Class 10 Maths
Class 10 Maths
Class 10 Maths
Class - 10 Maths
● Number Theory:
- If p (a prime number) divides a2 , then p divides a as well. For
example, 3 divides 62 , resulting in 36, implying that 3 divides 6 .
- The sum or difference of a rational and an irrational number is
irrational
- A non-zero rational and irrational number's product and quotient are
both irrational.
- p is irrational when p is a prime number. For example, 7 is a prime
number and 7 is irrational. The preceding statement can be proven
by the process of “Proof by contradiction”.
Class 10 – Maths
Chapter 2 – Polynomials
● Types of Polynomials:
a) A linear polynomial is a polynomial with degree one.
b) A quadratic polynomial is a polynomial with degree two.
c) A cubic polynomial is a polynomial with degree three.
● Zeros of a Polynomial:
If p ( x ) is a polynomial in x and k is any real number, the value obtained
by substituting k for x in p ( x ) is known as the value of p ( x ) when x = k
and is denoted by p ( k ) . If p ( k ) = 0 , a real number k is said to be a zero
of a polynomial p ( x ) .
b) Case (ii): Here, the graph cuts the x- axis at exactly one point.
Linear Equation
An equation which can be put in the form ax + by + c = 0, where a, b and c are real numbers
and both a and b are nonzero is called a linear equation in two variables.
Solution of an Equation
Each solution (x, y) of a linear equation in two variables.
ax + by + c = 0, corresponds to a point on the line representing the equation, and vice-versa.
Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables
The general form for a pair of linear equations in two variables x and y is a1 x b1 y c1 0
And a2 x b2 y c2 0
Geometrically they look like the following:
Substitution Method
The following are the steps:
Find the value of one variable, say y in terms of the other variable, i.e., x from either equation,
whichever is convenient.
Substitute this value of y in the other equation, and reduce it to an equation in one variable,
i.e., in terms of x, which can be solved. Sometimes, you can get statements with no variable.
If this statement is true, you can conclude that the pair of linear equations has infinitely many
solutions. If the statement is false, then the pair of linear equations is inconsistent.
Substitute the value of x (or y) obtained in Step 2 in the equation used in Step 1 to obtain the
value of the other variable.
Elimination Method
Steps in the elimination method:
First multiply both the equations by some suitable non-zero constants to make the coefficients
of one variable (either x or y) numerically equal.
Then add or subtract one equation from the other so that one variable gets eliminated. If you
get an equation in one variable, go to Step 3.
If in Step 2, we obtain a true statement involving no variable, then the original pair of equations
has infinitely many solutions.
If in Step 2, we obtain a false statement involving no variable, then the original pair of
equations has no solution, i.e., it is inconsistent.
Solve the equation in one variable (x or y) so obtained to get its value.
Substitute this value of x (or y) in either of the original equations to get the value of the other
variable.
Write Equations as
2x ( x − 1) − 3 ( x − 1)
( x − 1)( 2x − 3) (Equate to zero)
( x − 1)( 2x − 3) = 0
When ( x − 1) = 0 , x = 1
3
When ( 2x − 3 ) = 0 , x =
2
3
So, the roots of 2x 2 − 5x + 3 are 1 and
2
2 2
x 2 + 4x + 4 = 9
( x + 2) = 9
2
( x + 2 ) − ( 3) = 0
2 2
It is of the form ( x + a ) − b2 = 0
2
Now,
( x + 2) = 9
2
( x + 2 ) = 3
x =1 and x =−5
So, the roots of x 2 + 4x − 5 = 0 are 1 and −5
x=
2 1
−4 16 − 12
x=
2
−4 4
x=
2
−4 2
x=
2
−4 + 2
x = , x = −1
2
−4 − 2
x = , x =−3
2
So, the roots of x 2 + 4x + 3 = 0 are −1 and −3
Nature of roots based on discriminant:
● Each of the numbers in the list is called a term and the fixed number is called the
common difference of the AP which can be any integer.
General term of an AP
a ,a d ,a 2d ,a 3d ,....,a (n 1)d
For example:
Example 1:
An AP has a first term 3 , common difference 4 . Find the third and fifth term of
the AP.
