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    Chem Project 12 FINAL Revised24

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    sailesh rajkumar
    The document describes a chemistry project to extract citric acid from lemon juice. It provides an introduction to citric acid, the aim of extracting it from lemon juice using acid-base reactions and precipitation, a list of materials needed, the procedure, observations recorded, and conclusions drawn. The student expresses gratitude to teachers and assistants who helped guide the project.

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    Chem Project 12 FINAL Revised24

    Uploaded by

    sailesh rajkumar
    22 views13 pages
    The document describes a chemistry project to extract citric acid from lemon juice. It provides an introduction to citric acid, the aim of extracting it from lemon juice using acid-base reactions and precipitation, a list of materials needed, the procedure, observations recorded, and conclusions drawn. The student expresses gratitude to teachers and assistants who helped guide the project.

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    chem project 12 FINAL revised24 (1)

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    The document describes a chemistry project to extract citric acid from lemon juice. It provides an introduction to citric acid, the aim of extracting it from lemon juice using acid-base reactions and precipitation, a list of materials needed, the procedure, observations recorded, and conclusions drawn. The student expresses gratitude to teachers and assistants who helped guide the project.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    22 views13 pages

    Chem Project 12 FINAL Revised24

    Uploaded by

    sailesh rajkumar
    The document describes a chemistry project to extract citric acid from lemon juice. It provides an introduction to citric acid, the aim of extracting it from lemon juice using acid-base reactions and precipitation, a list of materials needed, the procedure, observations recorded, and conclusions drawn. The student expresses gratitude to teachers and assistants who helped guide the project.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 13

    Exam roll no:______________

    CHINMAYA VIDYALAYA, ANNANAGAR


    Plot No. 5063A , Z-Block , Belly Area ,
    Anna Nagar , Chennai-600 040

    BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

    This is to certify that SAILESH RAJKUMAR of class XII has performed the
    Chemistry project titled “EXTRACTION OF CITRIC ACID” at CHINMAYA
    VIDYALAYA , Anna Nagar during the academic year 2022-2023.

    Submitted for Practical Exam held on ____________ at CHINMAYA


    VIDYALAYA, Anna Nagar.

    Teacher in-charge:

    Signature of principal Signature of External Examiner


    Acknowledgement

    I EXPRESS MY GRATITUDE TO OUR PRINCIPAL

    MRS.V.GOWRILAKSHIMI AND VICE PRINCIPAL


    MRS.D.LAKSHIMI PRABHA FOR THEIR CONTINUOUS
    SUPPORT AND ENCOURAGEMENT.

    I EXPRESS MY SINCERE THANKS TO MY CHEMISTRY TEACHER

    MRS.B.CHITHRA FOR HELPING ME TO COMPLETE THIS


    PROJECT SUCCESSFULLY. THIS PROJECT WOULDN’T HAVE
    BEEN FEASIBLE WITHOUT THE PROPER AND RIGOROUS
    GUIDANCE OF MY CHEMISTRY TEACHER WHO GUIDED ME
    THROUGHOUT THIS PROJECT IN EVERY POSSIBLE WAY.

    I WOULD ALSO LIKE TO THANK OUR LABORATORY ASSISTANT


    MRS.RAJI FOR ALL THE HELP EXTENDED TO US.

    CONTENTS

    1. INTRODUCTION
    2. AIM OF PROJECT
    3. REQUIREMENTS
    4. EXPERIMENT
    5. OBSERVATION
    6. CONCLUSION
    7. BIBLIOGRAPHY

    INTRODUCTION
    Citric acid exists in greater amounts in citrus fruits. Lemons and
    limes have particularly high concentrations of the acid. It can
    constitute as much as 8% of the dry weight of these fruits. In
    olden days, industrial-scale citric acid is produced by treating
    the citrus fruit juice with calcium hydroxide to precipitate
    calcium citrate. Calcium citrate was isolated and converted back
    to the citric acid using dilute sulfuric acid. Citric acid can exist
    either in an anhydrous form or as a monohydrate. The
    anhydrous form crystallizes from hot water, while the
    monohydrate forms when citric acid is crystallized from cold
    water. The monohydrate can be converted to the anhydrous
    form at about 78 °C. It decomposes with loss of carbon dioxide
    above about 175 °C.

