THE MEASUREMENT OF VORTEX INDUCED EFFECTS IN FLOW PAST

STATIONARY AND OSCILLATING CIRCULAR AND D-SECTION CYLINDERS

by

C. C. Feng

B. Sc., National Taiwan University, 1963

A Thesis Submitted i n P a r t i a l F u l f i l l m e n t of the

Requirements f o r the Degree of

M.A. Sc.

i n the Department of

Mechanical Engineering

We accept t h i s thesis as conforming t o

the required s.tandard_

THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA

October 1968
 In p r e s e n t i n g this thesis in p a r t i a l fulfilment of the

requirements f o r an advanced degree at the U n i v e r s i t y of British

Columbia, I agree that t h e L i b r a r y s h a l l make i t f r e e l y available

for reference and study. I further agree that permission for

extensive c o p y i n g o f t h i s t h e s i s f o r s c h o l a r l y p u r p o s e s may b e

g r a n t e d b y t h e H e a d o f my D e p a r t m e n t o r b y h i s representatives.

It i s u n d e r s t o o d that c o p y i n g or p u b l i c a t i o n of t h i s t h e s i s for

financial gain shall not b e a l l o w e d w i t h o u t my w r i t t e n permission

D e p a r t m e n t o f Mechanical Engineering

The U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h Columbia
V a n c o u v e r 8, C a n a d a

Date Janaury 31, 1969

 i

ABSTRACT

Experiments were performed i n a wind tunnel on 3-inch diameter

c i r c u l a r and D-section cylinders, A detailed investigation of the vortex

shedding frequency, displacement amplitude, and the phase angle between

the fluctuating pressure and the displacement signals of both c i r c u l a r

and D-section cylinders was made i n the "capture" region. These pheno-

mena were investigated under various damping levels using magnetic dampers.

Fluctuating surface pressures on a c i r c u l a r cylinder were measured along

one h a l f of the circumference at 11 sections selected along the span. The

r e s u l t i n g sectional fluctuating l i f t c o e f f i c i e n t s as well as the t o t a l

l i f t c o e f f i c i e n t s were obtained by integration for several wind speeds for

both stationary and o s c i l l a t i n g cylinders. Interesting to note are the

vortex line i n c l i n a t i o n angles obtained from fluctuating surface pressure

correlation. Using linearized hot wire anemometers, spanwise wake v e l o c i t y

c o r r e l a t i o n functions were measured and c o r r e l a t i o n lengths computed.

 ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Section Page

1. INTRODUCTION 1

2. INSTRUMENTATION 3

2.1 Wind Tunnel 3

2.2 Models 3

2.3 Model Mounting System.. k

2.h Wake Traversing Gear.... 5

2.5 Displacement Transducer 6

2.6 Magnetic Damping...... 6

2.7 Pressure Transducer 7

2.8 Correlator....*.;..... * 8

• 2.9 Hot Wire Anemometers and Linearizers 10

2.10 Band Pass F i l t e r s . 11

2.11 Other E l e c t r o n i c Instruments 12

3. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES 13

3.1 Frequency, Amplitude, and Phase Measurements 13

3.1.1 Frequency Measurements 13

3.1.2 Phase Measurements. 13

3.1.3 Amplitude Measurements 1^

3.2 Spanvlse Fluctuating Surface Pressure Measurements 15

3.3 Spanwise Wake Velocity Correlation Measurements 15

 iii

Section Page

3.h Measurements of Non-Aero dynamic Viscous Damping l6

k. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS... 18

k.l Frequency, Amplitude and Phase Measurements f o r a

C i r c u l a r Cylinder 18

k.2 Frequency, Amplitude and Phase Measurement f o r a

D-section Cylinder 19

^•3 Fluctuating Pressures on the Surface of a C i r c u l a r

Cylinder 19

k.h Spanvise Correlations f o r C i r c u l a r and D-section

Cylinders Using Hot Wire Anemometers 21

5- DISCUSSION OF RESULTS 23

5.1 Frequency, Amplitude and Phase Measurements 23

5.2 Fluctuating Pressures on the Surface of a C i r c u l a r

Cylinder 25

5.3 Spanvise Correlations f o r C i r c u l a r and D-section

Cylinders Using Hot Wire Anemometers ...28

6. ' SUMMARY OF RESULTS .. .. 30

BIBLIOGRAPHY 32

APPENDICES .;. 3^

A. Tunnel Corrections to Wind Speed 3^+

B. Correlator Phase Measurement 35

 iv

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

1. Wind t u n n e l o u t l i n e 38

2. Wind t u n n e l t e s t s e c t i o n w i t h model (downstream

direction) 39

3. Models kO

k. Spanwise p r e s s u r e t a p p o s i t i o n s f o r t h e c i r c u l a r

cylinder kl

5• Arrangement o f model mounting system k2

6. T r a v e r s i n g gear 43

7. B l o c k diagram o f t h e c a l i b r a t i o n a p p a r a t u s . kk

8. C a l i b r a t i o n curves f o r B a r o c e l pressure transducer 45

9. C a l i b r a t i o n curve f o r 55A01 DISA Anemometer w i t h o u t

a linearizer k-6
10. C a l i b r a t i o n curve f o r 5 5 A 0 1 DISA Anemometer u s i n g
linearizer h-T

11. Instruments and wind t u n n e l t e s t s e c t i o n 48

12. Phase a n g l e c a l i b r a t i o n s e t - u p ..^9

13. B l o c k diagram o f t h e f l u c t u a t i n g p r e s s u r e measuring

set-up 50
Ik. C o o r d i n a t e axes f o r wake probe p o s i t i o n s 51

15. B l o c k diagram o f t h e spanwise correlation function

measuring s e t - u p 52

16. Phase s h i f t a n d d i s p l a c e m e n t phenomena f o r t h e

c i r c u l a r c y l i n d e r a t v a r i o u s damping l e v e l s 53
 V

Figure Page

17(a) S t a b i l i t y diagram f o r c i r c u l a r c y l i n d e r ..5^

17(b) S t a b i l i t y diagram f o r D - s e c t i o n c y l i n d e r 5k

18. O s c i l l a t i o n phenomena f o r c i r c u l a r cylinder,

I , = 0 ma 55
d
19- O s c i l l a t i o n phenomena f o r c i r c u l a r cylinder,
T = 100 ma 56
d
20. O s c i l l a t i o n phenomena f o r c i r c u l a r cylinder,
T = 160 ma •. 57
d
21. O s c i l l a t i o n phenomena f o r c i r c u l a r cylinder,
I , = 250 ma 58
d
22. O s c i l l a t i o n phenomena f o r c i r c u l a r c y l i n d e r ,
I . = 3^0 ma 59
d
23. Oscilloscope traces of f l u c t u a t i n g surface pressure
and d i s p l a c e m e n t s i g n a l s d u r i n g t h e a b r u p t changes 60

