English S5

Dr.Tebra CheikhVall
Assistant Prof. At University of
Nouakchott AlAsriya and
Lebanese International
University
 Outline
Introduction 1-Give me 5
Introduction 2- The course
Introduction 3- English S5
Introduction 1-Give me 5
 Please share with us your:
 1. Full name
 2. City of origin
 3. One personal feature by which you want to be
known
 4. One hobby
 5. One advice for successful learning
Introduction 2-The course
Introduction 3- Grammar and Vocabulary I
 This course is a practical advanced English course
 It introduces students to various expressions, grammatical
forms and vocabulary in use. The emphasis is on meanings
and how they govern the choice of grammatical pattern.
 The course encompasses basic grammar such as reported
speech ; the question tags , the use and form of the
passive voices, the use of conditional forms.
Concerning expressions and vocabulary in use, the course
comes across the use of language to serve different purposes
such as: Giving advice, getting things done and
expressing unreal conditions.
REPORTED SPEECH
 Outline
 What is reported speech?
 How is speech reported?
DIRECT AND INDIRECT (OR REPORTED)
SPEECH.
There are two ways of relating what a person has said: direct
and indirect.
In direct speech we repeat the original speaker‟s exact words:
He said, “I have lost my umbrella.”
Remarks thus repeated are placed between inverted commas,
and a comma is placed immediately before the remark.
Direct speech is found in conversations in books, in plays and
in quotations.
In indirect speech we give the exact meaning of a remark or a
speech, without necessarily using the speaker‟s exact words:
He said (that) he had lost his umbrella.
PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES:
 A. First and second person  She said, “he‟s my son”.
pronouns and possessive   She said that he was her
adjectives normally change son.
to the third person except
 “I‟m ill”, she said.
when the speaker is
reporting his own words.   She said that she was ill

 (I = he, she; me = him,

her; my = his, her; mine =
his, hers; we = they...)
THIS / THESE

 This used in time expressions  This, these used as pronouns

usually becomes that. can become it, they/them.
 She said, “She‟s coming this  He came back with two
week”. knives and said, “I found these
  She said that she was beside the king‟s bed”.
coming that week. This and   He said he had found
that used as adjectives usually them beside the king‟s bed.
change to the.  He said, “We will discuss this
 He said, “I bought this tomorrow”.
pearl/these pearls for my   He said that they would
mother”. discuss it (the matter) the
  He said that he had bought next day.
the pearl/the pearls for his
mother.
EXPRESSIONS OF TIME AND PLACE IN INDIRECT
SPEECH: Adverbs and adverbial phrases of time
change
EXPRESSIONS OF TIME AND PLACE IN
INDIRECT SPEECH
 “I saw her the day before  But if the speech is made
yesterday”, he said. and reported on the same
  He said he‟d seen her day these time changes are
two days not necessary:
 before. “I‟ll do it  At breakfast this morning
tomorrow”, he promised. he said, “I‟ll be very busy
  He promised that he today”.
would do it the next day.   At breakfast this
She said, “My father died a morning he said that he
year ago”. would be very busy today.
  She said that her father
had died a year before/the
previous year.
EXPRESSIONS OF TIME AND PLACE IN
INDIRECT SPEECH
 here can become there but  Usually here has to be
only when it is clear what replaced by some phrase:
place is meant:
 She said, “You can sit here,
 At the station he said, “I‟ll Tom”.
be here again tomorrow”.
  She told Tom that he
  He said that he‟d be could sit beside her.
there again the next day.
STATEMENTS IN INDIRECT SPEECH:
TENSE CHANGES NECESSARY
 A. Indirect speech can be introduced by a verb in a present
tense:
 He says that ... This is usual when we are:
 a. reporting a conversation that is still going on
 b. reading a letter and reporting what it says
 c. reading instructions and reporting them
 d. reporting a statement that someone makes very often, e.g.
Tom says that he‟ll never get married.
TENSE CHANGES IN INDIRECT SPEECH
 When the introductory verb is in a present, present perfect
or future tense we can report the direct speech without any
change of tense:
 PAUL (phoning from the station): I‟m trying to get a taxi.
ANN (to Mary, who is standing beside her):
 Paul says he is trying to a taxi.
 B. But indirect speech is usually introduced by a verb in the
past tense.
 Verbs in the direct speech have then to be changed into a
corresponding past tense.
 The changes are shown in the following
TENSE CHANGES IN INDIRECT SPEECH
Change this direct speech into
reported speech
 1. “He works in a bank”  5. “ I‟d never been there before”
 She said  She said
____________________________
____________________________  6 “Lucy‟ll come later”
___  She said
 2. “We went out last night” ____________________________
____________________________
 She told me ___
____________________________
____________________________  7. “He hasn‟t eaten breakfast”
 3. “I‟m coming!”  She told me
____________________________
 She said ____________________________
____________________________
____________________________  8. “I can help you tomorrow”
___  She said
 4. “I was waiting for the bus when he ____________________________
arrived” ____________________________
___
 She told me
____________________________
____________________________
Answers
 1. She said (that) he worked in a bank.
 2. She told me (that) they went (had gone) out last night (the
night before).
 3. She said (that) she was coming.
 4. She told me (that) she had been waiting for the bus when
he arrived.
 5. She said (that) she had never been there before.
 6. She said (that) Lucy would come later.
 7. She told me (that) he hadn't eaten breakfast.
 8. She said (that) she could help me tomorrow.
QUESTIONS IN INDIRECT SPEECH