    Citric acid is normally considered to be a tribasic acid, with pKa


    values, extrapolated to zero ionic strength, of 2.92, 4.28, and
    5.21 at 25 °C. The pKa of the hydroxyl group has been found, by
    means of 13C NMR spectroscopy, to be 14.4. The solution of
    citric acid and its salts can act as buffer solutions between
    about pH 2-8. In biological systems around pH 7, the two
    species present are the citrate ion and mono-hydrogen citrate
    ion.

    The citrate ion forms complexes with metallic cations. The


    stability constants for the formation of these complexes are
    quite large because of the chelate effect. Consequently, it forms
    complexes even with alkali metal cations. However, when a
    chelate complex is formed using all three carboxylate groups,
    the chelate rings have 7 and 8 members, which are generally
    less stable thermodynamically than smaller chelate rings. In
    consequence, the hydroxyl group can be deprotonated, forming
    part of a more stable 5-membered ring, as in ammonium ferric
    citrate.

    Citrate is an intermediate in the TCA cycle (TriCarboxylic Acid


    cycle, or Krebs cycle), a central metabolic pathway for animals,
    plants, and bacteria. Citrate synthase catalyzes the
    condensation of oxaloacetate with acetyl CoA to form citrate.
    Citrate then acts as the substrate for aconitase and is converted
    into aconitic acid. The cycle ends with regeneration of
    oxaloacetate. This series of chemical reactions is the source of
    two-thirds of the food-derived energy in higher organisms.

    AIM OF THIS PROJECT

    In this project we intend to isolate the citric acid


    from lemon juice using acid-base and
    precipitation reactions.

    MATERIALS REQUIRED

    • Beakers

    • Glass Rod

    • Funnel

    • Filter paper
    • Measuring cylinder

    • Buchner flask

    • Vacuum pump

    • Water bath

    • Lemon juice

    • Sodium hydroxide

    • Calcium chloride

    • Ph paper

    • Sulphuric acid
    Procedure
    1. Lemon was cut into pieces and squeezed to get
    the juice.
    2. Measured the amount of lemon juice using a
    measuring cylinder
    3. Transferred the 150 mL of lemon juice into a
    clean 250 mL beaker and tested its pH (2 or 3)
    4. Added 10% sodium hydroxide solution till the pH
    becomes >9. The solution became cloudy and the
    colour changed to a deep orange colour.
    5. Filtered the solution to a new clean 500 beaker
    under vacuum.
    6. Added 30 % calcium chloride solution to the
    beaker solution. Mixed the solution thoroughly.
    7. Boiled the solution for 45 minutes in a water bath
    to precipitate the insoluble calcium citrate.
    8. Filtered the precipitate of white calcium citrate
    under vacuum. Dried it.
    9. Weighed the amount of isolated calcium citrate.
    10. Calculated the required amount of sulfuric acid
    to neutralise the calcium citrate. Diluted the sulfuric
    acid with distilled water.
    11. Suspended the calcium citrate in a minimum
    amount of water.
    12. Slowly, added the dilute sulfuric acid to the
    suspended the calcium citrate.
    13. Filtered the solution into a clean 250 mL beaker
    and concentrated to a small volume in a hot plate.
    14. Kept the solution with cover for about 1 to 2
    weeks to crystallise the dissolved citric acid.
    15. Isolated the crystals of citric acid by filtration.
    16. Weighed the isolated citric acid.

    RESULT
    The amount of citric acid isolated from 150 mL of
    lemon juice was 3.2g.

    CONCLUSION
    Citric acid was extracted from lemon juice
    BIBLIOGRAPHY

    • NCERT TEXTBOOK CLASS 12


    • WIKIPEDIA
    • SCRIBD.COM
    • PROJECTS .CBSE.COM

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