Drafting Module 4-Quarter3

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Program/ Course : DRAFTING TECHNOLOGY
Unit of Competency : Draft Structural Layout and Details
Module title : Drafting Structural Layout and Details
Nominal Hours : 60 Hours
INTRODUCTION:
Every structure needs a foundation. The function of a foundation is to

provide a level and uniformly distribute support for the structure. The
foundation must be strong enough to support and distribute the load of the
structure. The foundation helps prevent cold air and dampness from
entering the house. It waterproofs the basement and forms the supporting
walls of the basement. It helps prevent the walls from cracking and the
doors and windows from sticking.
The basic principles of constructing building foundation are the same,

regardless of the situation. The methods and materials used in constructing
foundation vary greatly in different parts of the country and are continually
changing.
The structural members of the foundation vary according to the

design and size of the foundation. The knowledge brought about by the
science of soil mechanics confirms that rock beds are the most stable
medium for foundations. Practically, the soil where the building stands,
serves as the foundation, although it is weaker than any other construction
material. To be able to carry satisfactorily the load of the building, the steel
and other materials used, a foundation is needed to transmit these loads to
the soil.
SUMMARY OF LEARNING OUTCOMES
Upon completion of the module, you should be able to:
LO1. Draft Foundation Plans
LO2. Draft Structural Floor and Roof Framing Plans
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TECHNICAL TERMS
Foundation is the part of the building below the surface of the ground
which is sometimes called the substructure.
Dead Load refers to all the weight in a structure made up of immovable

materials.
Footing is an enlargement at the lower end of a wall, pier or column to

distribute the load into the ground.
Framing is the wood skeleton of a building constructed one level on top of

another.
Girder is the horizontal beam which supports the floor joints.
Heel Plate is the plate at the end of a truss.
Hip Roof is a roof with four sloping sides.
Jack Rafter is a short rafter, usually used on hip roofs.
Joist is a horizontal structural member that supports the floor system or

ceiling system.
Lally Column is a steel column used to support girders and beams.
Pier is a block of concrete supporting the floor of a building.
Pilaster is a decorative column attached to a wall.
Piles are long posts driven into the soil in swampy locations upon which the
foundation footing is laid.
Pillar is a column used for supporting parts of a structure.
Purlins are horizontal structural members which hold rafters together.
Reinforced Concrete is a concrete in which steel bars or webbing has been

embedded for strength.
Ridge is a the top edge of the roof where rafters meet.
Slab is a foundation reinforced concrete and foundation floor.
Span is the distance between structural supports.
Valley is the internal angle formed by two slopes of a roof.
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Valley Jacks is a rafter that run from a ridge board to a valley rafter.
Valley Rafters. is the diagonal rafter forming the intersection of two sloping
roofs.
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Program/Course : Drafting Technology
Module Title : Drafting Structural Layout and Details
Learning Outcome 1: Draft Foundation Plans
Assessment Criteria:
1. Locations of wall footings, footings and columns are indicated as

shown in the floor plan
2. Details of wall footings, footings and columns are drawn in larger
scale
References:
Donald Hepler, Paul Wallach. Architecture Drafting and Design, Mcgraw Hill
Book Co.
G.M. Manaois, Simplified Technical Drawing, PCAT
Fajardo, Max B. Jr., Building Construction, 5138 Merchandizing, 1984
Werdhass, Ernest, Architecture Drafting and Design, Allyn and Bacon, 1984
Fajardo, Max B. Jr., Simplified Construction Estimate, 5138 Merchandizing,

1984
Harold Sleeper, Building Planning and Design Standards, John Wiley and
Sons, New york
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LEARNING EXPERIENCES/ ACTIVITIES
Learning Outcome No. 1: Draft Foundation Plans

Learning Activities Special Instruction
1. Read Information Sheet #1.1

on the kinds of foundation
and types of footings
2. Answer Self Check # 1.1  Try to answer Self check no.

1.1 the best you can
3. Compare your Answer to the
Answer Key
4. Proceed to Activity # 1.1  Try to perform the activity
5. Review the procedure from

the given activity sheet
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INFORMATION SHEET # 1.1
Design of Foundation
The design of a foundation is solely based on site investigation. It is

the result of determining the soil surface condition of the soil. The
topography of the surface has to be considered prior to construction, as this
might affect the construction investigation.
A site with a uniform condition is less likely to require extensive
investigation as a site for big projects. Drilling is the most suitable way of
determining soil condition. Sample of soil extracted from the site is
examined as to its consistency and relative density. The area bored or
drilled is called test pits. There are varied kinds of boring methods and
equipment as there are varied methods of soil testing. The National Building
Code requires a sole bearing capacity of the soil at 2ft2 per ton or less than
twice the maximum bearing capacity desired for use.
To transmit the building load to the soil is the purpose of a
foundation, without overloading or over stressing the soil. A structural
foundation performs properly if the soil also behaves properly. For the
building to last, its foundation should be designed for the worst times.
Laying out and Staking
The process of establishing the point of building outline or perimeter

on the ground is known to be laying and staking. Prior to construction this
process is done which includes demolition, clearing and establishing
building measurement on the ground.
Before a foundation for a construction is begun, the perimeter of the
house or building should be laid out on the ground.
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The materials and tools used in laying out are the following:
1. Stake – are wooden sticks or post driven to the ground