 Direct question: He said, “Where is she going?”

 Indirect question: He asked where she was going.
 A. When we turn direct questions into indirect speech, the
following changes are necessary:
 a. tenses, pronouns and possessive adjectives, and
adverbs of time and place change as in statements.
 b. the interrogative form of the verb changes to the
affirmative form.
 c. the question mark is omitted in indirect questions.
Reporting questions

 B. If the introductory verb is say, it must be changed to

ask, wonder, want to know etc.
 He said, “Where is the station?”
 He asked where the station was.

 C. ask can be followed by the person addressed (indirect

object): He asked, “What have you got in your bag?”
 He asked (me) what I had got in my bag.
 D. If the direct question begins with a question word (when,
where, who, how, why etc.) the question word is repeated in
the indirect question:
 He said, “Why didn‟t you put on the brake?”
 He asked (her) why she hadn‟t put on the brake.
 She said, “What do you want?”
 She asked (them) what they wanted
 E. If there is no question word, if or whether must be
used:
 “Is anyone there?” he asked
 He asked if/whether anyone was there.
Practice
 Change to reported questions!
 1. He asked:”Where have you been Tom?” He asked me
____________________________________________________
_______________
 2. The teacher wanted to know:”Who discovered America?” The teacher
wanted to know
____________________________________________________
____
 3. The referee asked:”How many players do you want to substitute?” The
referee asked
____________________________________________________
___________
 4. He asked:”What would you do if you were a celebrity?” He asked me
____________________________________________________
_______________
 5. She wondered:” how much pay can I expect?” She wondered
____________________________________________________
______________
 Answers
 1. He asked:”Where have you been Tom?” He asked me
where I had been.
 2. The teacher wanted to know:”Who discovered America?”
The teacher wanted to know who had discovered America.
 3. The referee asked:”How many players do you want to
substitute?” The referee asked how many players I/we/he
wanted to substitute.
 4. He asked:”What would you do if you were a celebrity?” He
asked me what I would have done if I had been a celebrity.
 5. She wondered:” how much pay can I expect?” She
wondered how much pay she could expect.
YES AND NO IN INDIRECT SPEECH
 yes and no are expressed in indirect speech by subject +
appropriate auxiliary verb.
 He said, “Can you swim?” and I said “No”
 He asked (me) if I could swim and I said I couldn‟t.
He said, “Will you have time to do it?” and I said “Yes”
 He asked if I would have time to do it and I said that I would.
Practice
 Change to reported questions !

