Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Regional Office IX, Zamboanga Peninsula

8 Zest for Progress

Z Peal of artnership

Science Grade 8
Quarter 4 - Module 2
CELL DIVISION

Name of Learner:
Grade & Section:
Name of School:
 Module
Cell Division
2

What I Need to Know

This module directs you to the understanding of how a cell works in
both plants and animals. It will help you have an idea of the comparison
between mitosis and meiosis and their role in cell division (S8LT-IVd-
16). This topic will answer your query on why and how plants and animals
grow and develop. And this material will bring to comprehend your existence
and others. The languages used in this module are within the range of your
understanding. Moreover, the activities are simplified without deferring the
competencies set in the Department of Education.
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. describe the cell cycle; and
2. differentiate mitosis from meiosis.
Every living thing undergoes reproduction. The nutrients taken by an
individual will provide energy for metabolic processes, growth, development,
and reproduction. In cell division, the cellular level of reproduction offers the
backdrop for the organismal level of reproduction.

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What’s In
Activity 1: The Chromosome and the Cell Cycle

Part A. Label the parts of the chromosome. Write your answer next to the picture.

2
 Part B. True or False: Draw a smiley emoticon if the statement is true
and sad emoticon if it is false.

1. A Cell cycle is divided into two stages: the interphase and the
Prophase.
2. The two chromatids are held together at one point, called the
centromere.
3. Mitosis produces two unidentical cells.
4. Meiosis reduces the chromosome number in half.
5. Alignment of chromosomes in the equatorial region is in telophase.

What’s New

Activity 2: A R G
Direction: Accomplish the Anticipation-Reaction Guide (ARG) below.
1. Before reading: Read the statements in the table below and check the column
that corresponds to your response as to Agree or Disagree.
2. After reading: Review your answers and write in the last column whether you
were right or wrong.

Agree Disagree Statement Were you right?

1. G1, S1, and G2 are the phases of cell
cycle under interphase.
2. Interphase is the first part of mitosis.
3. Mitosis and Meiosis produce the
same number of chromosomes in their
daughter cells.
4. Prophase, metaphase, anaphase,
and telophase are found both in
mitosis and meiosis.
5. Chromosomes aligned at the center of
equatorial plate during anaphase.
6. Cells come from preexisting cells.
7. Mitosis is also known as
reductiondivision.
8. Meiosis produces 4 daughter cells
9. Mitosis occurs in the body cells while
meiosis occurs in the sex cells
10. Uncontrolled growth of cells can
increase our height, weight, and mass

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 What is it

The Cell Cycle

The chromosomes of a cell change form as the cell transition
from one stage to another in a typical
cell cycle. The cell cycle may be divided
into two stages: the interphase, where
the chromosomes are long and
extended, referred to as chromatin, and
the cell division phase, where the
chromosomes become
condensed or thickened.
The interphase refers to the period
that follows one cell division and precedes https://bit.ly/3ttQSqc another.
During this stage, the cell does not divide; it merely grows.
The chromosome produces an exact copy of itself.
The interphase is divided into three substages. The stage from the formation of a
new cell until it begins to replicate its DNA is called the first gap or G1, during which
time the cell grows initially. This stage is characterized by protein and ribonucleic
acid (RNA) synthesis. RNA, which is
synthesized based on the DNA, is then
used to synthesized proteins.
The middle of the interphase, called the
synthesis stage or S1, is the period of DNA
synthesis or replication. The chromosomes
are duplicated in preparation for the next
cell division. The second gap period, or G2,
falls between the S period and the next cell
division or M (mitosis or meiosis) phase. G2
represents a period of rapid cell growth to
prepare for cell division.
During interphase, the nucleus is https://bit.ly/3rfDRia
clearly visible as a distinct membranebound organelle. In stained cells, this
membrane can be clearly seen under the light microscope. One or more nucleoli are
visible inside the nucleus. On the other hand, the chromosomes cannot be clearly
seen. They appear as an irregular mass that is grainy in appearance because their
DNA is stretched out thinly in the nucleus. This facilitates the replication of DNA
during the S phase.