2. Batter Boards – are wood stick nailed horizontally to the stake.
3. Level transit is for establishing reference point.
4. Plastic water hose which is transparent and ¼”Ø filled with water to
establish level of horizontal lines
5. String or chord for connecting established point
ESTABLISHING THE SQUARE PRIOR TO EXCAVATION
Excavation and Backfilling
Excavation work in construction of residences is of two categories:
1. Shallow excavation which includes wall footing, and column footings,

whether they are independent, or combined wherein digging of the soil
extends to 1.50 meters.
2. Deep excavation is for large building projects as this requires almost
total extraction of the soil at the site. This requires sheeting and
shoring of the ground to project adjoining properties. The process is
defined as providing temporary support to the structure or ground
during excavation.
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Backfilling on the one hand is the filling in of the excavated portion after
the foundation has been laid out.
LAYING OUT THE STAKE AND BATTERBOARD
BRACING THE SIDE OF AN EXCAVATION
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The design of a foundation always includes the following;
1. The dead load plus the live load

2. Load effects of wind, head, water, earthquakes
3. Explosive blasts
As in excavation, a foundation is also categorized as shallow foundation

which includes matt and spread footing, and deep foundation which also
includes piles, piers and caissons.
The earth provides ultimate support of the structure against all elements
of nature. Automatically, the soil where the building stands is a material of
construction. But physically, the soil is weaker than any other material of
construction like steel, concrete and wood. Loads carried by steel, concrete,
and wood is transmitted to the ground, hence there is a foundation to
transmit that collective load to the soil in such a manner as the soil will not
be over stressed to cause serious deformation. The performance of a
structural foundation is dependent on soil behavior. Where soil foundation
provides lifetime support for a building all forces that act over time shall be
considered and that foundation is designed for worst conditions that may
develop.
There are instances wherein foundation may settle or move. The

movement of the foundation may be due to the following causes:
1. Soil bearing capacity failure

2. Failure or deflection of the foundation structure
3. Sheer distortion of the soil
4. Compression of the soil
There are other factors that contribute to the settlement of the

foundation but these are indirectly related to the superstructure load
imposed on the soil.
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SELF CHECK # 1.1
A. Directions: Read each item carefully. Identify the correct answer and
write it on a separate sheet of paper.
__________ 1.The process of establishing the perimeters of a house.
__________ 2. They are wooden sticks driven to the ground.
__________ 3. They are wood stick nailed horizontally to the stake.
__________ 4.It provides ultimate support of the structure.
__________ 5.It is the most suitable way of determining the soil condition.
B. Directions: Enumerate the following and write the answer on a separate

sheet of paper.
1. Give the Five (5) materials and tools used in laying out?
2. Give the Four (4) causes of foundation movement?
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ACTIVITY SHEET # 1.1
Directions:
1. Let the students group themselves into 3-5 depending upon the
number of students in the class.
2. Let them discuss among themselves the importance of having a solid
foundation for a building or a residential unit.
3. Let the group leaders report their reasons and answers to the class.
Questions:
1. Why is soil testing an important aspect to consider in the design and

construction of a building?
2. How does having a good and suitable foundation affect the building
design and its strength?
3. Why is having out the corners and squaring it important prior to
construction?
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Foundations are important components in the construction of a

building. It is the foundation that carries the load of the building.
Types of Foundations
1. Spread Foundation includes all those types where the load is

distributed into the soil by slender vertical members of timber,
concrete or steel called piles.
2. Pier foundation is one where the load is distributed into the soil
by slender vertical members of timber, concrete, or steel called
piles.
3. Pier Foundation is the foundation where concrete piers are

carried down through the soil of inadequate bearing power until a
satisfactory foundation bed is reached.
4. Slab Foundation is a solid slab of concrete poured directly on the

ground with footings placed where extra support is needed.
5. T- Foundation consists of a footing upon which is placed a

concrete wall or a concrete block wall forming an inverted T and
foundation is popular in structures with basement.
6. Matt Foundation assembles a mat in that the foundation is

spread over the entire area of the building floor
Foundation Members
The structural members of the foundation vary according to the

design and size of the foundation
1. Footing distributes the weight of a building over large area.

Concrete is commonly used for footings because it can be poured
to maintain a firm contact with the supporting soil
2. Foundation walls - the function of the foundation wall is to

support the load of the building above the ground line and to
transmit the weight of the house to the footing.
3. Piers and Columns Piers and columns are vertical members usually
made of concrete, brick, steel or wood. They are used to support
the floor systems and can be used as sole support of the
structure
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Footings and columns carry the load of the building resting on the
foundation.
Kinds of Footings
1. Wall Footing is a footing which supports a wall by extending along

the entire length of the wall.
2. Isolated Footing is one which supports a single column, post, pier
or other concentrated load.
3. Combined Footing is one which supports two column loads or
sometimes three column loads not in a row.
4. Cantilever footing is one which supports two column loads and
consists of two footings connected together by a beam often called a
strap
5. Continuous Footing is one which supports a row of three or more
columns.
6. Raft or mat footing is one which extends under the entire building
area and supports all the wall and column loads from the building.
1. Isolated Column Footing
2. Combined Column Footing
3. Cantilever Footing
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4. Trapezoidal Footing
5. Continuous Footing
6. Raft or Mat Footing
7. Wall Footing
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DETAIL OF WALL FOOTING
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DETAIL OF COLUMN FOOTING
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SELF CHECK # 1.2
A. Directions: Read each item carefully. Identify the correct answer and
write it on a separate sheet of paper.
__________ 1. A footing which supports a wall.
__________ 2. The part of the building below the surface of the ground.
__________ 3. A footing which supports a single column.
__________ 4. A kind of foundation wherein concrete is poured directly to

the ground with footings placed where extra support is
needed.
__________ 5. A wall that supports or carries a load.
B. Directions: Enumerate the following and write the answer on a separate

sheet of paper.
1. What are the two (2) types of walls?

