DATABASE CONCEPTS

What is database?
- Collection of related data which has been recorded, organized and made available
for searching is called database.

What is DBMS?
- Database Management System refers to collection of programs that enable
users to create, maintain and use a database.

What are properties of DBMS?

(a) it can be of any size and complexity
(c) it can be maintained manually or it may be computerized

What are limitations of Traditional File System?

- Data Redundancy
- Data Inconsistency
- Lack of Data Integration

What are operations of DBMS?

(a) Protecting the database - it enables protection of database from
software/hardware failures and unauthorized access.
(b) Sharing the database - it allows multiple users to access the database at same
time
(c) Maintaining the database - it is easy to adapt to changing requirements

What are characteristics of DBMS?

- Self-describing nature of the database
- Insulation between programs and data
- Sharing of data
What are Types of Users in DBMS?
(a) End users - Users who use the database for querying, modifying and
generating reports as per their needs
(b) Database Administrator - DBA administers the database and the DBMS
(c) Application programmers - Application programmes write application
programs to interact with the database
(d) System Analyst - : System analyst determines the requirements of the end
users and then develops specifications to meet these requirements

Advantages of DBMS
▪ Reduction in Redundancy
▪ Improved Availability
▪ Improved Consistency

Disadvantages of DBMS
▪ Security and Recovery Overheads
▪ High Cost

Examples of DBMS
1. MySQL
2. Oracle

Primary key should be

- unique

- not null

Referential Integrity Constraint is used to check that data entered in one relation is
consistent with the data entered in another relation.
Row is called Tuple
Column is called Attribute
Number of rows are known as cardinality
Number of columns are known as degree
Datatype of values in each column is called domain
Table is also called as Relation

Constraints are restrictions on the values stored in a database.

Applying Mathematical functions on group of values in a database are called

Aggregate Functions

COUNT (count number of records)

SUM (total sum of number)
MAX (maximum number)
MIN (minimum number)
AVG (average number)

DATABASE CONSTRAINTS
NOT NULL - should not be null
DEFAULT - if user didn’t enter any value then default value mentioned will be taken while
creating table
CHECK - used to restrict the values of an attribute
KEY CONSTRAINT - 2 primary key in a table
REFERENTIAL INTEGRITY CONSTRAINT - contains the foreign key and the primary key
referred to by this foreign key along with the name of the relation

COMMANDS
DROP TABLE drop table ABC;
ALTER TABLE add clmn - alter table ABC add A_id int;
drop clmn - alter table ABC drop A_id ;
alter clmn - alter table ABC alter A_salary drop default;
alter table ABC alter A_salary set default 3000;
drop key- alter table ABC drop primary key A_pk;
add key - alter table ABC add constraint A_FK foreign key
(A_id) REFERENCES XYZ (X _deptno);
CREATE Create table XYZ (X_deptID int primary key, X_deptname
varchar(20) NOT NULL);

Create table ABC (A_id int primary key ,

A_name varchar(20) NOT NULL,
A_lastname varchar(20),
A_salary decimal(5,2) DEFAULT 30000,
A_deptno int,
CONSTRAINT ABC_PK PRIMARY KEY (A_id),
CONSTRAINT ABC_FK FOREIGN KEY (A_deptno)
REFERENCES XYZ (X_deptID));
INSERT Insert into ABC values (101,"Sunil","Kumar",87000,3);
Insert into ABC (A_id, A_salary) values (102,67000);
UPDATE Update ABC set salary = 45000 where A_name =
"Priyanka";
DELETE Delete from ABC where A_name = "Sunil";
SELECT Select * from ABC;
Select A_id , A_salary from ABC;
Select * from ABC where A_salary = 40000;
Select * from ABC where A_salary > 40000;
Select * from ABC where A_salary => 40000;
Select * from ABC where A_salary = 40000 or A_salary =
50000;
 Select * from ABC where A_salary between 40000 and
50000;
Select A_salary , X_deptID from ABC,XYZ;
DISTINCT Select distinct A_salary from ABC;
LIKE Select * from ABC where A_name like 'S%';
Select * from ABC where A_name like '%A';
Select * from ABC where A_name like 'S_ _ _ _ _ _';
Select * from ABC where A_name like '_ _ _ _ _%';
ORDER Select * from ABC ORDER BY A_salary AESC;
Select * from ABC ORDER BY A_salary DESC;
NULL Select * from ABC where A_name is NULL;
COUNT Select COUNT(*) from ABC where A_salary>40000;
SUM Select SUM (A_Salary) As Total_Salary from ABC;
MAX Select MAX (A_Salary) As Max_Salary from ABC;
MIN Select MIN (A_Salary) As Min_Salary from ABC;
AVG Select AVG (A_Salary) As Avg_salary from ABC;
GROUP BY Select A_deptno ,Count(*) as no_of_teachers from ABC
group by dept_no;
 OPERATING WEB