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Mitosis
It is the process in which a eukaryotic cell separates
the chromosomes in its cell
nucleus into two identical sets in two
daughter nuclei. It is generally followed
immediately by cytokinesis, which
divides the nuclei, cytoplasm,
organelles, and cell membrane
into two daughter cells containing
roughly equal shares of these cellular
components. Mitosis and
cytokinesis together define the mitotic
(M) phase of the cell cycle - the division
of the mother cell into two daughter
cells, genetically identical to each other
and to their parent cell. The process of
mitosis is complex and highly regulated.
The sequence of events is divided into
phases, corresponding to the
completion of one set of activities and
the start of the next. These stages are
prophase, prometaphase, metaphase,
anaphase, and telophase. During
mitosis, the pairs of chromosomes
condense and attach to fibers that pull
the sister chromatids to opposite sides
of the cell. The cell then divides in
cytokinesis to produce two identical
daughter cells.

https://bit.ly/2MCqry1

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Meiosis I
Meiosis is the first of the two separate divisions during which the diploid cell
separates into two diploid cells. This is the step of meiosis where genetic variation is
created by recombination. It is often called the reduction division. This is because it
is here that the chromosome complement is reduced from diploid (two copies) to
haploid (one copy). Interphase in meiosis is identical to interphase in mitosis. At this
stage, there is no way to determine what type of division the cell will undergo when it
divides. The meiotic division will only occur in cells associated with male or female
sex organs. Prophase I is virtually identical to prophase in mitosis, involving the
appearance of the chromosomes, the development of the spindle apparatus, and the
nuclear membrane's breakdown. Metaphase I is where the critical difference occurs
between meiosis and mitosis. In mitosis, all the chromosomes line up on the
metaphase plate in no particular order. In Metaphase I, the chromosome pairs are
aligned on either side of the metaphase
plate. During this alignment, the
chromatid arms may overlap and
temporarily fuse, resulting in what is
called crossovers. During Anaphase I, the
spindle fibers contract, pulling the
homologous pairs away from each other
and toward each pole of the cell.
In Telophase I, a cleavage furrow
typically forms, followed by cytokinesis -
the changes that occur in the cytoplasm of
a cell during nuclear division. Still, the
nuclear membrane is usually not
reformed, and the chromosomes do not
disappear. At the end of Telophase I, each
daughter cell has a single set of
chromosomes, half the total number in
the original cell, that is, while the original
cell was diploid; the daughter cells are
now haploid.

Meiosis II http://bit.ly/3pPXP2C

During Meiosis II, two diploid cells are

then split into four haploid cells during
the second set of stages of meiosis. It is
quite simply a mitotic division of each of
the haploid cells produced in Meiosis I.
There is no Interphase between Meiosis I
and Meiosis II, and the latter begins with
Prophase II. At this stage, a new set of
spindle fibers forms, and the
chromosomes begin to move toward the
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equator of the cell. During Metaphase II, all the chromosomes in
the two cells align with the metaphase plate. In Anaphase II, the
centromeres split, and the spindle fibers shorten, drawing the
chromosomes toward each pole of the cell. In Telophase II, a
cleavage furrow develops, followed by cytokinesis and the formation
of the nuclear membrane. The chromosomes begin to fade and are
replaced by granular chromatin, a characteristic of interphase.
When Meiosis II is complete, there will
http://bit.ly/3pPXP2C be a total of four daughter cells, each
with half the total number of chromosomes as the original cell. In the case of
male structures, all four cells will eventually develop into sperm cells. In the case of
the female life cycles in higher organisms, three of the cells will typically abort,
leaving a single cell to develop into an egg cell, which is much larger than a sperm
cell.

What’s 12

More
Activity 3: I am doing what?
Directions: Choose the activity that best describes the phases of the cell cycle.
Look for the answers inside the box below.

G1 - ___________________________

S- ___________________________

G2 - ___________________________

M - ___________________________

https://bit.ly/3ttQSqc

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 Cell division
Growth

DNA synthesis Growth and preparation for cell division

Activity 4: Comparing mitosis and meiosis

Directions: Differentiate mitosis from meiosis. Write in the table the needed
information to complete the task.

Basis of Comparison Mitosis Meiosis

Number of daughter cells produced

Number of chromosomes is halved.

(Yes/No)
Pairing of homologous chromosomes
takes place. (Yes/ No)
The daughter cells produced are
always identical in terms of genetic
material. (Yes/ No)

What I Have Learned

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Activity 5: Similar but different!

Directions: Fill in the space where the circles overlap with characteristics that
are common to both types of reproduction. Fill in the space to the left
with characteristics specific to mitosis and the space to the right with
characteristics specific to meiosis.

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 M itosis M eiosis

Did you get the idea? Well then, if you do, you are now ready to proceed
to the next activity.

What I Can Do
20

Activity 6: The more I draw, the more I know!

Part A: Draw the different stages of mitosis and write the name of the stage on the blank
space provided.

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 ________________ _____________ ______________ _______________ _______________

Part B: Draw meiosis I and write the name of the stage on the blank space provided.

________________ _____________ ______________ _______________ _______________

Part C: Draw meiosis II and write the name of the stage on the blank space provided.