2k. Phase s h i f t and d i s p l a c e m e n t phenomena f o r t h e

D - s e c t i o n c y l i n d e r a t v a r i o u s damping l e v e l s 6l

25. O s c i l l a t i o n phenomena f o r D - s e c t i o n cylinder,

I, = 0 ma 62
d
26. O s c i l l a t i o n phenomena f o r D - s e c t i o n cylinder,
r = 80 ma 63
d
27. O s c i l l a t i o n phenomena f o r D - s e c t i o n cylinder,
I„ = ll<-5 ma 6)+
d
28. O s c i l l a t i o n phenomena f o r D - s e c t i o n cylinder,
I = 222 ma 65
d
29. O s c i l l a t i o n phenomena f o r D - s e c t i o n cylinder,
I = k60 ma 66
d
30. Beat phenomena f o r t h e o s c i l l a t i n g c i r c u l a r c y l i n d e r .....67
 vi

Figure Page

31. Cp d i s t r i b u t i o n on t h e s u r f a c e o f a stationary-
circular cylinder, V = 11.8 f p s ..... 68

32. Cp' d i s t r i b u t i o n on-the s u r f a c e o f a s t a t i o n a r y

c i r c u l a r cylinder,,' -V =.:13..2 f p s ' .. 69

33' Cp' d i s t r i b u t i o n on "the s u r f a c e o f an o s c i l l a t i n g

circular cylinder, V = 11.3' f p s 70

3^-. Cp' d i s t r i b u t i o n on t h e s u r f a c e o f an o s c i l l a t i n g
circular cylinder, V = 17-6 f p s . . . 71

35 • Cp . d i s t r i b u t i o n on'- t h e s u r f a c e o f an o s c i l l a t i n g
7

circular cylinder, V = 13«6 fps.. 72

36. C_g d i s t r i b u t i o n f o r the s t a t i o n a r y c i r c u l a r

cylinder, V = 11.8 fps...... 73

37. C£ d i s t r i b u t i o n for' the s t a t i o n a r y c i r c u l a r

cylinder, V = 13-2. fps'. Ik

38. C^ d i s t r i b u t i o n f o r the o s c i l l a t i n g c i r c u l a r
cylinder, V = 11.3 fps 75

39. Cg d i s t r i b u t i o n f o r the o s c i l l a t i n g c i r c u l a r
cylinder, V = 17-5 f p s 76

kO. C£ d i s t r i b u t i o n f o r t h e o s c i l l a t i n g c i r c u l a r
cylinder, V = 13-9 f p s • •• 77

kl. Spanwise phase s h i f t o f f l u c t u a t i n g sectional l i f t

on a s t a t i o n a r y c i r c u l a r c y l i n d e r , V = 11.8 f p s 78

k2. Spanwise phase s h i f t o f f l u c t u a t i n g sectional l i f t

on a s t a t i o n a r y c i r c u l a r c y l i n d e r , V = 13.2 f p s 79

k3. Spanwise phase s h i f t o f f l u c t u a t i n g s e c t i o n a l l i f t

on an o s c i l l a t i n g c i r c u l a r c y l i n d e r , V = 11.3 f P s
80

kk. Spanwise phase s h i f t o f f l u c t u a t i n g s e c t i o n a l l i f t

on an o s c i l l a t i n g c i r c u l a r c y l i n d e r , V = 17-5 f p s 81
 Vll

Figure Page

k-5 . Span-wise phase s h i f t o f f l u c t u a t i n g s e c t i o n a l . l i f t on

an o s c i l l a t i n g c i r c u l a r c y l i n d e r , V = 13*9 f p s .....82

h6. E f f e c t o f end c l e a r a n c e s on s p a n v i s e phase s h i f t o f

fluctuating sectional l i f t . o n a stationary circular
c y l i n d e r , V = 13.9 f p s . . . . . . 83

hf. E f f e c t o f f l o o r and c e i l i n g s l o t s on s p a n v i s e phase

s h i f t o f f l u c t u a t i n g s e c t i o n a l l i f t on a s t a t i o n a r y
c i r c u l a r c y l i n d e r , V = 11.8 f p s 8h

48. Two-point f l u c t u a t i n g .-wake v e l o c i t y c o r r e l a t i o n s f o r

an o s c i l l a t i n g ' c i r c u l a r c y l i n d e r ' 85

h9. Two-point f l u c t u a t i n g ' . w a k e v e l o c i t y c o r r e l a t i o n s f o r

;

a s t a t i o n a r y and an o s c i l l a t i n g c i r c u l a r c y l i n d e r ,
V = 13.9 f p s . . . . . . . . . . 86

50. Two-point f l u c t u a t i n g ,vake..velocity c o r r e l a t i o n s , f o r

a s t a t i o n a r y andian. o s c i l l a t i n g D - s e c t i o n c y l i n d e r ,
V = lk.1 f p s . . . . . . ' : . . ....... 87
 V l l l

• LIST OF SYMBOLS

o 4.- n 4. 4. ' - n . ^ x • 4. rms of sectional l i f t

Sectional.fluctuating-lxft coefficient,-
f P V h

, , '• ••< • . , " rms of t o t a l lift

Total fluctuating l i f t coefficient,
m a

• .v •§- P v hi
• - ' •: ••• p
, . rms
F l u c t u a t i n g pressure
t
coefficient, — —

Mean peak value; - ^/^S ' (' )

7

Spanwise s e p a r a t i o n o f t h e two probes

I n s i d e diameter'of' t h e P o l y e t h y l e n e tubing

Dimensionless spanwise. s e p a r a t i o n o f the'two p r o b e s , —

L a t e r a l aerodynamic f o r c e on t h e c y l i n d e r .