2. Give the three (3) kinds of loads?
3. Enumerate the seven (7) classes of footings according to load.
4. What are the six (6) types of foundations?
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OPERATION SHEET # 1.2
Drafting a Foundation Plans

Procedure:
1. Locate position of wall footings, columns and column footings on the

plan
2. Indicate sizes of columns and footings to be used based on accepted

architectural and structural requirements ( in this case we may
simply assume)
0.80 0.80
0.20 0.20
0.20
0.80
0.20
0.80
COLUMN & FOOTING 1 COLUMN & FOOTING 2

CF1 CF2
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3. Indicate width of wall footings and thickness of wall (4” THK CHB and
0.40) width of footing
0.15
0.40
0.15
WALL FOOTING 1
0.40
WALL FOOTING 2
4. Draw outlines of footings and columns based on accepted

architectural drawing practices.
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5. Finalize the drawing by completing the specifications for the detail
drawing of footings and columns.
Elevation + Elevation +
0.20 0.20
Elevation +
0.10
Elevation + 0.20
Elevation + 0.20
Compacted
Gravel Fill
Elevation + 0.10
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OPERATION SHEET # 1.2.1
Drafting Detail of Columns and Footings
Procedure:
1. From the foundation plan drawn in the preceding operation,

determine the types of columns used. (for every type, a detail drawing
must be drawn)
DETAIL SECTIONS OF WALL FOOTING
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2. Determine the sizes of footings and columns used in the foundation plan
SECTION SECTION
PLAN PLAN
CF -1 CF -2
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3. Layout the plan of the foundation with the corresponding sizes used
SECTION SECTION
PLAN PLAN
CF -1 CF -2
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4. Layout the column section following the measurement used
SECTION SECTION
PLAN PLAN
CF - 1 CF - 2
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5. Draw the reinforcing bars and label.
PLAN PLAN
CF - 1 CF - 2
COLUMN AND WALL FOOTING
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Program/Course : Drafting Technology
Module Title : Drafting Structural Layout and Details
Learning Outcome 2: Draft Structural Floor and Roof Framing Plans
Assessment Criteria:
1. Structural floor and roof framing plans are properly discussed

2. Structural floor and roof framing plans are drafted based on floor
and foundation plans using timber, concrete or steel construction
3. Structural floor and roof beams are drafted showing the sizes and
shapes and detailed connections.
References:
Donald Hepler, Paul Wallach. Architecture Drafting and Design, Mcgraw hill
Book Co.
Donald Hepler, Paul Wallach. Architecture Drafting and Design, Mcgraw hill
Book Co.
Fajardo, Max B. Jr., Building Construction, 5138 Merchandizing, 1984
Werdhass, Ernest, Architecture Drafting and Design, Allyn and Bacon, 1984
Fajardo, Max B. Jr., Simplified Construction Estimate, 5138 Merchandizing,

1984
Harold Sleeper, Building Planning and Design Standards, John Wiley and
Sons, New york
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LEARNING EXPERIENCES/ ACTIVITIES
Learning Outcome No. 2: Draft Structural Floor and Roof Framing Plans
Learning Activities Special Instruction
1. Read Information Sheet # 2.1

on the kinds of foundation
and types of footings
2. Answer Self Check # 2.1  Try to answer Self check no.

1.1 the best you can
3. Compare your Answer to the
Answer Key
4. Proceed to Activity # 2.2  Try to perform the activity
5. Review the procedure from

the given activity sheet
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LO2. Draft Structural Floor and Roof Framing Plans (Concrete)
CONTRETE;
The structural members of a building are constructed using concrete,

which is an artificial stone as a result of mixing cement, fine and coarse
aggregates and water. This is known as plain concrete. If there is a
reinforcement embedded in order that they act together in resisting forces it
is called a reinforced concrete.
Cement is the bonding agent that reacts with water to form a stone-
hard substance. It is of two types; the hydraulic cement and the Portland
cement. Joseph Aydin introduced Portland cement in 1824. Portland cement
is categorized as to its type, whether for general construction or where high
early strength or resistance is required. Pozzolana cement is amorphous
silica that hardens as silica gel by reacting chemically with alkali in water.
The name is derived from Pozzolona, Italy where this was found.
Water suitable for drinking is satisfactory for concrete mixing.

