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Complex Numbers 2

This document discusses complex numbers in polar, exponential, and root forms. It provides formulas and examples for multiplying, dividing, raising to a power, and taking roots of complex numbers when expressed in polar or exponential form. Key topics covered include using De Moivre's formula to obtain roots of complex numbers and expressing a complex number z as re^iθ in exponential form based on its polar form of r(cosθ + i sinθ).

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Khairul Mifzal
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46 views16 pages

Complex Numbers 2

This document discusses complex numbers in polar, exponential, and root forms. It provides formulas and examples for multiplying, dividing, raising to a power, and taking roots of complex numbers when expressed in polar or exponential form. Key topics covered include using De Moivre's formula to obtain roots of complex numbers and expressing a complex number z as re^iθ in exponential form based on its polar form of r(cosθ + i sinθ).

Uploaded by

Khairul Mifzal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TOPIC 4

COMPLEX NUMBERS
PREPARED BY
NOR AZALINA ROSLI
MULTIPLICATION IN POLAR FORM

 Find z1 z2 if given z1 = r1 (cos θ1 + i sin θ1) and z2 = r2 (cos θ2 + i sin θ2),

z1 z 2 = (r1 (cos θ1 + i sin θ1 ))(r2 (cos θ 2 + i sin θ 2 ))

= r1r2 (cos θ1 + i sin θ1 )(cos θ 2 + i sin θ 2 )

(
= r1r2 cos θ1 cos θ 2 + cos θ1i sin θ 2 + i sin θ1 cos θ 2 + i 2 sin θ1 sin θ 2 )
= r1r2 (cos θ1 cos θ 2 + cos θ1i sin θ 2 + i sin θ1 cos θ 2 − sin θ1 sin θ 2 )

= r1r2 ((cos θ1 cos θ 2 − sin θ1 sin θ 2 ) + i (cos θ1 sin θ 2 + sin θ1 cos θ 2 ))


MULTIPLICATION IN POLAR FORM

 Example: Find z1 z2 if 𝑧𝑧1 = 1 + 3𝑖𝑖 and 𝑧𝑧2 = 3 + 𝑖𝑖


DIVISION IN POLAR FORM
 Let z1 = r1 (cos θ1 + i sin θ1) and z2 = r2 (cos θ2 + i sin θ2), if z2 ≠ 0,
z1 r (cos θ1 + i sin θ1 ) r1  (cos θ1 + i sin θ1 )(cosθ 2 − i sin θ 2 ) 
= 1 =
z 2 r2 (cos θ 2 + i sin θ 2 ) r2  (cos θ 2 + i sin θ 2 )(cos θ 2 − i sin θ 2 ) 

r  cos θ1 cos θ 2 − i cos θ1 sin θ 2 + i sin θ1 cos θ 2 − i 2 sin θ1 sin θ 2 


= 1  
r2  cos θ 2 cos θ 2 − i cos θ 2 sin θ 2 + i sin θ 2 cos θ 2 − i 2
sin θ 2 sin θ 2

r  cos θ1 cos θ 2 − i cos θ1 sin θ 2 + i sin θ1 cos θ 2 − i 2 sin θ1 sin θ 2 


= 1  
r2  cos 2
θ 2 + sin 2
θ 2 
r1
= (cos θ1 cos θ 2 + sin θ1 sin θ 2 + i (sin θ1 cos θ 2 − cos θ1 sin θ 2 ))
r2

z1 r1
= [cos(θ1 − θ 2 ) + i sin (θ1 − θ 2 )]
z 2 r2
DIVISION IN POLAR FORM

𝑧𝑧1
 Example: Find if 𝑧𝑧1 = 1 + 3𝑖𝑖 and 𝑧𝑧2 = 3 + 𝑖𝑖
𝑧𝑧2
EXPONENTIAL FORM OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

 The complex number in polar form is given by


𝑧𝑧 = 𝑟𝑟(𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝜃𝜃 + 𝑖𝑖𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝜃𝜃)
From Euler’s formula,
𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖𝜃𝜃 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝜃𝜃 + 𝑖𝑖𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝜃𝜃
Where 𝜃𝜃 MUST be expressed in RADIANS
So the complex number in exponent form is given by
𝑧𝑧 = 𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖𝜃𝜃
EXPONENTIAL FORM OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

Example. Express 𝑧𝑧 = 4 + 3𝑖𝑖 in exponent form


EXPONENTIAL FORM OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

Forms of a complex number

Rectangular Form Polar Form Exponential Form

𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏𝑖𝑖 𝑟𝑟(𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝜃𝜃 + 𝑖𝑖𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝜃𝜃) 𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖𝜃𝜃


POWER OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

 Consider a complex number z in exponential form


𝑧𝑧 = 𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖𝜃𝜃
It can be said that z has a power of 1
If n is a positive integer, then
𝑛𝑛
𝑧𝑧 𝑛𝑛 = 𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖𝜃𝜃

If the above expression is written in polar form,


𝑧𝑧 𝑛𝑛 = 𝑟𝑟[ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝜃𝜃 + 𝑖𝑖𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝜃𝜃 ]𝑛𝑛
POWER OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

 Example. Express z = 1 − 𝑖𝑖 in polar and exponential forms and


evaluate 𝑧𝑧12
ROOTS OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
 De Moivre’s formula can be used to obtain roots of complex numbers
If n is a positive integer and z is any complex number, then we define an nth
root of z to be any complex numbers as that satisfies the equation
ROOTS OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
1
Example: Compute (2𝑖𝑖) 2
ROOTS OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
1
Example: Compute ( 3 − 𝑖𝑖) 3

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