________________ _____________ ______________ _______________

Assessment
10

Set A: Encircle the letter of the best answer.

1. Which of the following statements best describes the cell cycle? A. The
alignment of chromosomes at the equatorial region/plate
B. The production of DNA

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 C. The production of two identical cells
D. Transition of the cell from one stage to another
2. Which of the following is likely to happen in the cell during G 1 or first gap?
A. Protein and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are synthesized
B. The cell grows
C. The cell produces daughter cells
D. The DNA is synthesized or replicated
3. What do you call the period between synthesis and mitosis?
A. G1 C. Meiosis
B. G2 D. Prophase
4. If mitosis occurs in the body cells, where can meiosis do?
A. Organ cells C. Sex cells
B. Plant cells D. Tissues
5. A dog (Canis lupus familiaris) has body chromosomes of 52. How many
chromosomes are there in its gametes?
A. 26 c. 52
B. 30 d. 104
6. Which of the following statements is NOT true about mitosis and meiosis? A.
Meiosis produced half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell
B. Mitosis produced the same number of chromosomes as the parent
cells
C. Both mitosis and meiosis are important in the continuity of life D. Both
mitosis and meiosis produced the same number of chromosomes
7. What will likely happen if the cell will NOT divide?
A. Genetic information can be passed on
B. It will not affect any living organisms
C. There will be no cell growth and reproduction
D. All the cells will not be affected
8. How do we know that cells are reproducing in a wound?
A. The appearance of scars in few days
B. The calming of nervousness
C. The ceasing of blood drop
D. The stopping of pain
9. Scientists believe that cancer begins when _________
A. A cell divides too slowly
B. A mutation occurs in the DNA
C. Cells stop growing
D. DNA replication stops
10. What happens during cytokinesis in animal cells?
A. A cell plate forms in the middle of the cell

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 B. A new round of mitosis begins
C. Each organelle divides into two parts
D. Two new daughter cells are formed

Set B: Encircle the letter of your answer.

1. Mitosis is the stage during which
A. The cell cytoplasm divides
B. The cell divides into two new cells
C. The cell’s DNA is replicated
D. The cell’s nucleus divides into two new nuclei
2. Cancer is a disease in which cells
A. Cease producing DNA
B. Die before they can mature
C. Die during mitosis
D. Grow and divide uncontrollably
3. What do you call the transition of a cell from one to another?
A. Cancer cell C. Cell division
B. Cell cycle D. Cell reproduction
4. Which is the genetic material that serves as the set of instruction that
directs the activities and function of the cells?
A. Chromosomes B. DNA C. Heredity D. RNA
5. The passing on of traits from parents to offspring is known as______
A. Cell Division B. Genetics C. Heredity D. Variation
6. The chromosome number of every human being is
A.10 B. 12 C. 32 D. 46
7. Which does NOT belong to the interphase substages? A.
First gap period C. Second gap period
B. Mitosis/ meiosis D. Synthesis stage
8. This cell division produces two identical cells with the same number of
chromosomes.
A. Interphase B. Meiosis C. Mitosis D. Synthesis
9. Two new daughter cells are formed during _____
A. Anaphase C. Interphase
B. Cytokinesis D. Metaphase
10. A human has 23 chromosomes in his gametes. How many does he have in
his somatic cells?
A. 23 B. 46 C. 69 D. 92

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 Additional Activities
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Activity 7: Let’s see how it does!

Directions: Write True if the statement is correct and if the statement is

false, change the underlined word to make the statement
correct.

1. The final stage of the cell cycle, during which the cytoplasm divides is called
cytokinesis.

2. Meiosis is the division of nuclear cells to form two identical nuclei during the
stage of cell cycle.

3. A diploid cell has the same chromosomal number as the parent cell.

4. Interphase is not part of the cell division.

5. During the G1 stage, the DNA synthesized and replicated.

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 14
What’s In What’s More
Act. 3
G1 – Growth
S – DNA Synthesis
G2 – Growth and
preparation for cell division
M – Cell division
Act. 4
Mitosis Meiosis
1 . 2 4
2. No Yes
3. No Yes
4 . Yes No
What I Have Learned
Act . 5
Assessment (Set B) Assessment
( Set A )
1. D 1. D
Additional Activit ies 2. D 2. A
Act 7
3. B 3. B
1. True
4. A 4. C
2. Mitosis
5. C 5. A
3. True
6. D 6. C
4. True
5. S Stage 7. B 7. C
8. A 8. A
9. B 9. B
10. B 10. D
Answer Key Grade 8 Q4 W2 Science
15