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64 views37 pagesDCN Compressed
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bhojraj singhCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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/ 37
School of Computing Science
&
Engineering
PRACTICAL FILE
Agziqnmant -» °2
COURSE NAME.......US.N
COURSE CODE.
SCHOOL.
PROGRAM
cA.
YEAR/SEMESTER..AS
SESSION.
| Submitted By Submitted To
Name Bhojyay Singh |__y2irface2
ladm.No 228656203003 Ol _Viss
a Siedd
3 QQaRgeR
[_Mavess eng
| ERM
32 bil addvexg
SURG numeric addvery
Hab congigis of 4- feds
SHAK S different etagsal
OF EP Mavers that thud
AK 1 8, Dongs,
which arg Repavetted Sy dole)
ences Welweceh TP va and UPv«
Avg
IS bi} Addyexy
DV Af ay aphantomente
AddyeRs of 8 fhotde, whith
We separated by caton
M1 dod yok conta,
AMAR of IP qdtyege-
4 Numben of Te
Addve sg
s- VLSM
-tion
aye fiddiven APACE
a fiddver
* erexenaon
g checksum Setd
jo. Encrye on
6» Addregg consiguna-
L—_——
FONG Naa q imited . el
Of TP Nvege. “
91 ig supports VLSM,
gh gupperts manual and
pune? eon siqaratvon
gt generates 4 billion
unique addrexs
in TOY. The EP aadvery |
1R agpresented In decim]
The checksum Sreld 1S
awitabta fy FPG,
gh doeg no} provide
Pot hata Wyge of 3p
(dvers .
S1 does not Suppords
VLSMs
DY sayporty Panett, One
auto con gua Wen and
xnanneambaring +
OF ganmales Guo
Uundedition Unigue addresy.
Ty SAVE, he UNPYRsented
of he ED ake ih,
heweecinal .
The cheereum (etd
I Pot ayaitante in
rev
enanyriion and authen-
Aica ton:
a povites enaypryn
nd authenWeatin . \
GsX— Expdain the Sunchion of vaviour sayens in ZS0-OS7 reference Ty
0ST Bandy Sor open Rystem intexconnection 18 A reference
wmode Yhal dercribex how tnfownatien Som @ Rost wore
agicalion In one computer moves through % ghgatcad mr
jhe gofieare application In cmothen compiten. \
OST condicth of Seven Soyen and each dayen penfowna 9
povticwlay network Suncron.
Function of the , OST Layeonk ,
o Phy sical Bayer s-
® Line consigurations- Oi definen the 4g how
Jouse oy move devicex can be connecied phyrieasty
© Deka Tangrniggion + SF defines the Avonginiaaion
mode whether it iz slmpdex , haf duplex oY
Suid duplox mode befweon the two devkex en
dhe Network.
© Topodogy - Bt deSineg the way het» nehwork
deviceek ave awanged-
edium to
Vela Link aye $-
Aecege confrod {- when jwo oy move deutes ae
connected fo the Mme communication Channel. then
Ahe dala dink Wayen profocalk are ced to deferiine
cahith device Waa Gaya contro oven the Sink at
4 ahven Arne.
© Network Jaygn o-
fA nolworts dayen adda the gource and dettinghon
aatrern fo The Rame cormmunrcation channel »then
ane daly Dink foyer profecoda qre watd te
deermine whith device har come ove the Link
er given me.
flouting (x the major conpenent of the noswork
ayer Zand V} deleniminen the beat ophtmad path
art of the ynudivpda atha Sor gource te the
Aentinaltey: Rnerentation Cayen s-
@ Tronalations- Tre preceg3_ tn Huo exhange dhe
{nformalion th the form ef Character Afther , nyins
and go on diferent complerA Ute different enc
methods the grerentaion Gayer handdca the
trdero penabiidity belween the diferent encoding
methods:
® Lnaypiionz— Sh K ped te mainkin pivac
endryphion 1k on procesg of Converting the Zende,
Jranamidted tnformayon tnto another farm and
Renda the ent ubting metage over he network,
@® Tensyort dayent
® Comecion control Trankeors ayer provider fue
gewicer connection extenjed Sewite and
~ connectionberg Bavite. A connectionleas sovite
drealt each segment ak an individual p2cket od
thoy all Ahavel in different ensue to reach the
dethinahion
@® Sow control: The franaport Cayen lho
wroAponkihla Soy Low centrod but i} iF
Performed end 4o end rather than advse
@ Ringls dink.