An application that can be accessed via a web browser, over a network connection is called
a web-based application

Advantages of Online Reservation System

CONSUMERS
1) Convenient
2) Price Comparison
3) Time Saving
PROVIDERS
1) Requires less staffing
2) Global access

Precautions while Performing Online Transactions

• Never use names of near and dear ones as passwords.
• Be cautious not to leave passwords around and do not share them with friends

E-Governance
E-Governance or electronic governance is the use of electronic i.e. information and
Communication technology (ICT) tools for governance by the government for the citizens.

• Mission Mode Projects

• Citizens Services
• Business Services

india.gov.in (The National Portal of India) : This is the National Portal of India, which
provides a single window access to information and services being provided by the various
Indian Government entities. This portal is Mission Mode Project under the National E-
Governance Plan.

Online shopping
Online shopping is an e-commerce application where the customer can purchase goods
over the Internet.
Payment can be done by credit card or debit card, and there is a need to create a user
account.

Advantages
A. The customer does not have enough time to visit a store and purchase goods
B. The product you may require is not available at your market

Online courses, Tutorials and Tests

Online courses and tutorials help the user in learning like using software, video game, or a
lesson. In online tutoring, the students and the teachers are at physically different locations,
connected to each other via Internet

Online Educational Sites

• Khan academy
• Coursera.org
• w3schools.com
• www.ncert.nic.in

Web-based application
Web based application development involves the process of developing web applications. A
web application is a program that is stored on a remote server.

A project is a task that is undertaken to create a unique product, service, or result.

Project Management is the process of achieving the objectives of the project through a set of
activities defined within the time frame, to produce the end result

Phases in a Web Application Project

1) Requirements Definition Phase

In this phase we identify the problem statement for which the web application is to be
developed. Identify the scope of the problem. The following issues need to be addressed in
this phase.
(a) Feasibility
(b) Scope
2) Design Phase
The focus is on "how" the application is to be designed. This consists of design of:
(a) A Map of the Web Application Site
(b) Database
(c) Page Structure

3) Implementation Phase
Create backend database, frontend and the connectivity between them.
a) Backend Database
b) Frontend
c) Data Connectivity

4) Testing Phase
Test the complete application (Front-End and Back-End) with multiple sample sets of data .
Find all the application bugs and fix them. After final validation, the application is ready for
release.

WORK INTEGRATED IT

Few domains where database applications may be used:

(A) Education
• For storing information such as student details, marks and result.
• For storing information about faculty and staff members.
(B) Banking
• For storing information about customers. For example,
(i) Accounts and loans related information.
(ii) Information regarding daily transactions.
• For storing employee details such as their personal information, salary, leaves
taken, joining date, retirement year
(C) Hospitals
• For maintaining information regarding patients such as their personal details, health
records, hospitalization date.
• For storing information regarding doctors, nurses, staff members, rooms, medical
equipment, and medicines.
(D) Government Sector
• For storing details of electoral roll, all types of taxes (Income tax, sales tax, house
tax etc.), criminal records.
• For storing details of PAN cards, AADHAR cards, vehicle registration, birth/death
certificate registration.
(E) Companies
• For maintaining information regarding the projects handled by them.
• For keeping track of infrastructure, sales, and investments.

ENTITIES INVOLVED
• Category
• Product
• Customer
• Seller
• Wish_list
• Order
• Shipment
• Payment