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    FM-II Lecture-7

    Uploaded by

    MUHAMMAD AWAIS UR REHMAN
    1. The document discusses fluid mechanics topics related to flow through porous media, including porosity, superficial velocity, interstitial velocity, hydraulic radius, the Kozeny-Carman and Burke-Plumber equations, and fluidization. 2. Key aspects of fluidization are explained, such as minimum fluidization velocity and applications including fluidized bed combustion and drying. 3. Graphs showing relationships between bed height and velocity and pressure drop and velocity are presented as tools for analyzing fluidized beds.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    FM-II Lecture-7

    Uploaded by

    MUHAMMAD AWAIS UR REHMAN
    12 views34 pages
    1. The document discusses fluid mechanics topics related to flow through porous media, including porosity, superficial velocity, interstitial velocity, hydraulic radius, the Kozeny-Carman and Burke-Plumber equations, and fluidization. 2. Key aspects of fluidization are explained, such as minimum fluidization velocity and applications including fluidized bed combustion and drying. 3. Graphs showing relationships between bed height and velocity and pressure drop and velocity are presented as tools for analyzing fluidized beds.

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    1. The document discusses fluid mechanics topics related to flow through porous media, including porosity, superficial velocity, interstitial velocity, hydraulic radius, the Kozeny-Carman and Burke-Plumber equations, and fluidization. 2. Key aspects of fluidization are explained, such as minimum fluidization velocity and applications including fluidized bed combustion and drying. 3. Graphs showing relationships between bed height and velocity and pressure drop and velocity are presented as tools for analyzing fluidized beds.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    12 views34 pages

    FM-II Lecture-7

    Uploaded by

    MUHAMMAD AWAIS UR REHMAN
    1. The document discusses fluid mechanics topics related to flow through porous media, including porosity, superficial velocity, interstitial velocity, hydraulic radius, the Kozeny-Carman and Burke-Plumber equations, and fluidization. 2. Key aspects of fluidization are explained, such as minimum fluidization velocity and applications including fluidized bed combustion and drying. 3. Graphs showing relationships between bed height and velocity and pressure drop and velocity are presented as tools for analyzing fluidized beds.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 34

    Course Name: FLUID MECHANICS-II

    Course Code: CH-211


    Course Teacher: Engr. Ahmed Ullah
    Department: Chemical Engineering

    Engr Ahmed Ullah


    Lecture-7 Topics

    • Introduction to flow through


    porous media

    • Fluidization

    Engr Ahmed Ullah


    Difference between Ideal Fluid Flow and Flow
    Through Porous Media

    Engr Ahmed Ullah


    Porosity

    = average fraction of cross section not occupied by


    solids

    Where ε is the porosity or void Engr


    fraction
    Ahmed Ullah
    Average velocity, Superficial velocity,
    Interstitial velocity
    At any one cross section perpendicular to the flow,
    the average velocity may be based on the entire cross
    sectional area of pipe, in which case it is called
    superficial velocity Vs

    Or it may be based on the area actually open to the


    flowing fluid in which case it is called interstitial
    velocity Vi

    Engr Ahmed Ullah


    Let us consider gravity flow of water through some vessel

    Bernoulli equation can be used at points 1 and 2 to


    describe this flow

    If the entire vessel is filled with sand (porous solid) there


    will be significant difference between the two situations

    Engr Ahmed Ullah


    1. In most porous-medium flows, the friction is much
    larger than it would be in the analogous flow in an
    empty vessel.

    2. For most porous medium flows even though V2 does


    not equal to V1 , both velocities are too small that ▲V2
    is negligible compared with F
    3. If the tank does not contain sand and is originally full of
    one of the fluid e.g air when we admit a second fluid
    e.g water it will quickly flush out all the first fluid.
    However, if the tank contains sand and its voids are
    originally full of air (10% to 30%) will be trapped
    permanently in the pores.
    Engr Ahmed Ullah
    Hydraulic Radius
    The hydraulic radius is the cross sectional area
    perpendicular flow divided by wetted perimeter.