Admixture, on the other hand is a material other than cement that is used
as ingredient in concrete, before or during mixing. The ability of concrete to
flow freely and fill all voids is known as workability of the concrete mixture.
Workability is sometimes described as consistency, plasticity and mobility.
Consistency is the degree or wetness or slump while plasticity refers to the
ease with which fresh concrete is molded and mobility refers to the flow or
movement of the mixture. Concrete should be proportioned correctly to
obtain a good mixture required for a particular work. The strength of
concrete is measured in its ability to resist stresses such as compressive,
tensile flexural and shearing stress.
Concrete Proportion
The right proportioning of the ingredients in concrete provides a

balance for economy, workability, strength, durability and appearance.
Concrete Proportion
Class of Cement Sand Gravel

Mixture 40kg Cu.Ft. Cu.M. Cu.Ft. Cu.M.
AA 1 1½ .043 3 .085
A 1 2.0 .057 4 .113
B 1 2½ .071 5 .142
C 1 3.0 .085 6 .170
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Concrete used for construction is tested as to their strength by the
following methods;
1. Slump Test
2. Compression Test
SLUMP TEST
COMPRESSION TEST
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Concrete for building construction is mixed in two different ways:
1. On the job site – hand mixing

2. Ready mixed concrete – by mobile or stationary mixers
Concrete hardens or settles at about two to three hours after the

concrete has been mixed. The hardening of concrete depends upon the
chemical reaction between the cement and water. The building code
provides that concrete shall be maintained above 10˚c temperature for at
least 7 days after placing and three days for high early strength concrete.
Reinforced Concrete
It is a concrete with reinforcement bars embedded. The columns and

the footings are the most common examples of a reinforced concrete. The
main purpose of a column is to support a beam or ginder, floor or roof.
Reinforced concrete columns are of two kinds.
1. Short column – unsupported height is not greater than 10 times the

shortest lateral dimension of the cross section
2. Long column – unsupported height is more than 10 times
Columns are classified according to the types of reinforcement:
1. Tied column
2. Spiral
3. Composite
4. Combined
5. Lally column
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A tied column has reinforcement called lateral ties, of which the ACI
code provides a specific size of ties as follows:
1. A 10mm ties for column reinforcement of 10mm or smaller bar

2. A 12mm tie if column reinforcement is no.11, 14 or 18 steel bars
Also, spacing of tied columns is as follows:
1. That the distance should not be more than 16 times the diameter of
the main reinforcing bar.
2. That the spacing should not be more than 48 times the diameter of
the lateral ties.
3. That the spacing should not be more than the shortest dimension of
the cross section of the column.
The Reinforced Concrete Floor
The floor system of a building refers to the girders, beams and the
floor slab. The floor slab carries both the live and dead load, that is the
human occupants and all unmovable objects. These are transmitted to the
beams then to the columns.
A beam supports the transverse load with each end resting on a

support while girder is a beam that supports one or more smaller beams.
Beams are classified as simple, continuous and semi-continuous beam
while cantilever beams are supported on one end and the other projecting
beyond the support.
A concrete beam even if forced from carrying live or concentrated load

has to carry its own weight. This is the distributed load and its gravitational
effect of its own weight will cause the structure to sag or bend. On the other
hand, a bending moment is the tendency of a force to cause rotation at an
axis. It is classified as positive and negative bending.
The Reinforced Concrete Slab
Reinforced concrete slab is classified as
1. One way solid slab

2. Two way solid slab
3. Ribbed floor
4. Flatslab or girderless floor.
The type of floor system has its advantages depending on these

considerations:
1. Spacing of column
2. The magnitude of the loads to be supported
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3. The length of the span
4. Cost of construction
A one way slab is the most common type of reinforced concrete floor
system. This is supported by two parallel beams. Unlike beams and girders,
floor slab needs no web reinforcements.
The bending moment of a slab at the center is equal hence the same
quantity of reinforcement should be at the center and at support.
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The ACI code provides that the thickness of the slab shall not be less
than 10cm nor less than the perimeter of the slab divided by 180. The
reinforcement shall not be more than 3 times the slab thickness and the
ratio of reinforcement shall be at least 0.0025.
The other most common type of slab used in building residential

dwelling is the two way slab where all four sides are supported, either by
beams or girders, the reinforcement bars at placed in two directions at right
angle to each other. The reinforcement transmits the load of the floor to the
side support.
TWO WAY SLAB
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Reinforced Concrete Stairways
The inclined slab supported at the end by beams is the simplest form
of a concrete stairway. Reinforcement is placed at only one direction and a
transverse one bar per tread. The unsupported span of the stairway shall be
short and no break in flight between floors. If the stair is divided into two or
more flights, intermediate beams should be used to support the landing.
The building code provides that all stairs shall be so designed to give safety
and convenience to climbing.
Here are some dimensions as provided for by the code;
1. The minimum width of any stair slab and the minimum dimensions of
any landing shall be 110 cm.
2. The maximum rise of the step as about 18 cm. and the tread exclusive
of the nosing is 25 cm
3. The minimum height of straight flight between landing is 360cm.
Reinforced Concrete Stairways
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Stairway constructions are usually built after the completion of the
main structural framework of the dwelling unit.
LAYING OUT THE STAIRWAY
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SELF CHECK # 2.1
Directions: I. Fill the blank with the correct answer. Write your answer on a
a separate sheet of paper.
__________ 1. It is a material other than cement that is used as ingredient in

concrete.
__________ 2. It is the bonding agent that reacts with water to form a stone
hard substance.
__________ 3. It is an artificial stone as a result of mixing cement, fine and
coarse aggregates and water.
__________ 4. Supports the transverse load with each end resting on a
support.
__________ 5. It refers to the girders, beams, and the floor slab.
__________ 6. It is the most common type of reinforced concrete floor
system.
__________ 7. It is a concrete with reinforcement embedded.
__________ 8. It is a column with unsupported height of not greater than 10
times the lateral dimension
__________ 9. Introduced Portland cement in 1824.
__________ 10. It is the simplest form of a concrete stairway.
II. Enumerate the following:
1. Five (5) methods of testing strength of concrete.

