supervisor: ______________________________________________
Engr. Fahad Khan, Lecturer
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Engineering/CUI, Abbottabad Campus

HOD: ______________________________________________
Dr. Owais Khan, Associate Professor
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, CUI, Abbottabad Campus
 Declaration

I Umar Farooq (CUI/FA19-EPE-118/ATD), Zabeeh Ullah (CUI/FA19-EPE-028/ATD), Abdullah

(CUI/FA19-EPE-181/ATD) hereby declare that I have produced the work presented in this thesis, during
the scheduled period of study. I also declare that I have not taken any material from any source except
referred to wherever due that amount of plagiarism is within acceptable range. If a violation of HEC rules
on research has occurred in this thesis, I shall be liable to punishable action under the plagiarism rules of the
HEC.

Date: _________________ Signature of the student:

Umar Farooq
CUI/FA19-EPE-097/ATD

Zabeeh Ullah
CUI/FA19-EPE-028 /ATD

Abdullah
CUI/FA19-EPE-181/ATD
 Certificate

It is certified that Umar Farooq (CUI/FA19-EPE-118/ATD), Zabeeh Ullah (CUI/FA19-EPE-028/ATD),

Abdullah (CUI/FA19-EPE-181/ATD)has carried out all the work related to this report under my supervision
at the Department of Electrical and Computer engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad
Campus and the work fulfills the requirement for award of BS degree.

Date: _________________

Supervisor:

Engr. Fahad Khan

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Head of Department:

Dr. Owais Khan

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
 DEDICATION

Starting with the name of ALLAH ALMIGHTY, we dedicate this thesis to our parents,
supervisor, and friends because without their help and cooperation this could not have
been possible for us. We are also thankful to various colleagues, teachers and other
lab staff who supported, advised,and assisted us with our project.
 ACKNOWLEGDGEMENTS

We would like to express our deepest appreciation to all those who provided us the
possibility to complete the thesis. A special gratitude goes to our project Supervisor,
Lecturer Fahad Khan, who’s suggestions and encouragement, helped us a lot to conduct
our project especially in writing the thesis. Furthermore, We would also like to
acknowledge with much appreciation the crucial role of all staff of Department of
Electrical and Computer Engineering, who gave the permission to use all required
equipment and the necessary materials to complete the task in library. We would like
to appreciate the guidance given by other teachers as well as the panel especially during
project presentation that helped us to improve the presentation skills through their
valuable comments and advices.

Umar Farooq FA19-EPE-118

Zabeeh Ullah FA19-EPE-028
Abdullah FA19-EPE-181
 ABSTRACT
IoT Based Load Management System Using Multiple Sources

This article presents, a load management system is designed and implemented to integrate renewable
energy resources (RES) (solar WAPDA and Battery), which manage the load according to the
supply/demand and the user's priorities. The system is implemented on a hybrid system integrating
WAPDA, solar Panel, Battery supply, and battery energy storage system. Load management is carried
out via switching of the loads. The sources can also be turned ON and OFF. During excess power, the
battery module works as an energy storage unit or backup energy supply unit during demand. Loads can
be turned ON and OFF wirelessly via GSM. The grid operator can switch the loads by simply sending a
command via a short service message (SMS). In the end, the system is tested, and the results are
presented. The hybrid system is simulated in Proteus first and then hardware implementation is carried
out, which involves integrating renewable resources via converters and load management by switching
using a microcontroller (Arduino).
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Overview of the project
1.2 Problem Statement
1.3 Proposed System
1.4 Objectives
1.5 Scopes
Chapter 2 Literature Review
2.1 Overview of the project
2.2 Design and Construction Of An Automatic Transfer Switch For A single
Phase Power Battery Bank
2.3 Design & Implementation of Cost Effective Automatic Transfer Switch
2.4 Power Supply Control from Diferent Sources
2.5 Construction Of An Automatic Transfer Switch For A single-
Phase Automatic Change over Switch For Power Battery Banks
2.6 Design of a Smart Embedded Uniterrupted Power Supply System for
Personal Computers

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 Chapter 1

Introduction

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During the stages of development, there is a growing need for supply systems that are both reliable and
effective. The requirement for electricity can be met in a variety of alternative ways, such as by using
Wapda, solar panels, and Battery. These systems are utilized to fulfill our requirements in the event of a
breakdown; nonetheless, there may be some challenges or mistakes in the functioning correctly of these
sources. Therefore, the auto power supply system is a new system that is a combination of these various
sources and will channel them so that there is no interruption in the power supply.