© seskion Loyent—
@ bvalog controd- Sexdion nyen acd aA 4 ithe
controllen 4 dhtaeg bly fwo precegtek or we
can 894 that {} allows the Communication bebween
two procerkeR which cun be either half duplex
oY Full duper
Sanctroniastions— Sexsion Gayen adit fome check
Uf ome eres y dtu. dala tn 4 Reguence
2
franamisiion of data 7a midldde of the on! ppetcatt on dayen us
me ® FTAM 2 An apalicatfon slayer aflown quran the sielda
th utmnde cornparer te inuiieve the siller $yom
a compaien and jo manage the Hon tr 4 udmole
commuter:
povided the score
© wand tevicent= fn agpicaion Kos when {t eommunicated .
Bh protocol defines wha
The key elomards of 9 prolocad ave Ayala. , Rematicg
and Loring.
Yoslocode Se fo earnpuben what Sanquage me to humans
Wy Rnghth do RucceRR Gully commun'earte
Since At, article Rf
YOY toakt beth undenaiand the game protocode.
x.
Sata genden Recelven | halg
adaverg | SAdvenR
bie __ emi
——aa x
vy
SM ha} ig gubnet wae marking *
ings- A gubnet WaRk ix & 32-bi number exteated by ReHing hoxt
Wiig fo all of oS cand Reltitg Malwork IIR fo
43. in thik way
the Rubnat mark Keparater the TP cddvers into the network
Ang Wok} adireRRek +
The “ass” Mavens i alwys agrigned fo 9 byadccut addrexs
ang Yhe So" qdavers 1, away aRsigned fo nekoorlc addvces
either can he caine’ fo hoele ,ak they are vaenved
Gor there special purpores:
The TR adver sfubrah Wark qnd galery ov rater compuke
any undendying aracture - Yhe Farenne} Rnotocal - Anat mort
qatuorke ure fo facidittate Inker- device communication.
uuhen eaganizationy Veed additional Sub networking » Bubraltrng
Raviden Tha heat Garvan oF Aha BE Naess Fecher tle
a Bulordts The goal of Rubned matka ave Aimapy, fo enabla,
he gulbnelting pvecekR» The phreate rnaak” tk apntied?
hecaude the Babnot mack eggentt
felly uneg 1€k own 32 bit
numba to muk the FP addveas. Z whol ig alaarsul Addvers 2
fine
The Sivkt addreeing agatem fo be implemented af
fark of Yo Sndennet Rnolecall war dared pddrersing +
Sy Ye ARRRe YR 18, Ye Magaful addressing neswork
archikectuve war Brat uted on the nema. The abar ful
adder cing ayRtem wok Rupereded by a cPagtlors
AAAVeRAN Aherne with She tnfreduction of eGaredard inten.
Karat esting [ein in 1998-
The TR WiveRR compres up of 32 dix and TR spit
Into Sour Heclonn Heperared lay Aone art PaTh 2 GENE 3
ang yt + :
5 Fe FO akvERR UR nade UR ef uy PAAR cach ©
which Reigns BE Gong Cs bee) ;
5 Suthen the parar of Ahe FR AdkveRz TK divided the
WAL A Tork TH amd a Woah FO
Tyer_of Gagrtul Rdverg 4
© charg f
® chang B
® agg c
® charz b
® cdaak & 2G What iF Welwork Ta and Hor} Td with example?
Any Nefwork FD > h najusork 0
EP aaayerz that Wpiteg Be Hagen of
gpeciSied hort ie e tlwork for 4
re iy iy bel 4e00, UR ushich, TAWwork.
the Hodt beQongg fo, yenenally Compnzed of one 4o
up to four ocledg tn dotted ~ decimal vnprerento}
son.