 1. He asked:”Do you live in the country Peter?” He asked me
_________________________________________________________
__________
 2. They inquired:” Did you see Charles yesterday morning”? They inquired
_________________________________________________________
__________
 3. She wanted to know:”Will we get there on time, John?” She wanted to know
_________________________________________________________
_____
 4. The policeman wondered:”Don‟t you know the traffic regulations?” The
policeman wondered
_________________________________________________________
5. The commander asked:”Do our soldiers have enough weapons?” The
commander wanted to know
____________________________________________________
Answers
 Change to reported questions!
 1. He asked:”Do you live in the country Peter?” He asked me if I
lived in the country.
 2. They inquired:” Did you see Charles yesterday morning”? They
inquired if I had seen Charles that morning.
 3. She wanted to know:”Will we get there on time, John?” She
wanted to know if they would get there on time.
 4. The policeman wondered:”Don‟t you know the traffic
regulations?” The policeman wondered if he/she didn‟t know the
traffic regulations.
 5. The commander asked:”Do our soldiers have enough weapons?”
The commander wanted to know if their/his soldiers had enough
weapons.
COMMANDS, REQUESTS, ADVICE IN
INDIRECT SPEECH
 Direct command: He said, “Lie down, Tom”.
 Indirect command: He told Tom to lie down.
 Indirect commands, requests, advice are usually expressed by a
verb of command/request/advice + object + infinitive.
 A. The following verbs can be used: advise, ask, beg,
command, order, remind, tell, warn etc.
 He said, “Get your coat, Tom!”
 He told Tom to get his coat.
 B. Negative commands, requests etc. are usually reported by not
+ infinitive:
 “Don‟t swim out too far, boys”, I said
 I warned/told the boys not to swim out too far
OFFERS AND SUGGESTIONS IN
INDIRECT SPEECH
 A. OFFERS “Shall I bring you some tea?”
 could be reported
 He offered to bring me some tea.
 B. SUGGESTIONS “Shall we meet at the theatre?
 could be reported
 He suggested meeting at the theatre.
Practice
 Reported Commands: Change to reported speech using the
person and the verb in brackets!
 1. Please, close the door (FATHER, ASK).

 2. Please, don‟t hit the dog. (HE,BEG)

 3. Move to your right (THE INSTRUCTOR, COMMAND
 4. Don‟t forget to turn off the lights (DAD, REMIND)

 5. Don‟t leave your room again (MOTHER, ORDER)

 6. Don‟t touch the wire with wet hands. (THE ELECTRICIAN,
WARN) )
Answers
 1. Please, close the door (FATHER, ASK). Father asked me to
close the door.
 2. Please, don‟t hit the dog. (HE,BEG). He begged me not to hit
the dog.
 3. Move to your right (THE INSTRUCTOR, COMMAND) .The
instructor commanded me to move to my right.
 4. Don‟t forget to turn off the lights (DAD, REMIND). Dad
reminded me not to forget to turn off the lights. Dad reminded
me to turn off the lights.
 5. Don‟t leave your room again (MOTHER, ORDER). Mother
ordered me not to leave my room again.
 6. Don‟t touch the wire with wet hands. (THE ELECTRICIAN,
WARN) .The electrician warned me not to touch the wire with
wet hands
Giving advice

 Giving advice in English might seem tricky at first.

 There are several ways to do it and each uses a slightly
sentence structure.
 So, how do we choose which one to use? Find out with these
five simple ways to give advice in English.
 Use a modal verb
 Make it into a question
 Put yourself in the person’s position
 Make a suggestion
 Advise in a stronger way
Use a modal verb
 There are two modal verbs we often use for giving advice:
„should‟ and „ought to‟. Both mean the same thing but
work in slightly different ways. Let‟s look at some examples.
 You should do more exercise.
You shouldn’t drink so much beer.
 As you can see above, after „should‟ we use an infinitive
without „to‟.
 You ought to do more exercise.
You ought not to drink so much beer.
 Unlike „should‟, we always use „to‟ in „ought to‟ for giving
advice.
Make it into a question
 To make advice less direct, we can use a
question to make the person we are advising
consider about the advice we are giving
them.
 Why don’t you do some more exercise?
How about doing some more exercise?
 With the question „Why don’t you…?‟ we use
an infinitive without ‘to’. When we use „How
about…?‟ to make a question, we use a gerund
after it.
Put yourself in the person’s position
 If someone is asking for your advice,
sometimes it‟s useful to imagine yourself being
in that person’s position. This is a good way
to explain your advice, too.
 If I were you, I would do more exercise.
 Remember to use an infinitive after „would’
and not ‘to’. To make this negative, put ‘not’
after ‘would’.
Make a suggestion