1.1 Overview Of The Project

An important requirement of electric power distribution systems is the need for automatic operation. In
particular, the rapid and reliable transfer of the system from one power source to another during
certain system events is important to achieving the reliability goals for such systems, and the facility
serves.

Auto supply switching is basically selection of supply from multiple available power sources
automatically by using micro controller concept that is to check the availability of the source and
switching to that available source to ensure uninterrupted power supply to load. In case of the electrical
appliance control using automation causes more safety. Automatic power switching is basically the
automatic selection of power from multiple available power sources using the concept of a micro
controller to check the availability of a source and switch to that available source to ensure uninterrupted
power to the load. Now a day this is a crucial role to keep the continuity of power with no break downs.
So this project is offered that the approach that how one can boost the system’s effectiveness by making
it more reliable.

1.2 Problem Statement

The lack of available electricity is Pakistan's primary issue now. Most of the electricity is generated
through the burning of fossil fuels, which is an expensive process that also results in a significant
quantity of pollution. Therefore, meeting the nation's demand for energy presents a significant challenge.
An alternate power supply method for automobiles that allows for the utilization of renewable energy
sources has been developed (Solar energy and two other sources i.e. Utility and Fuel cells). We have
determined the order of importance for switching the load between three sources—namely, solar, utility,
and inverter—for consumers in the residential sector. As a result of this, we have steady power
throughout, which is obtained from three different sources, and switching is carried out whenever it is
necessary. This project can be carried out on a modest scale, such as in homes, workplaces, and medical
facilities. The results of this system are superior to those of an off-grid system and an independent

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 system.

1.3 Proposed System

Our proposed system is related to the switching of sources in such a way that there will be no break in the
power. The power from all three sources is coordinated so that there are no interruptions. To accomplish
this, a contemporary switch that allows for the switching of favorite sources has been designed. Wapda, PV
(photovoltaic), and battery are the three different sources that are utilized in this project. These three
different sources are available, and we are free to select the one that best suits our needs. It makes use of a
group of relays. In essence, the goal of this project is to ensure that there will be no disruptions in the
country's power supply, which is one of the most pressing problems there is. In order to govern the
switching of sources in accordance with their availability, the project in question makes use of a relay driver
integrated circuit. Control is accomplished with the usage of Arduino UNO. This is an effective method for
ensuring that there is supply of power. The third source is the solar, which will function as the default
source for all subsequent sources. The charging process of the battery, which is provided by the solar
panel, will be managed by the charge controller.

1.4 Objectives
The main task of our project is to get a continuous supply to make sure no brake power.

 To provide an uninterrupted power to the load. This supply is provided by 3 sources such
as: Alternating current mains (AC mains), solar and Battery Bank.
 Among these the available source is given to the load as supply. AC mains supply is
continuously provided. If it fails then load fetch supply from next alternative i.e.,
Solar.
 Three sources Solar, Wapda and battery supply are channelized or controlled to provide
no break power.
 Priority of the sources is also very significant with respect to the load i.e., we set the priority of
sources as Solar, Wapda, and battery.
 Switching will depend upon the coding set of priority through Arduino.
 Quick response to our switching circuit.

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1.5 Scope

This project can be very helpful for domestic users. Inherent can be made by including other sources
such as windmills, tidal energy etc. In this way our system will be more dependable. We can control our
system through the desired source depending on the availability.

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 Chapter 2
Literature Review

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In the existing system, they made four switches to demonstrate the corresponding failure of that power
supply. By pressing any one of the switch, absence of that particular source can be found out.
In fact there are several types of emergency power systems being used all over the world, one of the
most used types is the UPS system, also known as an uninterruptible power supply which is an electrical
apparatus that provides emergency power to load when input source, typically the main source power
fails. It provides near-instantaneous protection from input power interruptions by supplying energy
stored in batteries. The disturbances which normally occur in commercial supply are as follows:
 Transients – occur due to lightning, switching of power network which may result
in instantaneous rise of voltage.
 Generation of harmonics or distortion of waveforms.
 Electromagnetic interference (EMI) or Radio frequency interference (RFI) or noise are
introduced in the supply line due to lighting, power network switching, continuous switching
by some equipment like static inverters.
The uninterruptible power supply (UPS) is the best solution to power conditioning for critical loads, such
as real-time data processing computers, air route traffic, control centers, industrial process control system
because they are very sensitive to the nature of power supply for their operation, protection of the
equipment and continuity of a process or transfer of information. [3]
The auto power supply system is one example of a system that contributes to the overall system's
increased dependability. It exercises control over the various sources to ensure that there are no
interruptions in electricity. In its most basic form, it can be understood as a union of computer programs
and physical components.
The switching module and the sources are both considered to be part of the hardware category. On the
other hand, the programming that controls the switching mechanism is part of the software category.
Embedded systems are the name given to this type of system, and they are characterized by the fact that
they combine both hardware and software.
2.1 Overview Of The Project
The world is moving in the direction of greater levels of mechanization and automation. One prominent
example of this can be seen in the recent advancements made in the distribution of electrical power. In
the year 2016, Abhishek B Prajapati, Devendra Singh I Bared, and four other individuals work on an
autonomous power supply system utilizing Arduino. [4]

Microcontroller LPC 2148 and relay driver IC UNL2803 were utilized in this project by the team.