Hort ED
BL in The Gage mad of an TO aattreng that unigusly
earrivien & chekt on a Rpecified “Tep/TP network «
A hort LD can be Sound simpty by AmMDing tho ZP
adirers tn bingy form with “Wk uapective default
pubret mark -The othe fragment of an ZP addreke
IR the nelwork £0. which enkifter Ahe nehwerk to
which tre heat belong:
Exenplet- The FP Address of box C Ik 198-162+30-4
Exon which non tt belongk to clare Cs 30 HA default
gubongk MARK WHY be BT ATTA 4 Now
ae ying WWD oo both, Swit ge the hott
TY) 0-00.64 an NOfwork FD [98- 62»30-0 /
ya what iz the wrange OF ODOR Ms 6,610 and E with exand
Ang = TP headey cares 2-
° example [Teafing [max eo
in .
clog, | Range ‘walhhg x wild Jaf eles
Cag A] A 40 186 AST+10+0.0 Ula 8 RB
B We doa FRESH Hewat 16 | t¢aeu
é a2 foaga [asseass.ass-o | ig | ey | acs1is7
0 Rau 40233 | NA Ma Ma | mbit
c uo 4o 2su] NA MA WA | Regeaveh/
Expeniment GALGOL 1S.
NWiVERSITT
School of Computing Science
&
Engineering
PRACTICAL FILE
Araignenent > 0%
COURSE NAME... DG. Meavveeeese
COURSE COD!
SCHOOL...
PROGRAM.....MIC.A.
YEAR/SEMESTER. 28202. -ssssseees SESSION... 2922732.
Submitted By Submitted To
fa Bhoyray Singh |
tn AUSCSE030N3| GS-4 Sxplain tranginigtion media with ike afl type.
J fink & Kanginiition mutiq i 4 communication channel that canter the
information hom jhe gender to the crecetven. Data i trangia
Arrogh dhe Vacrromagnsties Signal
“Sra. Wain Sunefonadly of the chemainivaien medio ip 0 cany
the Information tn ME Sern. of hika Through kan &
LAW (Local Areq nework).
KEM BRA Pypiad gah bw Aranamites and unceiver in
Sala communication.
# On 9 coppen-bared pelwork the bid th the form of electrical
gyned.a - . :
ee en baie mvelwork. the biV in the fom of Sight
ae can be sent through the ceppen wire
Wo hacrvical SayneblA
* Hoen open earrnonghent, walen vaccum.
“Fyex_of “Veansmnigsion _medig t~
wuided nasd’a!- SiR defined aR the chygical medium through |
o® whith the signals ave ontiied 84/040 pl
oR Bounded madi.
() Twrated - paty Cade
(hy Coaxias cobte
Gil) Seen phic: Cable,
Unguided medi t~ fi unguided rang rman tranamilg the
® i: pagan homegnelE wever euilheut ang te
ediam , \
wonidorg srantinftion, AS Tete edo Kron at
() Radio waveg
a) Microwaveg
Uli) TRoaves Ao Witierentiale blur PAN MV, LAI, HAW and way «
© Rogonal fea welwork 2-H ig 4 COMPLI) NGkworke ured for dala
Arangrnigzion arnenger} deuiceg Ruch OR Computey Fedaphenes
Feat end pentorad digihed carigion4g .
PANY can be ured Soy communication amongst the pengord
Aevicer Themmeluen > connecting to a higher Goud teluork
Sn the Salenneh shart sone weate deuiee lakes up the
Y's OR intennel een.
@ [2l fen Network cha) t ethemne ha evolved ang box
been Aigniticant Topsnuernande th
WANA Lo speed ony esSiclency .
fh apride of a LAV ix Sut daly Hansen with del
Reed Yad cay crtath ap te \o Mpg
® Welvropoditan tyeq Nelworkt~ A man tk Sorgen than a Lav
but Amallen than or equal in Rize 4o 4
WAV. The Size range anywhere Som
in divmeten. MAW ore
by 9 sings. end.
® wide freq Welwork t-
S 4o So kim
fypieaddy owned ond Ymanaged
A wide Brea welwork eet sen 9 dage
ayea. Dal, Araells Arrough Jebophone
OY cola Mek. re Looe Dawgert wlde fveq Welwork
ty Ahe inlennes.
Home fred Melwork CHAN) °— HAV IK 4 Mkwork Th 9 URE heme
Ge chen alt the Zaptipt , compute, Soamtnionas ant
ether Smart applancer and pital devioun ave connected
Ino 4 Nehwork.