Cylinder o s c i l l a t i n g frequency

Vortex shedding frequency

N a t u r a l frequency o f a n e l a s t i c system •

L a t e r a l dimension'of the c y l i n d e r s e c t i o n

Damping c u r r e n t

L e n g t h o f t h e • c y l i n d e r ; l e n g t h o f the- t u b i n g

Mass o f o s c i l l a t i n g system; i n v e r s e o f t h e s l o p e o f t h e l i n e
in Figure 9

D „ n X e s s .ss ^
2m
The N t h increment where t h e c o r r e l a t i o n f u n c t i o n reaches a
l o c a l l y a l g e b r a i c maximum v a l u e , i m p l y i n g the. two s i g n a l s
b e i n g i n phase w i t h d e l a y time o f N
Time d e l a y i n c o r r e l a t i o n function.

Time i n seconds

C y l i n d e r Reynolds number, —
v

Hot w i r e probe c o l d 'resistance

Probe o p e r a t i n g r e s i s t a n c e

C o e f f i c i e n t o f v i s c o u s damping
f h
v
S t r o u h a l number,
v
V
Dimensionless v i n d v e l o c i t y , CD h
n

Wind v e l o c i t y

B r i d g e d.c. v o l t a g e . , .

B r i d g e v o l t a g e a t zero v i n d speed

Stream wise ;';eoordiriate •

T r a n s v e r s e c o o r d i n a t e o r displacement

Spanwise c o o r d i n a t e

Dimensionless t r a n s v e r s e displacement, ^

D i m e n s i o n l e s s t r a n s v e r s e , amplitude, —
. .'•-'.;.-'•. • n ,'.
Spanwise d i m e n s i o n l e s s d i s t a n c e from t h e mid-span, ^

Dimensionless damping c o e f f i c i e n t ,
2 m co
n
Tap p o s i t i o n angle w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e up-stream d i r e c t i o n

The a n g l e between t h e v o r t e x l i n e and the model z - axis

Phase a n g l e by which c y l i n d e r l i f t leads displacements;

phase s h i f t angle w i t h r e s p e c t t o No. 9 t a p s i g n a l s

Normalized c o r r e l a t i o n f u n c t i o n , d e f i n e d i n Appendix B.
Circular frequency o f t r a n s v e r s e oscillation

Natural c i r c u l a r frequency,2 u f

C r o s s - c o r r e l a t i o n f u n c t i o n , d e f i n e d i n Appendix B

A u t o - c o r r e l a t i o n f u n c t i o n , d e f i n e d i n Appendix B

Correlation length, defined i n text

 xi

ACKNOWLELXJEMEKT

The author wishes to express h i s sincere appreciation f o r the guidance

and encouragement given by Dr. G. V. Parkinson during his supervision of

t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n . Sincere appreciation i s also expressed to Mr. J . E.

S l a t e r , a fellow graduate student, f o r h i s h e l p f u l advice i n many areas.

Thanks are also due to the Department of Mechanical Engineering f o r

use of the f a c i l i t i e s and to technicians of the Department f o r t h e i r valu-

able advice and assistance.

F i n a n c i a l support was received from the National Research Council of

Canada, Grant A586.

 I. IMTEODUCTIOW

I t i s w e l l known t h a t b l u f f c y l i n d e r s , when e l a s t i c a l l y mounted, e x h i b

i t v a r i o u s forms o f o s c i l l a t i o n . One important form i s the v o r t e x - e x c i t e d

oscillation. T h i s o s c i l l a t i o n o c c u r s when the v o r t e x s h e d d i n g f r e q u e n c y ap

proaches a n a t u r a l frequency o f the e l a s t i c system. The periodic character

i s t i c o f t h e f l o w f i e l d causes a f l u c t u a t i n g p r e s s u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n on the

c y l i n d e r s u r f a c e and t h e r e s u l t i n g p e r i o d i c f o r c e s e x c i t e c y l i n d e r o s c i l -

l a t i o n s o v e r a d i s c r e t e range o f w i n d speeds. T y p i c a l l y , a graph o f c y l i n -

der a m p l i t u d e v e r s u s w i n d speed has a f o r m not u n l i k e t h a t o f a f o r c e d v i -

b r a t i o n w i t h damping, w h i l e a g r a p h o f v o r t e x f r e q u e n c y v e r s u s w i n d speed

p o r t r a y s a 'capture' or ' l o c k i n g - i n ' phenomenon. Vortex-excited o s c i l l a -

t i o n s a r e o f c o n s i d e r a b l e e n g i n e e r i n g s i g n i f i c a n c e s i n c e t h e y can affect

systems s u c h as t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e s , smoke s t a c k s , submarine p e r i s c o p e s , and

launch v e h i c l e s .

Numerous i n v e s t i g a t i o n s o f t h i s and o t h e r a s s o c i a t e d phenomena have

been r e p o r t e d . Most o f t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n s r e l a t e t o t h e s t a t i o n a r y c i r c u -

l a r c y l i n d e r , such as K e e f e ' s ^ " ^ d i r e c t measurement o f f l u c t u a t i n g f o r c e s

(2) (3.4)
and McGregor's^ ' and G e r r a r d ' s ' w
i n v e s t i g a t i o n s on f l u c t u a t i n g surface

p r e s s u r e s and the s t r u c t u r e o f the wake. For o s c i l l a t i n g c y l i n d e r s , very

few d i r e c t measurements o f c y l i n d e r s u r f a c e l o a d i n g and c o r r e l a t i o n o f wake

(5)

v e l o c i t i e s have been r e p o r t e d . B i s h o p and Hassan d e s c r i b e d the measure-

ment o f f l u c t u a t i n g l i f t and drag on a m e c h a n i c a l l y o s c i l l a t i n g circular

c y l i n d e r i n a water c h a n n e l . Heine
f c\p r e s e n t e d measurements o f f l u c t u a -

t i n g s u r f a c e p r e s s u r e on a c i r c u l a r c y l i n d e r i n f r e e o s c i l l a t i o n i n a wind

(7)
tunnel. Den H a r t o g \ d e s c r i b e d the e f f e c t o f the c y l i n d e r ' s oscillations

on i t s v o r t e x wake. Recently.Ferguson i n v e s t i g a t e d wake and s u r f a c e

e f f e c t s on a c i r c u l a r c y l i n d e r i n v o r t e x - e x c i t e d o s c i l l a t i o n s and Koop-

( 9 10)
mamr ' r e p o r t e d some r e s u l t s on t h e v o r t e x wakes o f b o t h m e c h a n i c a l l y

and w i n d - e x c i t e d v i b r a t i n g cylinders..