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This research makes use of four distinct power sources, each of which is coupled to a load in such a way
as to ensure that an uninterrupted operation of the load is achieved. Because it is impractical to obtain
four supplies for this, we just utilized one supply instead of the usual four supplies and two relays in its
place.
They assumed that it was being fed by four separate sources since the initial supply they used came
from a solar supply. This is accomplished by connecting the four different sources of incoming supply in
a parallel fashion. [5]
The normally open contacts of all four relays are linked in parallel with the lamp's alternating current
source, which allows the lamp to be powered by AC. To notify the failure of the appropriate supply,
four push-button switches that were connected to a microcontroller were used. A high input signal
causes the microcontroller to produce a low output signal, which then energizes a relay. The relay then
activates a lamp, which completes the cycle.
If one of the sources of the solar supply fails, the appropriate push button must be depressed in order to
initiate the provision of the subsequent source of supply. The moment the microcontroller detects a high
signal at its input, it immediately sends out a signal that is low on its output. This signal from the
microcontroller's output energizes the second relay, which in turn activates the driver corresponding to it,
which causes the lamp to turn on.
In a similar manner, when the push button for the inverter is pressed, it indicates that the operation of
the inverter has failed. As a result, the next source of supply is provided, and a high input signal is sent
to the controller. The controller then generates a low output signal, which energies the third relay,
causing the lamp to light up.
Pressing the third push button will, in the end, result in the connection of the fourth supply source. And
so, the cycle continues; this source will send a low input signal to the microcontroller, which will cause it
to produce a high output signal; this signal will turn on the driver for the fourth relay; as a result, the
fourth relay will be engaged, which will eventually turn on the lamp.
2015 saw the creation of a fully functional automatic change-over switch for PLC automation by
RuchiSelot and Arun Kumar. This switch has the capabilities of starting and shutting down with the Fuel
cells.

2.2 Design and Construction Of An Automatic Transfer Switch For A Single

Phase Power Battery Bank

In this paper an Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS) for a single phase power Battery Bank has been
designed to enable the automatic operation and transfer of power supply between a public utility supply
and a power Battery Bank. The ATS, which is a switchgear control system, provides a functional system
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that provides an automatic switching of power supply between a primary source (public utility) and a
secondary power source (Battery Bank). The methods employed in designing the ATS involve the use of
electromechanical type relays, contactors, voltage monitoring relays and delay timer relays as main
components of the system. Incorporated in the ATS is a digital multimeter (DMM) made up of a 12V d.c
and a 5V d.c power supply unit, precision rectifier unit, current transformer and Microcontroller (PIC
16F877) to convert the measured analogue alternating current (a.c). voltage and current quantities to
digital values for display on the liquid crystal display (LCD). The result of the automatic transfer switch
demonstrates its ability to perform automatic power change over activities easily and with little or no
human interaction. [6] ( AGBETUYI et al , 2011) .

2.3 Design & Implementation of Cost Effective Automatic Transfer Switch

In many developing countries, electric power generated by utility supply authority is inadequate to meet
the demands of their customers. This Power variability has necessitated the need for alternative source of
power supply i.e. Battery Bank to back up the utility power supply. Changing between the main supply
line and the alternative supply poses yet another problem. Various attempts have been made to advance
automatic power changeover switch but there are some limitations with them. the scheme presents the
design and construction of microcontroller based automatic transfer switch and a better and cost effective
approach that makes use of digital integrated circuits and microcontroller which reduces the number of
components as well as increase the speed of the system. The ATS also contains an alarm system for
indicating Battery Bank failure or fuel outage. [7] ( Arshad et al , 2016 )

2.4 Power Supply Control from Different Sources

In the existing system, they made four switches to demonstrate the corresponding failure of that power
supply. By pressing any one of the switch, absence of that particular source can be found out. The
switches are connected as input signals to microcontroller. In this system 8051 microcontroller is used.
The relay driver IC collects output of microcontroller, which adjusts relay to maintain continuous supply
to the load. In this proposed system, we made use of GSM technology, which helps in operating the
system from the different places. This GSM technology is a latest technology, which is use to collect the
information about the different sources either the switch is ON or OFF. [8] (Shahaji et al, 2016)
2.5 Design, Construction and Testing of Voltage Sensitive Single-Phase
Automatic Changeover Switch For Low Power Battery Banks