Home Area Network may be wired or wivelesr Moldy
wlvelom, Network 19 uked for HAIV- y
83 Explain the Sunchong o$ each Soyen of OST model and
Algo expain the Hopdilcation Sayer protocale in dedoide.
Ang’ OST aplondg Sor sgeksa open Syglem Interconnection ix
S afentnce rose that degcribes favo Information Soy
S ZoHtware aggbient{on in one cam
pen mover trough 9
Physical medium fo the Aofhware application in snothen
Comparten.
OST Consints of Aeven ayers, and each doyen penforme
4 gatticuliy network function .
4 Functions 06 ‘he OST Layeng 3
© thysica Hak Jayey
@® Wea- Monk Loy
@ Wehuote dagen
@® Wangpart ayer
© Session Voygn
© Lregentatton Gayen
GB Hyleation, Layen
physica dagen
ee eaten t Sk defines the way how fov0
OY WOKE Jau{cog Cay Ye connected physically.
+ Vala Transmission t Sh define, the Hana mnlgalon
mode whethen MH ix almpler. Yalf-duplerc ov full
duplex mode belween the fu deues on He
reneort * Topology 34 defines tha ny You nalwart< devices are smn
+ Sirah? St detenminer the type of the Aignal uted fry
‘ran ammiling 4he information.
Qaly-Link Layer t=
Framing! The dala Link layer franalaler the physicals,
tit atream info packet Known ax Frames. The data dint
Sayer addy the headey and traider fo the frame. Tie
headen which tx added 4o the Srame confaing the hardware
dettination and gource address -
Physical Aldvegking !- The dala wink Wayen cklA fa heade;
to the frame that containt 9 deghhation
AMER The Frame 1% Hronamied to be the
dettinetion adver, montoned in the ‘header.
Aecerg Contrad- when tury oy move deuicer are connected
to the Jame commuynycarion channel, Aen the db
ink Gayen Prec are ured to determine
which deui .
aven ttt Pod contre oven he Qink at ¢
Network ayen
Addvegging A nelwork dryer adkls ination
d addrerk 4o the headey of ance tently
Ik sted fo Werth the device on the tnlemel
flouting t- Routing 1 he mayor com, £ th as
fouring ayer | ‘and 1) deen mines te ye spinal a cut
of the muthipde paths from source to the detlinahin * Reangation 4 The proceag in two exchange the informalisn
in the form of chnacten stings , number and fo oh-
Nenan} compulers cre different encoding methods
the prerentistion Geyer hankder the tmenogenahidity
letween the difenan} encoding Methods -
* Sneeyphionts St i teeded fo maintain plug.
penton rarion Tk & grocers of cOWaH NY “the
Sansimiffed fnformotton Info 9nothen form
and genda the neaudting meMage sven the nelwork-
+ Comprertion-> Qala compreaaion 1k a procerg of Comprensing
the dal, @< i} cuducer the numbey of bile Jo
be frangmifjed- Dt compréRtion ix ven Importan)
Th madtimmediy Ruch ag ext, audio vedio
«fn capplitertton Guyer Renyer ik a window Sar arex
and apphitation procertes fo access do access nehwork
Zervice +
23} hander (RAYEA BUCH OA Nehwerk Aang pavency ,vrecuare
aQlocatton ete
«fin appitation Gaysn R eb any cppbleation but I porforme
the aapplicertion Gaye, Punchone -
Suncttony of Applitation Layen.
> Pde frannsen acces? ond management cFrnm)
An aplication Layer allows o ugen the Miley In aemode Comprtey
fo unatrieve the files From a computer avd to manage the
Silex tn % remote computer, frckediaing!= fh nolwerk Layer receives the pacKelt Srorn tha
uppen Layer and convene Yer into packed: Thi
process i Known af facketizing 94 IR achieved by
inlennat protocod »
(Trangport Goyen
sConnechion confrad = “Frampart Suyen PAVIA fuso deer
penuicen Comnecion senad Revvice and
connectiontors Revutee. eannectionlonn Aevuice frealr
each gegen &% 1 Individuol) gacket and thay of
Faved tr diferent wrouler-toveach the destination
| Flow conrad 2- The hangport Joye abko uugpontible Sor
Saw contrad but i i performed end-to-en
yathen thon acroag 9 single dink
sExrroy_tontodt The trangport Cayen 14 ato apenuibhe
Soy ertor CONFOD + Boy contro geforned endt>-
end wathen Shan ACTOR Ae Ringo dink. The sender
prannport Goyer ennuren Hak menage ‘yeath of te
deatination without ony eto.
