HW 2
HW 2
Policy:
Identical reports will be considered as copied from each other and will not be graded. Late submissions
not acceptable.
Question 1. The translational and rotational dynamics of an aircraft, and the kinematic
equations are given below.
X
u̇ = rv qw + g sin ✓
m
Y
v̇ = pw ru + + g cos ✓ sin
m
Z
ẇ = qu pv + + g cos ✓ cos
m
L = Ixx ṗ (Iyy Izz )qr
M = Iyy q̇ (Izz Ixx )rp
N = Izz ṙ (Ixx Iyy )pq
˙ = p + q sin tan ✓ + r cos tan ✓
✓˙ = q cos r sin
˙ = q sin sec ✓ + r cos sec ✓
a) Using the Taylor series expansion method, linearize the equations above around a trim
condition. The trim condition is a steady level flight with non-zero pitch angle and non-zero
angle of attack. Denote the trim values with a subscript “0”.
The following aerodynamic derivatives that must be taken into account for linearization of the
aero-propulsive forces and moments:
@X @X @X @X
Xu = , Xw = , Xe= , XT = ;
@u @w @ e @ T
@Y @Y @Y @Y
Yv = , Yp = , Yr = , Yr= ;
@v @p @r @ r
@Z @Z @Z @Z @Z @Z
Zu = , Zw = , Zẇ = , Zq = , Ze= , ZT = ;
@u @w @ ẇ @q @ e @ T
@L @L @L @L @L
Lv = , Lp = , Lr = , La= , Lr= ;
@v @p @r @ a @ r
@M @M @M @M @M @M
Mu = , Mw = , Mẇ = , Mq = , Me= , MT = ;
@u @w @ ẇ @q @ e @ T
@N @N @N @N @N
Nv = , Np = , Nr = , Na= , Nr= ,
@v @p @r @ a @ r
Middle East Technical University Aerospace Engineering Program
Northern Cyprus Campus ASE 372, Spring 2022
where 𝛿" , 𝛿$ , 𝛿% , 𝛿& represent throttle, elevator, ailerons, and rudder control inputs,
respectively. All the remaining aerodynamic derivatives are assumed to be negligibly small.
Clearly show each step of the linearization routine.
b) The state and control vectors for longitudinal dynamics are defined respectively as
"
𝑥()* = 𝛥𝑢 𝛥𝑤 𝑞 𝛥𝜃
"
𝑢()* = 𝛥𝛿" 𝛥𝛿$
• Using the linearized equations obtained in Part a), derive the state-space model for
longitudinal dynamics
𝑥()* = 𝐴()* 𝑥()* + 𝐵()* 𝑢()* .
• Clearly specify the state and control matrices.
Question 2. (Note: use MATLAB to solve this problem, and include the code as a part of the
solution).
A-4D fighter aircraft is in a steady level flight at 𝑀 = 0.4, sea level altitude. The mass-geometry and
aerodynamic characteristics given below:
• 𝑊 = 17,578 𝑙𝑏
• 𝐼A = 8,090 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔 ⋅ 𝑓𝑡 H
• 𝐼I = 25,900 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔 ⋅ 𝑓𝑡 H
• 𝐼K = 29,200 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔 ⋅ 𝑓𝑡 H
• 𝐼AK = 1,300 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔 ⋅ 𝑓𝑡 H
• C.G. is at 25% MAC
• 𝑆 = 260 𝑓𝑡 H
• 𝑏 = 27.5 𝑓𝑡
• 𝑐 = 10.8 𝑓𝑡
The state-space representation for the linearized longitudinal dynamics is given by (note that different
notations are used for the stability derivatives):
where the state vector is 𝑥 = 𝛥 𝑢 𝛥 𝑤 𝑞 𝛥 𝜃 " , and the input vector is 𝑢 = 𝛥 𝛿" 𝛥 𝛿$ " .
The dimensional longitudinal stability derivatives are defined in the Table below, where the dynamic
Q
pressure 𝑄 = 𝜌𝑢SH . The values of the aerodynamic characteristics 𝐶UV , 𝐶WV , etc. are given in the
H
Middle East Technical University Aerospace Engineering Program
Northern Cyprus Campus ASE 372, Spring 2022
Table 1 below. Note that 𝐶UX = 𝐶U , 𝐶WX = 𝐶W , denote the trim values, and are given in the Table 1. The
values of the aerodynamic characteristics that are NOT given in Table 1 are assumed to be equal to
zero (e.g. 𝐶UY = 0).
Longitudinal Derivatives