2. Five (5) classifications of columns as to type of reinforcement.
3. Four(4) classification of Concrete floor slab.
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Drafting a One-Way Concrete Floor Slab
Procedure:
1. Draw a floor plan of the residential unit you wish to have. Indicate the
detail of a concrete slab with the corresponding dimensions.
Note: The students are provided with a copy of the plan
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2. Indicate elevations of floor and finish ground line to know the thickness
of gravel bedding.
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3. Indicate size and distances of reinforcing bars as per standard
specification on the national building code.
4. Draw a portion of the floor plan indicating bar distances and bar sizes.
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5. Draw a sectional detail of the plan and label the drawing.
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The most common reinforcement for most construction is the steel

bar. It is designed to act together with concrete in carrying the building
load even in simultaneous deformation; otherwise it might skip out from
the concrete if there is no sufficient bond.
Steel can be structurally used in two ways; as reinforcement wherein

it is pre-assembled before concrete pouring; and as stressed steel, where
heavy tension forces are applied before pouring.
Originally, steel bars were in English measure and that their

diameters were standardized from ¼”, 3/8”, ½”,3/4” . etc. for convenience,
a number is assigned for each size such as no. 2 for ¼ and so on.
Bar Spacing
The spacing of bars shall be in accordance with the provisions of the

ACI
1. The minimum clear distances between adjacent steel bars shall not
be less than 25mm
2. When beam reinforcement are placed in two layers the clear distance
shall be 25mm.
3. Lateral ties shall be no.3 bars spaced 16 times the longitudinal bar
diameter.
4. The clear spacing between spirals shall not exceed 7.5 or less than
2.5 cm. 10mm minimum diameter.
Bar Splicing, Cutting and Bend
In building construction, tension bars may be spliced by:
1. Welding
2. Tying
3. Sleeves
4. Mechanical devices w/c provides full positive connection between
bars.
Compression bars used are also spliced by:
1. Lapping
2. Direct and bearing
3. Welding
4. Mechanical device w/c provides full positive connection.
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Minimum diameters of bend for Standards Hook
Bar size Minimum Diameter

No. 3 to 8 6 Bars Diameter
No. 9 to 11 8 Bar Diameter
No. 14 to 18 10 Bar Diameter
MINIMUM DIAMETERS OF BENDS

FOR BARS
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For simple concrete beams and girders, the steel reinforcement
consists of 4 longitudinal bars and stirrups, either of the closed type or
the U-type stirrups and is secured by wires. The stirrups take care of the
diagonal tension and also keep the steel reinforcement in their proper
position
FOUR REBARS CONCRETE BEAM
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Concrete Floor Slabs
They are common as flooring and usually reinforced with deformed

reinforcing bars. Most codes require the top of the slab to be at least 6”
to 8”(0.15 to 0.20) above grade for the ground floor specifications that are
to be included with slabs plan include the thickness of the slab, size and
spacing of reinforcing bars and concrete pounds per square inch(PSI)\
Steel Reinforcing Bars
Steel reinforcing bars or rebars are incorporated in concrete and other

masonry constructions. They are used to prevent cracking when tension,
compression and other forces are applied.
Round rebars are most common in reinforced concrete construction.

They may be plain or deformed. Deformed bars have lugs on their surface
for increased bond between concrete and steel. The end of the bars is
bent to determine the hooks.
Deformed and plain rebars are commercially sold in length of 6.0

meters. Other lengths may also be made available by manufacturers to
meet specific needs of consumers.
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Sizes of Bars.
Rebars are bought or sold specifically by their diameter. The most

common sizes of rebars for residential units are 0.9mm and 0.10mm for
stirrups and 0.12mm and 0.16mm for vertical members.
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TABLE D-1
Steel bar designations and their English equivalent and metric sizes
(diameters)
BAR ENGLISH METRIC

Designation Size (Diameter) Size (Diameter)
No. 2 ¼” 8mm
3 3/8” 10
4 ½” 12
5 5/8” 16
6 ¾” 20
8 1” 25
10 1 ¼” 32
12 1 ½” 40
16 2 50
Figure 1
Guide for bending and cutting of rebars based on its diameter
12mm
167
D = 72
188
64
215
16mm
202
D = 96+
230
64
265
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Figure 2.
Detail of one span RCB (Reinforced Concrete Beam) with four rebars
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Figure 3.
Sample arrangement of steel reinforcing bars in concrete footings
SQUARE RECTANGULAR
ISOMETRY ISOMETRY
Kinds of Loads
1. Live load refers to the load (combined total weight) of people.

2. Dead load is the load of wood, steel, and furniture
3. Wind load is the load or strength of wind
Kinds of Walls
Walls are important components of a building; they may be made of
wood, or concrete.
1. Load Bearing Wall – walls that support or carry loads as in exterior

walls
2. Non-Load Bearing Wall – does not carry or support a load as in
partitions or interior walls.
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SELF CHECK # 2.2
Directions: I.TRUE or FALSE. Write TRUE if the statement is correct and

FALSE if it is wrong. Write your answer on a separate sheet of
paper.
__________ 1. The most common reinforcement for construction is the Steel

Bar.
__________ 2. For simple concrete beams, the steel reinforcement consists of
6-8 steel bars.
__________ 3. The minimum clear distance between adjacent steel bars shall
not be less than 25mm.
__________ 4. Live load refers to the combined weight of people.
__________ 5. Rebars are sold or bought specifically by their length.
__________ 6. Load bearing walls are exterior walls.
__________ 7. Square bars are common reinforcement for concrete.
__________ 8. Deformed bars are sold commercially in length of 10 meters.
__________ 9. Plain bars used as reinforcement have lugs on their surface.
__________ 10. The designation of a 3/8”φ bar in Metric is 10mm φ.
II. Enumerate the following:
1. Enumerate the Four (4) different ways of splicing tension bars.