sdialog Control t- Sexgion Sayer ect ag 4 dialog
Controller «dialog between two piocenter
io ue iM ANY thet if aldews the communication
kween two processes whit. y _
Siplon oe. full ciple. ith conte either bdf-
+ Synchvonrzehon 3- Sexgion oye able some checkpoint whe
prangmittng the doh: ty q ence. [f Forme ere
occura tn the middle of the amin of dat °» 4? roan Reiter fay applitadon dlayes previder the Socndity fr
iz erred Soruardirg and aarnge-
¥ ¢ Explain Hub, Router, Gnidge , Switcher and siepesterd »
© Hubs- & Ane ix a basically cowli -vespeaten. A hub connects muttiale
wire coming fsorm different branches,
Ser The connect 1a wl if
Biationt Ov in Alay fopotogy which connects diffeatnt
@ Rowtent- W wooden ig a evice Like q qwitch that voutes dale packeds,
baked on Akeiy TP AMVEAEK. The cnowten 1x mainty a Nedwork
Lagan device. fouten normally connect LAM and WAME “and Pave
Agnamicadly updating outing table bated on which they
make decisionk on touting “the dala packedg . The viotten
Sider the Wweakeart domeink oF hale connected trough it
© Baridae’s- A Toaidge opmnaten at dhe dala Sink Sayer A Asidge iq
cnaperten, with add on Ihe Sunctionadily c§ S\Glening contort
toy cording tha mac vention addverger “of gouyce t,
deptination- S112 abso aged Sor intenconnectin )
uvrking on the same profoce. ——
@ Switcher: h nuit (R 9 oulligord badge with @ buffer ang q
— degign that can boot VAR eAkicency and yenfarmance-
A gwitth & A data Qc Sayer device. The awitch can
penform error Shecking beSere Serwavaing dala,
S Repeaters A stagenten operator at She grysicak Qayen 8K jd Ik to
————_ agenencde the Rignal oven the Some ‘nelworks before
the Rignd become foo weal Hee er cowupled Jo extend
the Gongth to which the aignad cante 4 i
the kame nefwork, a Te Meshing oe Prsstanement: 3-03
Qu: Lohot tr AOiy2tap Giansmestor ?
Anse JOata Con be sepsesurted etther in arileg ot oligilep
00, The Computer’ wired te elipiteep Sor Ota ptr the
Ports fag se the chate needs te be Convertéef
jn olga Poh fo Rok dt con "be useeh dy CnpaTey-
In ae ‘
Digitep te ADigitef jp the sepaensdatin of
inp by o lpi Signafs hen Sinany” us ts
| 0g genoatid by the Compute ae Burst intra
See were Jott 2
pence of Voltage” pul ed thet” Can bey alee! pver
e& wite y ha iatste tp Kmown af asl anor
encoding ,
emer J— PPE — Jo
=
Ht here wie tee Cate, ie 7
14 Unipol coding 2
a ee
HI |
t
Bars oka is Dipitep to ADagitof Corvoator f pia’r
lus
ay
Frme. 8) Sipelor o” aw coun Scheme Ss] eprieacalh +i
Voltage Leve
Posiduine , na Bhive, and 5210»
_
(Bus3- Anadeq at - Ojibof Convent t Eph fn a .
When an anole Stynaf a oie To the for
anator Srna, 6, need to oliystalige. “the ama sym
wted is leas prone fo neige.