Solution:
a 3, d 4
a 3 3 (3 1)4
a 3 11
Similarly,
a 5 3 (5 1)4
a 5 19
Example 2:
An AP has a common difference 2 and last term 24 . Find the fourth term of the
AP from the end.
d 2, L 24
t 4 24 (4 1)2
t 4 18
n
S (2a (n 1)d)
2
n
S (a l)
2
Example 3:
Solution:
10
S (2 1 (10 1)3)
2
5(2 27)
5 29
145
Similar Figures
Similarity of Triangles:
Two triangles are similar, if
a) their corresponding angles are equal and
b) their corresponding sides are in the same ratio (or proportion).
Criterion of similarity:
In ABC and DEF, if
(i) if A = D, B = E, C = F and
AB BC CA
(ii) = = , then the two triangles are similar.
DE EF FD
Theorems in similarity (SSS, AA, SAS, BPT)
AA criterion of similarity or AAA criterion:
If in two triangles, the corresponding angles are equal, then their corresponding sides are in the
same ratio (or proportion) and hence the two triangles are similar.
This theorem can be proved by taking two triangles ABC and DEF such that A = D, B = E,
C = F.
This criterion is referred to as the SSS (Side-Side-Side) similarity criterion for two triangles.
This theorem can be proved by taking two triangles ABC and DEF such that
AB BC CA
= = (< 1)
DE EF FD
DP DQ BC
So,
DE DF EF
So, BC = PQ
This criterion is referred to as the SAS (Side-Angle-Side) similarity criterion for two triangles.
As before, this theorem can be proved by taking two triangles ABC and DEF such that
AB AC
= (< 1) and A = D.
DE DF
Cut DP = AB, DQ = AC and join PQ.
Now, PQ EF and ABC DPQ
So, A = D, B = P and C = Q
Therefore, ABC DEF
Proof: We are given a triangle ABC in which a line parallel to side BC intersects the other two
sides AB and AC at D and E respectively.
AD AE
We need to prove that
DB EC
Let us join BE and CD and then draw
DM AC and EN AB
1
Now, area of ADE = base height
2
1
= AD EN
2
Recall from Class IX, that area of ADE is denoted as ar(ADE).
1
So, ar(ADE) = AD EN
2
1
Similarly, ar(BDE) = DB EN
2
1
ar(ADE) = AE DM and
2
1
ar(DEC) = EC DM
2
1
AD EN
ar ( ADE ) 2
Therefore,
ar ( BDE ) 1
DB EN
2
AD
= ... (1)
DB
1
AE DM
ar ( ADE ) 2
and
ar ( DEC ) 1
EC DM
2
AE
= …(2)
EC
Note that BDE and DEC are on the same base DE and between the same parallels BC and DE.
So, ar(BDE) = ar(DEC)...(3)
Therefore, from (1), (2) and (3), we have:
AD AE
=
DB EC
Proof: We are given two triangles ABC and PQR such that ABC PQR
If a perpendicular is drawn from the vertex of the right angle of a right triangle to the hypotenuse,
then the triangles on both sides of the perpendicular are similar to the whole triangle and to each
other.
Proof: Here we are given a triangle ABC in which AC2 = AB2 + BC2
We need to prove that B = 90°
To start with, we construct a PQR right angled at Q such that PQ = AB and QR = BC
“The coordinate axes are of perpendicular lines " XOX " and " YOY "
intersecting at O .”
The plane is divided into four quadrants by the axes.
The Cartesian plane is the plane that contains the axes.
The lines " XOX " and " YOY " are known as the x -axis and y -axis,
respectively, and are commonly drawn horizontally and vertically as seen in the
picture.
O , is the Point of Intersection of the axes which is known as origin.
Abscissae are the values of x measured along the x -axis from O . x has positive
values along OX , but negative values along OX' .
Similarly, ordinate refers to the values of y measured along the y axis from O .
y has positive values along OY , but negative values along OY' .
The coordinates of a point are the ordered pair containing the abscissa and
ordinate of a point.