The erratic supply of power experienced over time in Nigeria and other developing countries which have
been detrimental to certain health (surgical), occupational and general practices can now in this recent

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 time be eliminated by the use of an automatic changeover switch. The automatic changeover switch that
was designed, constructed and tested in this work was a single phase type that is compatible for single
phase electrical Battery Banks. The main components were electromagnetic relays and integrated circuits.
In addition to performing the switching operation between the mains and the Battery Bank in the
presence or absence of power, the constructed device also switches when it senses an adverse incoming
voltage (high or low). Thus it was designed to avoid too high voltages (above 270 V) or too low voltages
(below 160 V). These types of voltages possess threat to sensitive electronic devices used in our homes
or in any organization. So the system was designed to automatically transfer the load from the mains to
the Battery Bank when it senses these two extreme voltages. [9] (Eshovo et al, 2017).

2.6 Design of a Smart Embedded Uninterrupted Power Supply System

for Personal Computers

Digital equipment such as computers, telecommunication systems and instruments use microprocessors
that operate at high frequencies allowing them to carry out millions or even billions of operations per
second. A disturbance in the electrical supply lasting just a few milliseconds can affect thousands or
millions of basic operations. The result may be malfunctioning and loss of data with dangerous or costly
consequences (e.g. loss of production). That is why many loads, called sensitive or critical loads, require
a supply that is protected. Many manufacturers of sensitive equipment specify very strict tolerances,
much stricter than those in the distribution system for the supply of their equipment, one example being
Computer Business Equipment Manufacturer’s Association for computer equipment against distribution
system disturbances. The design of this uninterrupted power supply (UPS) for personal computer (PC) is
necessitated due to a need for enhanced portability in the design of personal computer desktop
workstations. Apart from its original functionality as a backup source of power, this design incorporates
the unit within the system unit casing, thereby reducing the number of system components available.
Also, the embedding of this unit removes the untidiness of connecting wires and makes the whole
computer act like a laptop. Not to be left out is the choice of a microcontroller as an important part of the
circuitry. This has eliminated the weight and space-consuming components that make up an original
design. The singular use of this microcontroller places the UPS under the class of an advanced
technology device. [10] (Zungeru et al, 2016) .

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2.7 Summary of Related Works

Table 1 Summary of Related Works

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)

References

[1] Ferenets, A. and Fedorov, E., 2016. Computer-aided design of power supply systems
of vehicles. Machines. Technologies. Materials., 10(2), pp.59-60.
[2] Awais, A., Zahid, A. and Rafique, A., 2013. Auto Power Supply Control by Different
Sources (Doctoral dissertation, University of Management and Technology).
[3] Mahesh, G., Kumar, A.V., Reddy, K.A. and Sudha, Y., 2021. Auto Power Supply Control from
Four Different Sources. Journal of Research in Science, Technology, Engineering, and
Management, 5(1), pp.5-11.
[4] Alsafy, O.M.A.H., Hammad, S.A.M.A.H. and Hamid, Y.A.M., 2017. AUTO POWER CONTROL OF
FOUR DIFFERENT SOURCES TO ENSURE NO POWER BREAK (Doctoral dissertation, Sudan
University of Science and Technology).
[5] Alnatheer, O., 2005. The potential contribution of renewable energy to electricity supply in
Saudi Arabia. Energy policy, 33(18), pp.2298-2312.
[6] Martínez, F., Herrero, L.C. and De Pablo, S., 2010. Project-based learning and rubrics in the
teaching of power supplies and photovoltaic electricity. IEEE Transactions on Education, 54(1),
pp.87-96.
[7] Stroykov, G., Cherepovitsyn, A.Y. and Iamshchikova, E.A., 2020. Powering multiple gas
condensate wells in Russia’s arctic: Power supply systems based on renewable energy
sources. Resources, 9(11), p.130.
[8] Okafor, E.E., 2008. Development crisis of power supply and implications for industrial sector in
Nigeria. Studies of Tribes and Tribals, 6(2), pp.83-92.
[9] Rubin, E.S., Azevedo, I.M., Jaramillo, P. and Yeh, S., 2015. A review of learning rates for
electricity supply technologies. Energy Policy, 86, pp.198-218.
[10] SHUBHAM, Y., BHUPINDER, S. and SANTHOSH, S., 2017. Switching of Multiple
Sources using AT89C51ED2 Microcontroller.

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