Fo anoleg to tg “onouen Hh Taformedtish
Contained! in Continouh vwoawe From } eacueded 10
Mat te} pol. /
+) pen C Ritse cmplilude modulatis'n )
At ip take a cnalng Staonal} Samples at and
genowkes a Gories + tau) peli Td mediate
4 Sompling whore, Sernpling Meany m eaves th
amplifade of, ° Signa) at equal tatowals Pom ( Pulie Coole moctulatian)
Pom, is used te Moelle the puliel Created y pin
to hon a daitaf Signal. To achetve this pom
oe Pam a « Busrndt als 1S a proces
oAsigning Voteatal Values fh a Speci]id mange
to satpldt inatances, ped 7
Quantized Porn Strral ,
Arn pital
st
+as
ws
1
Zz
2
Thre
3
a
pcm
sony os 4 9438 +048
1
LI geoon oo Y ooo LU
HO frect ol Trova Dieser sotet Bb ceste medtutntin canef pO cbs modictatisy 7
Ocodle moctubactisn oa pem fsa form aagutel te An
@
|
Conveuion Priokich the in prmelish
Containes} os Show tthe f Lew rela fp
Suxtep Le Sinem fat. “pep won Ine
@® Delta modulation 3 be Petty mo clube tes isa
————— . p
main in thanamasdon vA
Frformalior Ot 18a Cedhaig ye Whore ankong lp - chi
anof -oligdlaf -to-antomy S49 nal Conversten” art od,
Delta "meculatiow em “isa Way df Heer.
Gus Skat te ailfenert modulation techniy ues!
Moclubactisn Gp the porecess af Converting dati fnle
ele cfsuap optinig f i Lranseiissron Mackslafie
ae Us pk sap t en inti poor pa
OK nate ou &, lula bse» aM
moculation , and Spun! eaves ees
Que $- Johat fs ASK, FSI and PSK Explain fn detail |
he uk ppd ) modulation 8~
aki any Js supstentid by 1 ard df the
-cloes not Exut, it orepreaerted by
— wb ASIC mo clube bie a Staple. and at sey!
a Lng Sand oth + FS C Hiegueny aug die
_> PSK re aint olf y Joan nota-bisng ft and fz one
wseet fs bi am uence.
a Here ft 15 Oe 6 mad BE 4" anol fa"
wepresersx bh 5”,
| i sarcl seth
te pak C Phase hip ;
—> fhe hase olfffetence as a te oli ff, Heatiatt bf
th. 41? aol &0” Lips,
cabee) hon ASK
dulatioe is more Com pli
we root tadis?® hub 3 Bp nobust Ter
VQ PoP
“Savedled
av oded uct toh bs JQigtle) te cAnateg arol Analg
Oijital Conversion
Rey ligt olinital Signal) ne 9
ita) ts A of ee Bee an
at an yr
Sequences of discneté as i
ied Ce “ihe Dn one fe ffinibe ATER
Aoley te Oigiteh he epi) Sipral
ea) fad segnenee
a zeta t
ea a og sh on ent
aa rer aa an ee
Hime Marcing a = a.
mrpengae Arraignment & 0
(heel pOhet is Switching arol Multipleping inoletuls 7%
Switching torS witching Fra Computes netuork ip
achferes ud witches » A Switch
is a Snell | hevrduoar Geatee whieh is i gee
multiple Compute, te with one Local Aus
netroorl Chel). a
Networle Switches operate at Cow e 9 (Nal Hinkle
Layer) tate O8F model , \
PSwitching fc tramporent ste the Uce7 anol of ces not
Heguive” a Conf. wratedn inthe home worl.
wOuoitches Ps used te transfer theolaty on tothe
Olevice. phot hay been anlolyersee rt Vadpier the
estintuwn addre to soute “the pa cleat copprnpriadely
pot Rs poled im full clupley mooe.
# Pack eollisien Psminimum ad Ie Lect «
Communicates bfrI_Cowtee. anol destination «
* tt does not bswadtast the metiage, os tt wore, with
Aimited — handucieltt .
Advaritages of Switching 3-
: it ewok .
wad Fn ceased the band wicttr iat et
% DE tocsteoses the owed) peormance iy
by wecuetg “ilralic athe Neboo K
‘he led Prame Collin ads ‘si
* Te elinston fen F pr cach Connection +
Ofsad venfine Sat teking 3°
saben of i
eet Suitches nr ~
7 wot
Rife Siditehot ronet determine chr Netwost,
Goon eckividg jscu 4 eens
Je Create:
penive cphan Networll Mutat plestrg 0
ep oa Musbtiplering is at echniy ue used 4,
Combine. anol fend wthe mubtiple. olaty ‘
OV a Single meolium. 4
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