Distance Formula:
To find the distance two points A x1 , y1 and B x 2 , y 2
x 2 - x1 + y 2 - y1
2 2
AB =
Section Formula:
To find the coordinates of a point which divides the line segment joining two
given points in a given ratio (internally).
Mid−Point Formula:
If P is the mid−point of AB , then m : n ,
Therefore, the ratio becomes 1:1
And hence,
Centroid of a Triangle:
Centroid is the point of intersection of three medians.
It is the point of intersection of a median
AG : GD is 2 :1
Arrow Method:
It is to obtain the formula for the area of the triangle
x1 y1 1
1
x 2 y2 1
2
x 3 y3 1
1
x1 y 2 y3 x 2 y3 y1 x 3 y1 y 2
2
Introduction
Trigonometry is based on the right triangle. It is the study of the relationship between the sides
and angles of a triangle. The height of a building, tree, tower, width of a river etc. can be
determined with the help of trigonometry.
Trigonometric Ratios:
There are six t-ratios.
Reciprocal Ratios:
Trigonometric Identities:
Proof 3:
In a 300 – 600- 900 triangle, it can be proved that the hypotenuse is double the side opposite to 300.
Trigonometric ratios of 00
ABC is a right-angled triangle with B = 900. A is an acute angle and is made smaller and
smaller till it becomes zero (fig v). As A gets smaller and smaller, the length of the side BC
keeps decreasing. The point ‘C’ gets closer to the point B and at one time it coincides with ‘B’, so
that A becomes zero.
If A = 0, BC = 0
BC 0
sin A = =0
AC AC
sin 0 = 0
AB AB
cos A = =1
AC AB
cos 0 = 1
sin 0 0
tan 0 = =0
cos 0 1
1 1
cot 0 = = not defined
tan 0 0
1 1
sec 0 = =1
cos 0 1
1 1
and cosec 0 = = not defined
sin 0 0
Trigonometric ratios of 900
In right-angled triangle ABC, A is made larger and larger till it becomes 900 (fig v). As A gets
larger and larger, C gets smaller and smaller and the length of the side AB keeps decreasing. The
point ‘A’ gets closer to the point B and at one time it coincides with ‘B’, so that C becomes zero.
Line of Sight
It is an imaginary line drawn from the eye of the observer to the point of the object viewed by
the observer.
Angle of Elevation
It is the angle formed by the line of sight with the horizontal when the object is above the
horizontal level. It is the case when we look up to see the object.
Angle of Depression
It is the angle formed by the line of sight with the horizontal when the object is below the
horizontal level. It is the case when we look down to see the object.
Revision Notes
Class 10 Maths
Chapter 9 - Applications of Trigonometry
● Angle of Depression:
The angle created by the line of sight with the horizontal when the point is
below the horizontal level is known as the angle of depression of a point
on the object being viewed.
● The angle BPO is known as the angle of depression of O as seen from P
if the observer is at P and the object under examination is at O .
● From the diagram, it is obviously clear that the angle of elevation of a point
P when viewed from a point O is equal to the angle of depression of O
when viewed from P .
Answer:
● Given Data:
Given height of building = 7 m
Angle of the elevation of top of a tower from the top of building = 600
Angle of the depression of the foot of a tower = 450
● To find:
We need to calculate the height of the tower, that is AE
● Solution:
From the given data, we have
Angle of elevation, that is
ACB = 600
Angle of depression, that is
BCE = 450
Here,
BE = CD
=7m
In the right angled triangle ABC ,
Opposite Side
tanθ =
Adjacent Side
Opposite Side
tanθ =
Adjacent Side
Therefore,
Opposite Side
tan 450 =
Adjacent Side
7
tan 450 =
CB
Since,
tan 450 = 1
Therefore,
7 = CB×1
CB = 7 ------ ( 2 )
By putting the equation ( 2 ) in the equation (1) , we get
h = 7× 3
AB = 7 3
Therefore, total height of the tower can be calculated as,
1. Tangent to a Circle
A tangent to a circle is a straight line that only touches the circle once. The point
of tangency is the name given to this location. At the point of tangency, the
tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the radius.