2. Compression bars are spliced in different ways as in:.
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LO1. Draft Structural Floor Plan
Drafting a concrete Two-way slab
Procedure:
1. This activity will be done by the class individually to assess their

learning. The duration of this activity will be for two meetings or four
hours. The students will be provided a copy of the plan.
From the plan, indicate the measurement of the floor to be provided with
concrete slab. Refer to the table for standard specifications for
reinforcement bars. For this the rebars sizes would be 12mmØ spaced at
0.20 or center bothways as this is a two-way slab.
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2. The students will decide if they are going to draw the framing on the
whole plan or select only a portion wherein to draw a detail section of
the rebars on the floor and the floor beam
10mmφ Rebars
@ 0.20 O.C.
Both ways
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3. Draw the detail plan of the section of the two-way concrete slab by
indicating the distances of the bars from both sides of the floor beam
4. Draw the detail longitudinal section of the two-way concrete slab and
indicate the position and bend of the tension bar.
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5. Label the drawing and finalize it by writing down specifications of rebars

and their distance.
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LO2. Draft Structural Floor and Roof Framing Plans (Timber)
Lumber
While steel is becoming a trend in building construction today

because it is more economical and easier to work on and there is always
availability of supply, wood is still sometimes preferred, most specially for
low cost housing units. Technically, wood is known as xylem. The properties
of word as building material are;
1. Strong material
2. Durable
3. Light in weight
4. Ease of working and fastening
5. With artistic and natural beauty
Wood has some advantages over that of steel that most people prefer to
use it despite that it has become costly and scarce.
Physical Properties of Wood
1. Wood is resistant to compression

2. Wood has the ability to resist bending stress
3. It has the ability to resist lengthwise stress
4. It has the ability to resist rupture along or across the grain.
Wood which is classified as good lumber for building constructions

should be prepared and seasoned well. From the logging or harvesting to the
lumberyard for seasoning. Natural or Air seasoning is one of the best
methods although it takes a longer period. In artificial seasoning, a drying
kiln is used and the lumber subjected to hot air pressure.
Measuring Lumber.
The board foot is the unit of measure for measuring wood. It means
one square foot of wood one inch thick or 1444 cw. Meters.
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The formula for board foot is:
Bdft = Thickness X Width X Length

12
Where;
Thickness is inches
Width in inches
Length is in feet
12”
12”
1”
One Board Foot

Wood related products such as veneer and plywood are common
building materials. Hardboard and particle board are the other products
common nowadays. Plywood is classified as soft, hardwood and exterior or
marine plywood.
The Wood Floor System
The use of lumber in building construction today has been limited to

floor framing, roof framing ceiling and as panels due to the introduction of
reinforce concrete and steel. And also lumber material has become scarce.
The wood floor system includes;
1. Girders
2. Floor joist
3. Joist bridging
4. Wood plate
5. Header
6. Trimmer
7. Beam
8. Flooring
9. Stop plate
10. Ledger strip
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The girder is a beam from wall to wall and supports the floor joist.
They may either be solid or built girder.
A sill is a wood member fastened to the beam by anchor bolts. It may

also be fastened to a foundation wall.
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A trimmer carries an end portion of a header in a stairwell while a header
supports the cut-off joist at a stairwell hole. The flooring refers to the tongue
and groove wood common as flooring materials.
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SELF CHECK # 2.3
I. Instruction. Identify the following. Use a separate sheet for your answer.
__________ 1. The unit of measure for wood or lumber.

__________ 2. It is known technically as xylem.
__________ 3. A beam from wall to wall which supports the floor joist.
__________ 4. It carries an end portion of a header in a stairwell.
__________ 5. The method of drying lumber in a seasoning.
II. Compute for the board feet of the following lumber or wood.
1. Find the total number of Bdft. For 10pcs 2” x 4” x 12’ to be used for
rafters.
2. Find the number of Bdft. For 24 pcs purlins with dimensions of 2” x 3” x

12’.
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Drafting a Structural Timber Floor Plan
Procedure
1. Study the floor plans already drawn and make an assessment as to

the location of stairwells, opening columns and girders
2. Locate girders along the major beams and set off floor joists at
standard spacing of 0.30m on center.
3. Locate position of headers on stairwell.
4. Draw solid bridging on joists alternately offsetting at the center
5. Finalize drawing by darkening or inking the lines.
6. Label the materials or structural members of the floor plan
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The Roof System
The roof system has numerous types according to construction.