However, t h e r e i s s t i l l a l a c k o f i n f o r m a t i o n on some o f t h e c h a r a c -

teristic features of vortex-excited o s c i l l a t i o n s i n t h e c a p t u r e r e g i o n , as

observed on c i r c u l a r and D - s e c t i o n c y l i n d e r s , i n c l u d i n g d e t a i l e d measure-

ments o f f r e q u e n c i e s , displacement a m p l i t u d e s , phase s h i f t o f t h e e x c i t i n g

f o r c e w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e d i s p l a c e m e n t , and spanwise c o r r e l a t i o n o f wake

v e l o c i t i e s and f l u c t u a t i n g s u r f a c e p r e s s u r e s on o s c i l l a t i n g cylinders.

These a r e t h e t o p i c s i n v e s t i g a t e d b y t h e a u t h o r as p a r t o f a c o n t i n -

u i n g programi.-: i n t h i s l a b o r a t o r y t o s t u d y t h e a e r o e l a s t i c i n s t a b i l i t y of

b l u f f bodies.
 3

II. INSTRUMENTATION

2.1 Wind Tunnel

The wind tunnel used i s a low speed, low turbulence, r e t u r n type. The a i r

speed can be v a r i e d through the range 4 f t / s e c t o 1 5 0 f t / s e c w i t h a turbulence

l e v e l l e s s than 0 . 1 $ . The pressure d i f f e r e n t i a l across the c o n t r a c t i o n s e c t i o n

r

of 7 : 1 r a t i o can be measured on a Betz micromanometer which gives a reading t o

0 . 0 2 m i l l i m e t e r of water. The t e s t s e c t i o n v e l o c i t y i s c a l i b r a t e d against the

above pressure d i f f e r e n t i a l . The rectangular c r o s s - s e c t i o n , 3 6 i n . x 2 7 i n . ,

i s provided w i t h 4 5 ° corner f i l l e t s which vary from 6 i n . x 6 i n . t o 4 . 7 5 i n . x

4 . 7 5 i n . t o compensate f o r the boundary l a y e r growth. The s p a t i a l v a r i a t i o n of

mean v e l o c i t y i n the t e s t s e c t i o n i s l e s s than 0.25$. The t u n n e l i s powered by

a 1 5 horsepower d i r e c t current motor d r i v i n g a commercial a x i f l o w fan w i t h a

Ward-Leonard system of speed c o n t r o l . Figure 1 shows the o u t l i n e of the tunnel

and Figure 2 shows a model mounted i n the wind tunnel during t e s t .

2.2 Models

Three models were used, two 3 - i n c h diameter c i r c u l a r c y l i n d e r s and one 3-

i n c h D-section c y l i n d e r (Figure 3 ) « They are a l l 2 7 inches long. Polyethylene

tubing of 0.066 inch i n s i d e diameter and 0.095 inch outside diameter was used •

t o convey the f l u c t u a t i n g pressure from the surface taps. 0.022 inch w a l l

thickness aluminum tube and c l e a r p l a s t i c provided the body of the models.

Pressure t a p holes i n the model surface were 0.025 inch i n diameter.

For measurements of frequency, amplitude, and phase, the c i r c u l a r c y l i n d e r

(8)
and D-section c y l i n d e r both designed and used by Ferguson were used.
 F o r spanwise f l u c t u a t i n g s u r f a c e p r e s s u r e measurements, a n o t h e r 3-inch

c i r c u l a r c y l i n d e r was made. P l a s t i c end f i t t i n g s w h i c h a l l o w e d t h e model t o

he r o t a t e d about i t s own a x i s , y e t r e m a i n a t t a c h e d t o the a i r b e a r i n g s h a f t

b r a c k e t s , were s e c u r e d by an epoxy a d h e s i v e t o t h e aluminum t u b e . Along the

c y l i n d e r a x i s IT p r e s s u r e taps-were e q u a l l y spaced h a l f a c y l i n d e r diameter

a p a r t w i t h the n i n t h t a p l o c a t e d a t midspan. The d i s t r i b u t i o n of taps and

t h e i r a n g u l a r d e f i n i t i o n a r e shown i n F i g u r e h.

Due t o the advantages o f the symmetry o f the s e c t i o n and the rotatabil-

i t y o f the model on t h e mounting system, t h e number o f p r e s s u r e t a p s was kept

t o a minimum. A p l a s t i c b l o c k , ' w h i c h was r a d i u s e d t o f i t the model i n s i d e

s u r f a c e , was d r i l l e d t o e f f e c t 90° bends i n the p r e s s u r e t u b i n g . An epoxy

adhesive s e r v e d t o bond t h e p l a s t i c b l o c k t o the p o l y e t h y l e n e t u b i n g and t o

t h e aluminum tube w i t h the b l o c k h o l e s a l i g n e d w i t h the 0 . 0 2 5 - i n c h t a p s i n

t h e aluminum s k i n .

2.3 Model Mounting. System

The a i r b e a r i n g s y s t e m d e s i g n e d
-
by S m i t h ^ V was u s e d f o r the experiment.

The models were c o n s t r a i n e d t o o n l y the l a t e r a l p l u n g i n g degree o f freedom w i t h

a minimum o f damping f r o m the mounting system. A d j u s t m e n t s were p r o v i d e d t o

ensure the p a r a l l e l i s m o f the two s e t s o f b e a r i n g s and the p e r p e n d i c u l a r i t y t o

the t u n n e l f l o o r o f the b e a r i n g p l a n e . S l o t s i n t h e t o p and bottom p a n e l s of

t h e t e s t s e c t i o n a l l o w e d the model t o be a t t a c h e d t o the a i r b e a r i n g s h a f t s .

To p r o v i d e the e l a s t i c system f o r t h e models four h e l i c a l tension springs

(8)
d e s i g n e d by F e r g u s o n were u s e d . They were a t t a c h e d t o the s h a f t b r a c k e t s
 5

and t o t h e a i r h e a r i n g frame. A s t r e a m l i n e d aluminum b a r was u s e d t o determine

t h e damping due t o t h e s p r i n g - b e a r i n g system.

A i r s u p p l y f o r t h e b e a r i n g s was produced b y a n I n g e r s o i l - R a n d 2-stage-com-

p r e s s o r , model 1 1 3A x 7 x 8 VHB-2, v i a a 2 5 0 c u b i c f o o t s t o r a g e t a n k . A i r

pressure o f 6 0 pounds p e r square i n c h was u s e d f o r t h e a i r b e a r i n g system from

the main s u p p l y a t a maximum o f 1 1 8 pounds p e r square i n c h .