 A suggestion or recommendation is another

good way of giving advice that isn’t to
direct.You can use the words „suggest‟ or
„recommend’ as in the example below.
 I would suggest doing more exercise.
I would recommend doing more exercise.
 Use „verb+ing‟ after ‘suggest‟ or
„recommend’ to explain your advice to the
listener. To make these negative, put „not’
before your „verb+ing‟.
Advise in a stronger way
 Sometimes, you need to make your advice
stronger to let the listener know that it‟s really
important. We can use the expression „you
had better…‟ to do this.
 You had better do more exercise before you start
getting fat.
You had better not drink so much beer or you will
get fat.
 We use an infinitive after ‘better’ to explain
our advice and add „not’ after ‘better’ to make
the sentence negative.
Asking for advice:

 Expressions
 Asking for advice:
 I've got a bad toothache. What do you suggest?
 What do you advise me to do?
 What should I do?
 What ought I to do?
 What's your advice?
 If you were me what would you do?
Giving advice

 Giving advice
 If I were you, I would go to the dentist.
 Why don't you go to the dentist?
 You'd better brush your teeth regularly.
 You ought to/should avoid eating sweets.
 If you take my advice, you'll go to the dentist.
 It might be a good idea to brush your teeth on a regular
basis.
 I advise you to brush your teeth on a regular basis.
 Have you thought about seeing a dentist.
 Declining to give advice
 I don't know what to advise, I'm afraid.
 I wish I could suggest something, but I can't.
 I wish I could help.
 I'm afraid I can't really help you.
A dialogue: Asking for and giving an
advice
 Student:I'm terrible at English and I think I should do
something about it. What do you advise me to do?
 Teacher:I think you should try this website. It's a fantastic
website for beginners.
 Student:I've heard about it, but what do you think I
should start with?
 Teacher:You'd better start with the lessons. Then, try the
exercises.
Practice
 Your classmate failed his/her last English exam. Write a
conversation where your classmate asks you for advive and
you give him or her three pieces of advice
Things to remember about asking for
and giving advice:
 1. "Advise" is a verb.
Example:
"I advise you to learn English.You will undoubtedly need it in your
higher studies"
 2. "Advice" is a noun.
Example:
"My father gave me this piece of advice when I was young: never give
up"
 3. "Ought to" has nearly the same meaning as "should". The only
difference is that "ought to " refers to a moral or external obligation but
should is more of an advice.
Example:
"You ought to stop smoking."
"You should stop smoking."
 4. "You'd better" is the short form of "you had better"
Example:
"You'd better see a doctor!" = "You had better see the doctor"
Question Tags
 Outline
 What is a question tag?
 How do we use it ?
 How do we form a question tag?
Whta is a Question Tag
 1. A tag question is a short question (e.g. have you? / haven‟t
you?) that follows a statement:
 You haven‟t got a car, have you?
 It was a good film, wasn‟t it?
 How do we Use a Quqestion Tag
 2. Normally we use a positive  And normally we use a negative
question tag with a negative question tag with a positive sentence:
sentence: positive sentence + negative tag
negative sentence +positive tag Ann will be here soon, won‟t she?
 Tom won‟t be late, will he? Tom should pass his exam, shouldn‟t he?
 They don‟t like us, do they? They were very angry, weren‟t they?
That isn‟t George over there,
is it
How do we form QUESTION TAGS?
 a) Auxiliaries like be, have, can, may, must, should, etc.
used in the statement are reported at the end followed by the
subject (always a pronoun):
 John was annoyed, wasn’t he?
 auxiliary verb
 He wasn’t annoyed, was he?
 I am late, aren‟t I? Notice that we say aren’t I? (= am I not)
 b) With all other verbs, tag questions are formed with
do/don’t and does/doesn’t (Present Simple) and
did/didn’t (Past Simple):

 You like fish, don‟t you? They don‟t like fish, do they?
 He likes fish, doesn’t he? She liked fish, didn’t she
 This also applies to have and do as main verbs:
 You have tea at 4, don’t you?
 You did your homework, didn’t you?
 c) Tag questions are also possible with there:
 There will be a strike, won‟t there?
Reported Statements Exercise
 Change this direct speech into reported speech:

 11. “I don‟t like chocolate”

 She told me
 12. “I won‟t see you tomorrow”
 She said
 13. “She‟s living in Paris for a few months”
 She said
 14. “I visited my parents at the weekend”
 She told me
 15. “She hasn‟t eaten sushi before”
 She said
 11. She told me (that) she didn't like chocolate.
 12. She said (that) she wouldn't see me
tomorrow.
 13. She said (that) she was living in Paris for a few
months. 14. She told me (that) she visited (had
visited) her parents at the weekend.
 15. She said (that) she hadn't eaten sushi before
Write these sentences as reported
questions using the words given.
 a. “What‟s your name?”, he asked. (wanted to know)
____________________________________________________
_____________________________
 b. “Do you like Marlon Brandon?”, she asked.
____________________________________________________
_____________________________
 c. “How old are you?”, she said. (asked)
____________________________________________________
_____________________________
 d. “When does the train leave?”, I asked.
____________________________________________________
_____________________________
 e. “Are you enjoying yourself?”, he asked.
____________________________________________________
_____________________________
 f. “How are you?”, he said. (asked)
 Answers
 a. “What‟s your name?”, he asked(wanted to know)
 He asked me what my name was.
 b. “Do you like Marlon Brandon?”( she asked).
 She asked if I liked Marlon Brandon.
 c. “How old are you?”, she said. (asked)
 She asked How old I was.
 d. “When does the train leave?”(I asked).
 I asked when the train left.
 e. “Are you enjoying yourself?”( he asked).
 He asked me if I was enjoying myself
 f. “How are you?”, he said. (asked)
 Asked how I was.
Reported Commands Exercises
 Change to reported speech using the person and the verb in
brackets!
 13. Please buy some eggs (SHE, ASK)

 14. I‟ll let you see the prisoner first thing in the morning (THE
INSPECTOR, AGREE)

 15. Everybody be quiet. (SHE, ORDER)

 16. Don‟t go near the fire. (THE MAN, WARN)

 17. Don‟t forget to thank your mother. (FATHER, REMIND)

 13. Please buy some eggs (SHE, ASK) She asked me to buy
some eggs.
 14. I‟ll let you see the prisoner first thing in the morning
(THE INSPECTOR, AGREE) The inspector agreed to let me
see the prisoner first thing in the morning.
 15. Everybody be quiet. (SHE, ORDER) She ordered
everybody to be quiet.
 16. Don‟t go near the fire. (THE MAN, WARN) The man
warned me not to go near the fire.
 17. Don‟t forget to thank your mother. (FATHER, REMIND)
Father reminded me not to forget to thank my mother.
Father reminded me to thank my mother
Match each question with its answer
 1. Are you hungry? a) Go to the doctor‟s!

 2. Are you tired? b) Have something to eat!

 3. Do you need some new shoes? c) Go and work in a hospital!

 4. Do you like ill people? d) Have something to drink!

 5. Are you feeling ill? e) Go and buy some!

 6 Are you thirsty f) Go to bed!
Answer
 1. Are you hungry?(b)

 2. Are you tired?(f) Go to bed !

 3. Do you need some new shoes? e) Go and buy some!

 4. Do you like ill people? c) Go and work in a hospital!

 5. Are you feeling ill? a) Go to the doctor‟s!

 6 Are you thirsty ? d) Have something to drink!
Practice
 Your classmate has got a bad headache. Write a dialogue
between you and him asking for and giving advice
Add the Correct Tag Questions
. John‟s a very good student , ________________?
 I like chocolate very much, _________________?
 She doesn‟t work in hotel, _________________?
 They live in Paris , _________________?
 We don‟t play football , _________________?
 You would like to come with us , _________________?
 I have got plenty of time , _________________?
 It couldn‟t possibility rain , _________________?
Answer
. John‟s a very good student , isn‟t
he?
 I like chocolate very much, don‟t I ?
 She doesn‟t work in hotel, Does she?
 They live in Paris , Don‟t they
 We don‟t play football , do we?
 You would like to come with us ,wouldn‟t you ?
 I have got plenty of time , haven't I?
 It couldn‟t possibility rain ,could it?