2. Non-intersecting lines are made up of two or more lines that do not intersect,
fig (i): the circle and the line AB have no common point. It's worth noting that:
There are no tangents to the circle that can be made from a point inside the circle.
Two tangents to a circle can be made from a point outside the circle. P is the
exterior point in this diagram. The tangents to the circle at points Q and R are PQ
and PR, respectively. The length of a tangent is the distance between the exterior
point and the point of contact of the tangent's segment. PQ and PR are the lengths
of the two tangents in this diagram.
1. Theorem 1:
The tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to the radius through the point
of contact.
2. Theorem2:
The lengths of tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal.
Given:
P is the outermost point of a circle with the centre O. The tangents from P to the
circle are PA and PB. The points of contact are A and B.
To prove:
PA=PB
To divide a line segment internally in a given ratio m:n, where both m and
n are positive integers.
Steps:
Step 1: Draw a line segment AB of a given length using a ruler.
Step 2: Draw any ray AX making an acute angle with AB .
Step 3: Along AX mark off ( m + n ) points, namely
A1,A2,....,Am,Am+1,...Am+n
Step 4: Join B to Am+n
Step 5: Through the point Am draw a line parallel to Am+nB at Am . Let this
line meet AB at ' C ' which divides AB internally in the ratio m:n.
Proof:
Steps of construction:
Step 1: Construct a triangle ABC with the given data that are BC=4cm,
B = 600 and C = 450
Step 2: Construct an acute angle CBX downwards.
Step 3: On BX , make four equal parts and mark them as B, 1 B2, B3, B4
.
Step 4: Join ' C ' to B3 and draw a line through B4 parallel to B3C,
intersecting the extended line segment BC at C' .
Step 5: In the same way draw C'A' parallel to CA. Thus A'BC' is the
4
required triangle similar to ABC whose sides are times the
3
corresponding sides of ABC.
Note:
We can prove that the length of PQ and PR are equal.
Circles:
The path of a point moving in such a way that its distance from a fixed point is
always the same is called a circle. That fixed point is called the centre of that
circle and that path is called the locus of that point. The fixed distance between
the centre and path is called the radius of that circle. We can see many examples
of circles around us like bangles, round chapatis, dial watch, sun, etc.
Semicircle:
When a circle is cut into half along a diameter, semicircle is formed as shown
below. Its perimeter consists of length of half a circle and the length of a diameter.
If the semicircle is open, then diameter length is not added. If the length of
diameter is given by d and radius is given by r then perimeter is given by,
Perimeter = r + d (For closed semicircle)
Perimeter = r (For open semicircle)
And the area of a semicircle is just half the area of a circle and is mathematically
r 2
given as .
2
r 2
Similarly, area of a quadrant of a circle is given by .
4
Sector of a circle:
The portion of a circle enclosed within an arc and two radii of that circle is called
as sector.
Segment of a circle:
The part of the circular region enclosed between a chord and the corresponding
arc of that circle is called the segment of a circle. The chord having centre of the
circle as a point on it is the diameter and also the longest chord of the circle and
divides the circle into two equal halves. When the chord is not the diameter, then
the portion consisting the centre of circle is called the major segment and the
other region is called the minor segment.
In the diagram above the chord, BC divides the circle in two segments. Such as;
Area of minor segment = Area of sector ABDC − Area of ABC .
And area of major segment = Area of circle − Area of minor segment.
1
Here, area of ABC can be found out using the formula r 2 sin .
2
And the area od sector ABDC is given by r 2 .
360
1
Hence, the area of segment ACB = r 2 − r 2 sin
360 2
sin
= r2 − .
360 2
= (R 2 − r2 ) .
Cuboid
Cube
Cylinder
Sphere
Hemisphere
Total surface area of such a combined solid is found by adding the curved surface areas of the
individual parts.
Frustum of a Cone
Frustum of a cone is a solid obtained from a cone. It is a part of a cone. When we cut the cone by
a plane parallel to its base and remove the top portion of the cone, the portion left over is called
frustum of a cone.