A d i a g r a m m a t i c arrangement o f t h e model, b e a r i n g s , s h a f t s and s p r i n g s i s

shown i n F i g u r e 5•

2.h Wake T r a v e r s i n g Gear

To e n a b l e two h o t w i r e probes t o be p o s i t i o n e d w i t h c o n t r o l o f movement i n

(8)

a l a t e r a l , v e r t i c a l , and l o n g i t u d i n a l s e n s e , t h e e x i s t i n g t r a v e r s i n g gear

was m o d i f i e d so t h a t a sequence o f d e s i r e d spanwise s e p a r a t i o n s o f t h e two

probes c o u l d be made. Two probe mounting b r a c k e t s were c a r r i e d b y f o l l o w e r

n u t s on t h e v e r t i c a l \ i n c h - 2 0 NC end screws w h i c h were s e p a r a t e l y e n c l o s e d i n

t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e g u i d e t u b e s . e a c h s o l d e r e d s o l i d l y i n p a r a l l e l w i t h t h e model

a x i s on t h e l a t e r a l l e a d screw f o l l o w e r p i e c e . The l a t e r a l l e a d screw w i t h

5/8 i n c h 1 0 acme double t h r e a d spanned t h e t e s t s e c t i o n . The e n t i r e assembly

was mounted on a h o r i z o n t a l r i g i d frame w h i c h w i t h i t s grooved wheels c o u l d be

p o s i t i o n e d l o n g i t u d i n a l l y a l o n g t h e r a i l s on t h e e x t e r i o r o f t h e t u n n e l s i d e

panels. Hand wheels and f l e x i b l e s h a f t s e n a b l e d t h e v e r t i c a l l e a d screws t o

rotate. E a c h probe was e l e c t r i c a l l y i n s u l a t e d from t h e e n t i r e t r a v e r s i n g gear

a s s e m b l y so t h a t s e p a r a t e probe c i r c u i t s were maintained.

The t r a n s v e r s e d e v i a t i o n i n p o s i t i o n i n g t h e probe was c a l i b r a t e d t o be

 6

0.177 inch or about 5'9$ of cylinder diameter. Since the probes were always

positioned at the flat portion of the probe signal amplitude vs. transverse

lateral distance (section 3»3)> this deviation gave negligible probe signal

error. Figure 6 shows the modified"traversing gear.

2.5 Displacement Transducer

A signal corresponding to model amplitude was obtained from an a i r core

transformer designed by S m i t h - T h e coaxial cylindrical construction a l -

lowed the a i r bearing shaft to be inserted between the primary and secondary

windings, thus varying the magnetic coupling. A 10 kc frequency signal of

k rms volts supplied by a Hewlett-Packard 200 CD oscillator was modulated by

the shaft oscillations and this signal was in turn rectified to give the re-

sulting displacement signal which was displayed either on a storage oscillo-

scope, or fed into a Honeywell Visicorder to record time-amplitude traces, or

fed into the correlator to give the phase value between fluctuating surface

pressure and cylinder displacement. The displacement transducer was mounted

on the top channel of the a i r bearing mounting system as shown in Figure 5.

For calibration of the transducer a wooden scale was mounted close to

the shaft under the floor of the tunnel, and a calibration was performed dur-

ing each series of tests.

2.6 Magnetic Damping

In addition to the inherent damping of the springs and a i r bearing sys-

tem, magnetic damping was produced by means of electromagnetic eddy-current

dampers designed by S m i t l / ^ .
11
The a i r bearing shafts passed through the mag-
 7

netic f i e l d created by the damper and eddy currents induced in the shafts dis-

sipated energy from the oscillating system.

An appreciable amount of undesirable residual magnetism built up on the

damper was removed periodically by switching the damper coils over to a var-

iable a.c. source. The a.c. voltage is raised to give a greater magnetic

f i e l d than that produced by the d.c. source, this effectively erasing the re-

sidual magnetism.

Positions of the dampers are shown in Figure 5-

2.7 Pressure Transducer

A Barocel Modular Pressure Transducing System developed by Datametrics

Inc. of Waltham, Massachusetts was used for measuring surface fluctuating

pressures. The Barocel is a high precision, stable capacltive voltage divid-

er, the variable element of which is a thin prestressed stainless steel dia-

phragm. Positioned between fixed capacitor plates, the diaphragm deflects

proportionally to the magnitude of the applied pressure. An a.c. carrier volt-

age at 10 kc is applied to. the stationary capacitor plates. The diaphragm

attains a voltage level determined by i t s relative position between the fixed

capacitor plates. With the Barocel appropriately arranged in a bridge circuit,

the output voltage is determined by the ratio of capacitance of the diaphragm

to each of the stationary electrodes. The carrier voltage is thereby amplitude

modulated in accordance with the input pressure.

Since the frequency range required for this investigation also f e l l in the
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range between 5 and 35 cps used by Wiland v
, the basic calibration system he
 8

d e v i s e d was used. No resonance c o n d i t i o n e x i s t e d between t h e t r a n s d u c e r w i t h

t u b e and p r e s s u r e t a p on one s i d e and t h e volume where t h e c a l i b r a t i o n s i g n a l

was g e n e r a t e d on the o t h e r s i d e . The b l o c k diagram of t h e c a l i b r a t i o n a p p a r a -

t u s i s shown i n F i g u r e 7, and t h e c a l i b r a t i o n curve t o g e t h e r w i t h W i l a n d ' s i s

shown i n F i g u r e 8. The s m a l l d i f f e r e n c e i s due t o s l i g h t l y larger tube i n s i d e

diameter i n the present c a l i b r a t i o n .

2.8 Correlator

A c o r r e l a t i o n f u n c t i o n computer, Model 1 0 0 , produced by P r i n c e t o n Applied

Research Corporation, was acquired d u r i n g the i n v e s t i g a t i o n and was used to

measure c o r r e l a t i o n f u n c t i o n s and phase a n g l e s ( s e c t i o n s 3.2 and 3'3)« The

s i g n a l c o r r e l a t o r i s d e s i g n e d - t o compute the c r o s s - c o r r e l a t i o n f u n c t i o n ,

R ( r ) , o f two e l e c t r i c a l signals defined by

l,d
p

T
R J T ) = l l m
- f f , Ct) f (t-T)
0 dt
1,2 V
' T-+ oo T J o r 1
2> '

and the a u t o - c o r r e l a t i o n f u n c t i o n , R.. - (T), o f two i d e n t i c a l signals defined by.