These shapes are referred to as:
1. Shed or lean-to type

2. Gable or Pitch roof
3. Saw tooth roof
4. Double gable
5. Hip roof
6. Hip and Valley
7. Pyramid roof
8. Gambrel
9. Ogee roof
10. Mansard roof
11. Dome
12. Conical roof
13. Butterfly roof
14. French or Concave roof
Shed or Lean- to is the simplest form. Gable or pitch is the most

common type and economical while the saw-tooth roof is an adaptation of a
series of lean-to roofs. A double gable is a gable roof modified, a hip roof has
the sides sloping and used in modern houses. Hip and valley roof is a
combination of hip and gable while a pyramid roof is a modification of the
hip. A gambrel roof is a modified gable roof having two slopes. A mansard
roof where the sides of the roof slope steeply on each side while an ogee roof
is a pyramid having steep sides sloping to the center.
Dome is a hemispherical type of roof used in observatory buildings. A

French or concave mansard rood is a modified mansard roof where the sides
are concave.
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A butterfly roof is a two shed roof and a conical roof is a steep circular
roof that tapers to a point.
The Roof Frame

The roof framing in a residential dwelling is of three types commonly
used which are;
1. Rafter type
2. Truss type
3. Laminated
Rafters used for the framing are also classified as:
1. Common rafter
2. Hip rafter
3. Valley rafter
4. Octagonal rafter
5. Jack rafters
Common rafters extend at right angles from the plate to the ridge.
Hip Rafters are laid diagonally from the corners of a plate to the ridge.
Valley rafter doesn’t extend from the plate or girts to the ridge.
Jack rafter is the frame between the hip rafter and the girt.
It is of three types: hip jack, cripple jack and valley jack.
1. Valley jack is the frame between the ridge and the valley rafter.
2. Cripple jack is that between the hip and valley rafter.
3. Octagonal rafters are those placed on an octagonal.
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The Truss
The truss is a material that is important in a roof plan. It is a built-

up frame used on an unsupported long span roof system. It is designed with
a series of triangles to stiffer the structure and distribute the roof load and
to stay rigid and with flexibility and strength.
Trusses used in building construction are of two types;
1. Light trusses which includes the following:
a. Pitched truss
b. Howe truss
c. Scissor truss
d. Raised chord truss
e. Saw tooth
f. 1 ½ storey frame
g. Utility
h. Flat
i. Bow string
2. Heavy trusses include the following which are used in industrial

buildings and they are longer:
a. Howe truss
b. Belgian truss
c. Fink truss
d. Pratt truss
e. Scissors truss
f. Cambered truss
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g. Saw tooth truss
h. Flat pratt truss
i. Flat howe truss
j. Warren truss
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SELF CHECK # 2.4
Directions: I. TRUE or FALSE. Write T if the statement is correct and F if it

is wrong.
__________ 1. Shed or Lean - to is the most complex type of roof.

__________ 2. Dome is a hemispherical shape of roof used in observatory.
__________ 3. The sawtooth roof is an adaptation of a series of lean to roofs.
__________ 4. A modified gable roof is the gambrel roof.
__________ 5. A two shed roof is known as gable roof.
__________ 6. Hip rafters are laid diagonally from the corners of a plate to
the ridge.
__________ 7. Jack rafter is the frame between the hip rafter and the girt.
__________ 8. The truss is designed as a series of triangles.
__________ 9. The truss is a built-up frame used on a supported span.
__________ 10. Heavy trusses are used for low-cost housing units.
Directions: II. Enumerate the following. Write your answer on a separate

sheet of paper.
1. The three (3) types of Roof Framing commonly used in houses

2. The five (5) common types of rafters used for roof framing are.
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Draft a Roof Framing Plan

Procedure:
1. From the floor plan shown, determine extent of roof eave and draft the
roof framing layout.
2. Locate position of main truss and secondary trusses, hip trusses and
rafters
3. Determine distance of purlins.
4. Finalize drawing by darkening or inking the lines.
5. Label the roof frame members.
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OPERATION SHEET # 2.4.1
Draft a Truss Detail
Procedure:
1. Determine length of bottom chord from end of wall. Add the width of
the eaves.
2. Determine rise of truss. Normally for hip gable is 1.80
3. Draft the truss diagram and the location of the queen post and web
member.
4. Determine thickness of lumber to be used. Normally, timbertruss
bottom chord is 2” X 5” and top chord is 2” x 6”
5. Darken lines and label the drawing.
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TRUSSES – 1
SCALE 1.50M.
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The Wooden Stair
The stair has the steps wherein to ascend or descend from one storey
to another. It is the most intricate part of the dwelling unit to build. Not all
carpenters have the skill to construct one; those who have the knowledge in
the use of the steel square are a cut above the rest.
In laying out the stair, the planner must study a cross sectional
drawing of the proposed stair that comprises the stringer, tread, riser, the
run and the rise. After you have known the number of tread and the height
per rise of the steps, the length of the stringer could be determined by the
formula!
L = ( Rise ) 2 + (Run) 2
Some carpenters do not have the skill to build a stair; those

carpenters who have tried and succeeded have found that building the stair
is an art in itself. There are several stairway designs or types. Some of these
are the straight vein, where the stair steps ascend in one direction, the L-
shaped, U-shaped, circular stair and the spiral stairway.
Parts of a Stair
Tread – the horizontal part of a step including the nosing

Baluster – the small post supporting the handrail
Flight – the series of steps from one landing to another.
Handrail – a rail parallel with the inclination of the stair that hold the
balusters.
Pitch – the angle of inclination of the horizontal of the stair.
Rise – the height of a flight of stairs or the height of successive treads.
Riser – the vertical face of a stair step.
Run – the horizontal distance from the first to the last riser of stair flight.
Stairwell – the vertical shaft containing the staircase.
Winders – are steps not parallel with each other.
Types of Stringers for Stairs

There are different kinds of stringers according to method of attaching
riser to treads.
1. Cut stringer – used in modern building design.