' r1 ' is the radius of the bigger circular portion. 'r2 ' is the radius of the smaller circular portion. 'h'
is the perpendicular distance between two centres. It is height of the frustum.
1. Volume of a frustum = [ ]
2. Curved surface area of a frustum
( )
Where √ ( )
3. Total surface area of a frustum = ( )
Derivation of a formula to find the volume and surface area of a frustum of a cone
Let 'h' be the height, 'l' the slant height and r1 and r2 be the radii of the bases of the frustum of a
cone and r1 > r2 . Now complete the conical portion OCD. Volume of frustum of the right circular
cone is the difference in the volumes of the two right circular cones OAB and OCD.
Let the height of the cone OAB be 'h1 ' and its slant height be 'l1 '
OP = h1 , OA = OB = l1
The height of the cone OCD = h1 - h
∆OQD ~ ∆OPB (AA similarity)
…… (1)
= …… (2)
Volume of the frustum of cone = volume of the cone OAB Volume of the cone OCD
= ( )
= [ ]
From (1) and (2)
( )( )
= [ ] { }
Volume = [ ]
In the same way we can find the C.S.A and T.S.A of a frustum.
C.S.A = ( ) √ ( )
T.S.A = ( )
Relations among l, h, r1 and r2
Working rule
Step 1: Prepare the table containing less than the cumulative frequency with the help of the given
frequencies.
N
Step 2: Find out the cumulative frequency to which belongs. Class interval of this cumulative
2
frequency is the median class interval.
Step 3: Find out the frequency f and lower limit l of this median class.
Step 4: Find the width 'h' of the median class interval.
Step 5: Find the cumulative frequency c of the class preceding the median class.
Step 6: Apply the formula
N
c
Median = l 2 h , to find the median.
f
Graphs in Statistics
Graphical Representation of Cumulative Frequency Distribution
Cumulative frequency is obtained by adding the frequency of a class interval and the frequencies
of the preceding intervals up to that class interval.
To Plot an Ogive:
(i) We plot the points with coordinates having abscissae as actual limits and ordinates as the
cumulative frequencies
(ii) Join the plotted points by a smooth curve.
(iii) An Ogive is connected to a point on the X-axis representing the actual lower limit of the first
class.
Probability
A Theoretical Approach
Here, we try to predict what will happen without actually performing the experiment. We assume
that the outcomes of an experiment are equally like ly. We find that the experimental probability
of an event approaches its theoretical probability if the number of trials of an experiment is very
large.
Random Experiment
When an experiment is repeated several times the result may not be the same. These repetitions
are called trials.
The theoretical probability (classical probability) of an event 'E' written as P(E) is defined as, P
(E)
Compound Event
An event connected to a random experiment is a compound event if it is obtained by combining
two or more elementary events connected to the random experiment.
Occurrence of an event
An event corresponding to a random experiment is said to occur if any one of the elementary
events corresponding to the event is the outcome.
Impossible events
The event which never occurs is an impossible event. So the probability of an impossible event is
always zero.
Sure event
The event which certainly occurs is a sure event.
In general, it is true that for an event E,
( ̅) ( )
Here the event E is representing "not E". This is called the compound of the event 'E'. So 'E' and
E are complementary events.
Cards: A pack of cards consists of four suits.
They are
Spades ,
Hearts ,
Diamond and
Clubs
Each suit consists of 13 cards, nine cards numbered 2, 3, 4 ….10, an ace a jack, a queen, and a
king. Spades and Clubs are black in colour. Hearts and Diamonds are red in colour. So there are
26 black cards and 26 red cards. King, queen and jack are called face cards. There are totally 12
(4 x 3) face cards in a pack of 52 cards. I.e. in each suit we have 3 face cards.
Coins: A coin has two sides namely head and tail. In the experiment o f tossing a coin once, there
are 2 possible outcomes - 1 head, 1 tail.
1
P (Head) = = P (Tail)
2
Die: A die is a well balanced cube with six faces numbered from 1 to 6. Dice is the plural form.
There are six equally likely outcomes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 in a single throw.