1,1
T
R
1
1.1 M =m
T-*
3 J I 1
00 WT J\ N
f

1
l ( t
) f 1( t " 0
n
dt

U t i l i z i n g b o t h a n a l o g and d i g i t a l t e c h n i q u e s , t h e s e i n s t r u m e n t s o p e r a t e as

h y b r i d computers t o s o l v e e i t h e r of the two i n t e g r a l s f o r one hundred incremen-

t a l l y i n c r e a s i n g v a l u e s of the time delay, AT • The " n " t h p o i n t on the cor-

r e l a t i o n f u n c t i o n computed i s c l o s e l y r e p r e s e n t e d by.

t-t' -
t
R
i pC*) =
b \
e RC
M*') EpC*'-two it
X,d RC J-oo 1 d
 9
where "RC" i s t h e t i m e c o n s t a n t of the averaging circuit, "nAx" defines the

time coordinate o f t h e computed p o i n t , a n d t ' represents the past h i s t o r y of

computation, o r by d e f i n i t i o n , t '> t .

Computation a t each p o i n t i n v o l v e s t h r e e b a s i c o p e r a t i o n s : sampling the

i n p u t wave f o r m a n d d e l a y i n g t h e samples, m u l t i p l y i n g t h e d e l a y e d samples b y

e i t h e r t h e o r i g i n a l i n p u t wave f o r m ( a u t o - c o r r e l a t i o n ) o r b y a second wave f o r m

( c r o s s - c o r r e l a t i o n ) , and averaging t h e l a g g e d p r o d u c t s i n an RC i n t e g r a t o r .

The r a t e o f time s h i f t i n g determines the incremental value o f time delay, AT ,

and t h u s s e t s t h e t i m e base a g a i n s t w h i c h each p o i n t o f t h e c o r r e l a t i o n f u n c -

t i o n i s computed. M u l t i p l i c a t i o n - o f t h e two i n p u t s i g n a l s i s p e r f o r m e d a u t o -

m a t i c a l l y a t each p o i n t . I n t e r n a l RC networks p e r f o r m t h e i n t e g r a t i o n w i t h a

time constant o f kO seconds i n t h i s c o r r e l a t o r . F i v e t i m e s t h i s c o n s t a n t , o r

200 s e c o n d s , i s r e q u i r e d f o r t h e f u n c t i o n t o grow t o w i t h i n one p e r c e n t of i t s

f i n a l value. Because a l l t h e m a t h e m a t i c a l o p e r a t i o n s involved i n evaluating

each p o i n t a r e performed simultaneously i n r e a l t i m e , t h e l e n g t h o f time r e -

q u i r e d t o compute t h e complete f u n c t i o n depends o n l y on t h i s a v e r a g i n g time

constant.

As i t i s computed, t h e c o r r e l a t i o n f u n c t i o n i s s t o r e d i n t h e 100 c h a n n e l

a n a l o g memory. V e r s a t i l e r e a d o u t c i r c u i t r y a l l o w s t h e f u n c t i o n t o be d i s p l a y e d

on an o s c i l l o s c o p e as i t i s b e i n g computed, and t o be n o n - d e s t r u c t i v e l y read

out e i t h e r a f t e r o r d u r i n g c o m p u t a t i o n .

As w i t h any computer, t h e computed f u n c t i o n i s o n l y a good approximation

o f an i d e a l r e s u l t . C o n f o r m i t y o f t h e computed and t h e i d e a l f u n c t i o n i s ex-

 10

c e l l e n t f o r Model 1 0 0 . I t s d i f f e r e n c e t y p i c a l l y does n o t exceed one p e r c e n t

at any p o i n t .

According t o standard p r a c t i c e , the normalized c r o s s - c o r r e l a t i o n function,

ot^r^i) , i s d e f i n e d a n d computed a s f o l l o w s :

R 1 2 ( T )

a
l 2 ( T )
=
• R ^ O ) R (0)2

To measure t h e phase a n g l e "between two p e r i o d i c s i g n a l s , t h e f o l l o w i n g

f o r m u l a was d e v e l o p e d i n Appendix A:

<t> = 3.6 N T f
v

2.9 Hot W i r e Anemometers a n d L j n e a r i z e r s

Two h o t - w i r e s were u s e d . E a c h was made o f p l a t i n u m - p l a t e d t u n g s t e n a n d

was o f 0 . 0 0 5 mm. d i a m e t e r and a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 . 2 mm. l o n g . Two DISA c o n s t a n t

temperature anemometers s u p p l i e d t h e b a s i c c i r c u i t s f o r t h e t r a n s d u c e r s . The

p r i n c i p l e o f measurement i s b a s e d on t h e c o n v e c t i v e heat l o s s i n a n e l e c t r i -

c a l l y heated w i r e ( o r f i l m ) by the f l o w o f f l u i d surrounding the w i r e . Fun-

d a m e n t a l l y , what i s measured i s t h e amount o f power r e q u i r e d t o keep t h e tem-

perature constant. The r e l a t i o n between f l o w v e l o c i t y V a n d anemometer o u t -

put v o l t a g e E c a n be r e p r e s e n t e d b y

2
n ,,,
E = A + BV (1)

where A , B , and n a r e c o n s t a n t s whose v a l u e s depend on t h e probe con-

n e c t e d t o t h e anemometer.

The o u t p u t v o l t a g e o f a c o n s t a n t temperature anemometer i s t h u s a non-

 11
l i n e a r f u n c t i o n o f the f l o w v e l o c i t y V under measurement. This n o n l i n e a r i t y

i s u n d e s i r a b l e i n c o r r e l a t i o n f u n c t i o n measurement.' T h e r e f o r e two linearizers,

DISA Type 55D10, were a c q u i r e d and u s e d t o e l i m i n a t e d i s t o r t i o n . The linear-

i z e r i s an e l e c t r o n i c a n a l o g computer whose b a s i c t r a n s f e r f u n c t i o n a t constant

s e t t i n g s o f t h e o p e r a t i n g c o n t r o l s can be w r i t t e n a s :

,2 2 .m
E . = K (E. - E. ) (2)

out in mo ^ '

where i s t h e output v o l t a g e a t z e r o f l o w v e l o c i t y and i s a c o n -

s t a n t , as i s K .