    For a uniform duct it is constant

    For a packed bed it varies from point to point

    Therefore for a packed bed we multiply both the cross


    sectional area and the perimeter to the length of bed

    Engr Ahmed Ullah


    For a porous medium made up of equally sized spherical
    particles

    Engr Ahmed Ullah


    Dp is the particle diameter

    Engr Ahmed Ullah


    If we now insert 4 times this definition of the hydraulic
    radius into the definitions of friction factor and Reynolds
    number we find

    Engr Ahmed Ullah


    For laminar flow we find experimentally

    Engr Ahmed Ullah


    Blake-Kozney equation/ Kozney-Carman equation

    This equation is known as Blake-Kozeny equation or


    Kozeny-Carman equation .

    It is applicable for
    •Steady flow
    •Laminar flow
    •Newtonian fluids
    •Beds of uniform-sized spheres
    •For RPM less than 10
    Engr Ahmed Ullah
    Numerical
    The figure below shows a water softener in which
    water trickles by gravity over a bed of spherical ion-
    exchange resin particles, each 0.05 in in diameter.
    The bed has a porosity of 0.33. Calculate the
    volumetric flow rate of water.

    Engr Ahmed Ullah


    Applying Bernoulli’s equation from the top surface of the fluid to the
    outlet of the packed bed and ignoring the kinetic-energy term and the
    pressure drop through the support screen, which are both small, we
    find

    Substituting Vs

    Engr Ahmed Ullah


    Engr Ahmed Ullah
    Before accepting this as correct solution, we check the Reynolds's
    number

    This is slightly above the value of 10, for which we can safely use
    Blake-Kozeny equation

    Engr Ahmed Ullah


    Burke-Plumber equation
    For highly turbulent flow we find experimentally

    This equation is known as Burke-Plumber equation .

    It is applicable for
    •Steady flow
    •Newtonian fluids
    •Highly turbulent flow
    •Beds of uniform-sized spheres
    •For RPM greater than 1000

    Engr Ahmed Ullah


    Numerical
    The figure below shows a water softener in which water is
    forced to flow over a bed of spherical ion-exchange resin
    particles, each 0.05 in in diameter. The bed has a porosity
    of 0.33. Calculate the pressure gradient required for water
    flowing through the packed bed with superficial velocity to
    be 1 ft/s.

    Engr Ahmed Ullah


    Applying Bernoulli’s equation

    The gravity term is negligible with others so substituting the following


    equation

    We may check the Reynolds number to see whether this is indeed


    turbulent flow
    Engr Ahmed Ullah
    In the plot of f PM versus RPM , there is one smooth curve for transition
    from laminar to turbulent flow
    Engr Ahmed Ullah
    Ergun showed that id we add right hand side of Kozeny-Carman and
    Burke-Plumber equation, the result fits in the transition region
    reasonably well

    Which can be rearranged to

    Which is known as Ergun equation


    The Ergun equation fits data satisfactorily for all Reynolds
    numbers because
    •The second term becomes negligible at high Reynolds numbers
    •The second term becomes larger than the first term for small
    Reynolds numbers
    Engr Ahmed Ullah
    Fluidization

    Engr Ahmed Ullah


    Engr Ahmed Ullah
    Engr Ahmed Ullah
    Engr Ahmed Ullah
    Engr Ahmed Ullah
    Engr Ahmed Ullah
    Engr Ahmed Ullah
    Applications of Fluidization

    • Fluidized Bed Combustion

    • Fluidized Bed Drying

    Engr Ahmed Ullah


    Fluidized Bed Combustion

    Engr Ahmed Ullah


    Fluidized Bed Drying

    Engr Ahmed Ullah


    Flow Analysis in Fluidization

    Engr Ahmed Ullah


    Graph of Bed Height vs Velocity
    Graph of Pressure Drop vs Velocity

    Engr Ahmed Ullah

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