2. Cleated stringer – used for very rough work.
3. Robbeted stringer – adopted for fine work.
4. Built up – Stringer – with blocks cut from outside stringers.
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PARTS OF THE STAIR
DETERMINING THE RISE AND RUN OF STAIRS
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LAYING OUT THE WOODEN STAIR
DIFFERENT TYPES OF STRINGERS
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A DETAIL OF A STAIR CONNECTION ON CONCRETE

FLOOR AND TIMBER FLOOR
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SELF-CHECK # 2.5
LO2. Draft structural floor and roof plans
Drafting a stair
Direction: Fill in the blank with the correct answer. Use a separate sheet
of paper.
1. The ____________ is the horizontal floor as resting place in a flight.

2. The ____________ are the steps where to ascend and descend in a
building.
3. The ____________ is the vertical face of a stair step.
4. The steps that are not parallel to each other are ___________.
5. A ___________ stinger is used for modern buildings.
6. The ___________ is the horizontal part of a step including the
nosing.
7. The ____________ is the horizontal distance from the first to the last
riser of the flight.
8. The ____________ stinger is used for very rough work.
9. The ____________ stairwell is the shaft containing the staircase.
10. The ___________ is the angle of inclination of the stair.
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Draft Two (2) Wooden Stair
Procedure
1. Determine the clear height of the rise. Rise per step is 17 to 18

centimeters and minimum tread is 25 centimeters is normally
accepted standard
2. Divide the rise height in meters by 0.17 or 0.18 to determine number

of steps.
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3. If the result is a fraction or decimal, it is not right and adjust to a
whole number next lower or greater.
4. Divide the rise by the number to determine height per rise of each
step.
5. Chose the number of step which will not be less than 17 cm nor more
than 19 centimeters for an ideal stair.
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ASSESSMENT RESOURCES
Performance Assessment
Scoring Rubrics
Criteria Score
(Tick the
corresponding
pts.)
Accuracy
50
45
40
Speed
10
6
8
Neatness
25
20
15
Lettering/Labeling
15
12
10
8
Total
Performance Criteria:
 Accuracy
50 pts - The output is accurately done.
45 pts - Two to five errors are observed on the output.
40 pts. - Six to ten errors are observed on the output.
 Speed
10 pts - The output is done 5 minutes before the time.
8 pts - The output is done on time.
6 pts. - The output is done after the allotted time.
 Neatness
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25 pts. - No errors made on the output.
20 pts - Two to three erasures made on the output.
15 pts - Four or more erasures made on the output.
 Lettering/Labeling
15 pts. - All information must be completely indicated and legibly
printed.
10 pts. - Aieces of information are legibly printed but some are
missing.
91

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Unit of Competency : Draft Structural Layout and Details

Module title : Drafting Structural Layout and Details

Nominal Hours : 60 Hours

Every structure needs a foundation. The function of a foundation is to

The basic principles of constructing building foundation are the same,

The structural members of the foundation vary according to the

SUMMARY OF LEARNING OUTCOMES

Upon completion of the module, you should be able to:

LO1. Draft Foundation Plans

LO2. Draft Structural Floor and Roof Framing Plans

Dead Load refers to all the weight in a structure made up of immovable

Footing is an enlargement at the lower end of a wall, pier or column to

Framing is the wood skeleton of a building constructed one level on top of

Girder is the horizontal beam which supports the floor joints.

Heel Plate is the plate at the end of a truss.

Hip Roof is a roof with four sloping sides.

Jack Rafter is a short rafter, usually used on hip roofs.

Joist is a horizontal structural member that supports the floor system or

Lally Column is a steel column used to support girders and beams.

Pier is a block of concrete supporting the floor of a building.

Pilaster is a decorative column attached to a wall.

Pillar is a column used for supporting parts of a structure.

Purlins are horizontal structural members which hold rafters together.

Reinforced Concrete is a concrete in which steel bars or webbing has been

Ridge is a the top edge of the roof where rafters meet.

Slab is a foundation reinforced concrete and foundation floor.

Span is the distance between structural supports.

Valley is the internal angle formed by two slopes of a roof.

Unit of Competency : Draft Structural Layout and Details

Module Title : Drafting Structural Layout and Details

Learning Outcome 1: Draft Foundation Plans

1. Locations of wall footings, footings and columns are indicated as

G.M. Manaois, Simplified Technical Drawing, PCAT

Fajardo, Max B. Jr., Building Construction, 5138 Merchandizing, 1984

Fajardo, Max B. Jr., Simplified Construction Estimate, 5138 Merchandizing,

Learning Outcome No. 1: Draft Foundation Plans

1. Read Information Sheet #1.1

2. Answer Self Check # 1.1  Try to answer Self check no.

4. Proceed to Activity # 1.1  Try to perform the activity

5. Review the procedure from

LO1. Draft Foundation Plans

The design of a foundation is solely based on site investigation. It is

Laying out and Staking

The process of establishing the point of building outline or perimeter

1. Stake – are wooden sticks or post driven to the ground

ESTABLISHING THE SQUARE PRIOR TO EXCAVATION

Excavation and Backfilling

Excavation work in construction of residences is of two categories:

1. Shallow excavation which includes wall footing, and column footings,

LAYING OUT THE STAKE AND BATTERBOARD

BRACING THE SIDE OF AN EXCAVATION

1. The dead load plus the live load

As in excavation, a foundation is also categorized as shallow foundation

There are instances wherein foundation may settle or move. The

1. Soil bearing capacity failure

There are other factors that contribute to the settlement of the

LO1. Draft Foundation Plans

__________ 1.The process of establishing the perimeters of a house.