P u t t i n g t h e anemometer o u t p u t v o l t a g e
1
E as b e i n g e q u a l t o t h e lineari-
in

zer input voltage E. , we have., on s u b s t i t u t i n g ( l ) and (2),

2 'm
. E . = K (A ,* BV '- E. 11
)

2 1
Thus, f o r E. = A and m =— the l i n e a r i z e r output v o l t a g e w i l l be
' mo n

p r o p o r t i o n a l t o the v e l o c i t y V • F i g u r e 9 shows t h e c a l i b r a t i o n curve w i t h -

out u s i n g a l i n e a r i z e r and" F i g u r e 10,'.shows c a l i b r a t i o n c u r v e s u s i n g

:
lineari-

zers. The d i f f e r e n t slopes" Of t h e two c u r v e s i n F i g u r e 10 a r i s e from d i f f e r e n t

s e t t i n g s of gain adjustment.

B o t h t h e anemometers and t h e l i n e a r i z e r s show n e g l i g i b l e phase s h i f t f o r

f r e q u e n c i e s below 300 kc.

2.10 Band P a s s F i l t e r s

To e l i m i n a t e the random wake t u r b u l e n c e and p e r m i t c o n c e n t r a t i o n on the

d i s c r e t e v o r t e x shedding phenomena as f a r as p o s s i b l e , a band pass f i l t e r ,

K r o h n - H i t e , Model 330B, i n the pressure measuring system was i n t r o d u c e d .

D u r i n g measurements t h e f i l t e r was c a l i b r a t e d f o r e v e r y change a f f e c -

t i n g t h e v o r t e x s h e d d i n g frequency.- The f i l t e r was o p e r a t e d a t mid-band

f r e q u e n c y and t h e a t t e n u a t i o n f a c t o r was formed, by f e e d i n g a sinusoidal

s i g n a l f r o m a f u n c t i o n , g e n e r a t o r t o t h e o s c i l l o s c o p e and m e a s u r i n g t h e dif-

f e r e n c e i n o u t p u t w i t h and w i t h o u t , t h e f i l t e r .

2.11 Other E l e c t r o n i c Instruments

F o l l o w i n g i s a l i s t of other e l e c t r o n i c apparatus used i n the e x p e r i -

m e n t a l work:

Voltmeters: H e w l e t t P a c k a r d , HP^3^00A t r u e rms v o l t m e t e r , and

HP-412 vacuum tube v o l t m e t e r .

Function Generators: H e w l e t t P a c k a r d , low f r e q u e n c y f u n c t i o n

g e n e r a t o r , M o d e l 212A, and H e a t h k i t a u d i o
g e n e r a t o r , Model I G - 7 2 .

V i b r a t i o n Generator: Goodmans, Type V 47.

Oscilloscopes: T e k t r o n i x , Type 5 6 4 , dual trace storage o s c i l l o s c o p e .

Chart Recorder: H o n e y w e l l , 906 C v i s i c o r d e r

Low f r e q u e n c y a m p l i f i e r w i t h power s u p p l i e s : B u i l t i n t h e Department

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RC Damping C i r c u i t : B u i l t i n t h e Departments \

V a r i a b l e Transformer: Ohmite, C a t . No. VT8-F.

F i l t e r e d D.C Power S u p p l y : E l e c t r o , Model D - 6 1 2 T

Most e l e c t r o n i c i n s t r u m e n t s t o g e t h e r w i t h a s i d e v i e w o f t h e t u n n e l

t e s t s e c t i o n a r e shown i n F i g u r e 1 1 .
 13
III. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES

3.1 F r e q u e n c y , A m p l i t u d e and Phase Measurements

F o r each o f t h e f o l l o w i n g e x p e r i m e n t s , t h e non-aerodynamic damping

l e v e l was s e t f o r t h e o s c i l l a t i n g system and t h e w i n d speed i n c r e a s e d i n

small steps. A t each w i n d speed t h e d e s i r e d measurement was made. W i t h the

c y l i n d e r s t i l l o s c i l l a t i n g , t h e w i n d speed was i n c r e a s e d by the n e x t s t e p ,

and t h e p r o c e s s was r e p e a t e d . I t was c o n t i n u e d t o t h e h i g h e s t w i n d speed

and t h e n r e p e a t e d f o r d e c r e a s i n g w i n d speeds w i t h t h e w i n d speed decrement

b e i n g s e t w h i l e t h e c y l i n d e r was s t i l l oscillating.

3.1.1 F r e q u e n c y Measurements

Vortex shedding f l u c t u a t i n g pressure s i g n a l s or v e l o c i t y s i g n a l s or c y l -

i n d e r d i s p l a c e m e n t s i g n a l s were d i s p l a y e d on a s t o r a g e s c o p e . The vortex

s h e d d i n g f r e q u e n c y was measured f r o m t h e p r e s s u r e s i g n a l f r o m a s u r f a c e t a p

at the t r a n s v e r s e diameter f o r the c i r c u l a r c y l i n d e r , and from the t a p n e a r -

e s t t h e edge f o r t h e D - s e c t i o n c y l i n d e r . The t i m e base o f t h e s t o r a g e s c o p e

was c a l i b r a t e d a g a i n s t a Type l8k Time-mark g e n e r a t o r ( T e k t r o n i x I n c . ) . The

e r r o r i n v o l v e d was c a l c u l a t e d t o be l e s s t h a n 2$.

3.1.2 phase Measurements

The phase between two p e r i o d i c s i g n a l s was o b t a i n e d e a r l y i n the program

by f e e d i n g them t o t h e V i s i c o r d e r and m e a s u r i n g t h e average phase s h i f t over

15 c y c l e s , and l a t e r i n t h e program by f e e d i n g them t o t h e c o r r e l a t o r and c a l -

c u l a t i n g the phase v a l u e ( s e c t i o n 2.8) w h i c h was a v e r a g e d o v e r 200 seconds o r

e q u i v a l e n t l y over 1800 cycles. F o r spanwise phase measurements t h e e f f e c t o f

 Ik

any phase s h i f t i n t h e i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n was n u l l i f i e d by measuring a l l phase

(8)

s h i f t s f r o m a permanent r e f e r e n c e d i s c probe c o n s t r u c t e d by Ferguson and

mounted b e h i n d one s i d e o f t h e model a t t h e midspan. F o r measurement o f the

phase between t h e s u r f a c e f l u c t u a t i n g p r e s s u r e s i g n a l from a t a p a t the mid-

span and a t 90° and t h e n e g a t i v e c y l i n d e r d i s p l a c e m e n t , a c o r r e c t i v e phase

v a l u e was i n t r o d u c e d i n t h e r e s u l t b y measuring t h e phase between t h e model

s u r f a c e t a p and t h e output o f t h e f i l t e r . To a c h i e v e t h i s , t h e c a l i b r a t i o n

a p p a r a t u s r e f e r r e d t o i n s e c t i o n 2.7 was u s e d b y f e e d i n g a s i n u s o i d a l s i g n a l

o f t h e same v o r t e x s h e d d i n g f r e q u e n c y i n t o t h e system and t h e n t a k i n g t h e

r e a d i n g from e i t h e r a V i s i c o r d e r o r a c o r r e l a t o r . F i g u r e 12 shows t h e cali-

b r a t i o n set-up. the s c h e m a t i c diagram o f w h i c h i s t h e same as F i g u r e 10 ex-

c e p t a V i s i c o r d e r o r t h e c o r r e l a t o r was u s e d t o measure t h e phase a n g l e be-

tween t h e two o u t p u t s i g n a l s .

As can.be s e e n , t h e phase r e s u l t from t h e c o r r e l a t o r i s much more r e p r e -

s e n t a t i v e o f t h e t i m e average v a l u e t h a n t h a t f r o m the V i s i c o r d e r .

When t h e c a p t u r e r e g i o n was r e a c h e d , a phase a n g l e <t> between the p r e s -

s u r e and t h e d i s p l a c e m e n t s i g n a l s c o u l d be measured. T h i s phase a n g l e <t>

was t h e a n g l e by w h i c h t h e s u c t i o n a t t h e t a p mentioned above l e a d s t h e d i s -

placement i n the d i r e c t i o n of t h a t t a p . ( T h i s i s t h e same as t h e phase a n g l e

:

by which the t r a n s v e r s e e x c i t i n g f o r c e leads the displacement.)

3.I.3 D i s p l a c e m e n t A m p l i t u d e Measurements

T h e s i g n a l was
s,
d i s p l a y e d on a s t o r a g e s c o p e and d u r i n g each s e r i e s o f

t e s t s , a c a l i b r a t i o n was made. F o r t h e minimum damping l e v e l o n l y f o r each

 15

c y l i n d e r , t h e measurement was made a g a i n o v e r t h e complete w i n d speed range

w i t h t h e c y l i n d e r s t a r t i n g f r o m r e s t a t each w i n d speed.

For i n v e s t i g a t i n g t h e s t a b i l i t y o f t h e o s c i l l a t i n g systems a t v a r i o u s

damping l e v e l s , t h e non-aerodynamic damping was s e t a t v a r i o u s l e v e l s up t o

the maximum a v a i l a b l e b y t h e magnetic dampers, and t h e range o f w i n d speeds

over which each c y l i n d e r o s c i l l a t e d w i t h Y > .01 was d e t e r m i n e d , a s was

Y i n t h e range.
max

3-2 Spanwise F l u c t u a t i n g S u r f a c e P r e s s u r e Measurements

F i g u r e 13 shows t h e s c h e m a t i c arrangement o f t h e i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n f o r span-

w i s e f l u c t u a t i n g s u r f a c e p r e s s u r e measurements. F o r each angular p o s i t i o n o f

the s u r f a c e t a p s , measurements were t a k e n s u c c e s s i v e l y . Then a n o t h e r t a p a n -

g u l a r p o s i t i o n was assumed b y r o t a t i n g t h e c y l i n d e r 15° and a n o t h e r s e r i e s o f

measurements a l o n g t h e span was t a k e n . Due t o symmetry, o n l y h a l f o f t h e a n -

g u l a r t a p p o s i t i o n s were assumed. F o r each r e a d i n g t h e a v e r a g i n g t i m e was 200

seconds o r more.

3.3 Spanwise Wake V e l o c i t y C o r r e l a t i o n Measurements

F o r e a c h w i n d v e l o c i t y and a t a f i x e d spanwise p o s i t i o n , t r a v e r s i n g t h e

hot w i r e probe f r o m t h e c e n t e r a c r o s s t h e wake a n d p l o t t i n g t h e rms v a l u e o f

the s i g n a l gave a peak a t t h e v o r t e x c e n t e r l i n e . To reduce t h e r e a d i n g d e v i a -

t i o n due t o t r a n s v e r s e movement ( s e c t i o n 2.k) o f t h e probe a t v a r i o u s spanwise

p o s i t i o n s i t was d e s i r a b l e t o p u t t h e probe near a f l a t t e r peak. This p o s i t i o n

was f o u n d f o r each w i n d speed b y m e a s u r i n g t h e rms v a l u e o f t h e f l u c t u a t i n g

v e l o c i t y s i g n a l a m p l i t u d e a c r o s s t h e wake and a t s e v e r a l downstream p o s i t i o n s

 16

and p i c k i n g out the d e s i r a b l e one. The c o o r d i n a t e axes f o r wake probes p o s i -

t i o n a r e shown i n F i g u r e Ik.

F i g u r e 1 5 shows the schematic s e t - u p o f the i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n f o r spanwise

wake v e l o c i t y c o r r e l a t i o n measurements. S i n c e o n l y the fundamental v o r t e x

shedding f r e q u e n c y was o f i n t e r e s t , two band pass f i l t e r s were i n t r o d u c e d i n

t h e c i r c u i t t o s c r e e n t h e u n d e s i r a b l e n o i s e and t h u s g i v e a c l e a r e r s i g n a l .

T h i s , however, a l s o i n t r o d u c e d phase s h i f t s due t o t h e f i l t e r s . Time d e l a y i n

t h e c o r r e l a t o r c o u l d have been u s e d w i t h some time s a v i n g f o r each s e r i e s o f

t e s t s by measuring t h e phase o f the system i n terms o f -the amount o f d e l a y

time t o a c h i e v e no phase s h i f t c o n d i t i o n when two probes a r e v e r y c l o s e l y

p l a c e d , and t h e n t a k i n g the r e a d i n g o f the c o r r e l a t o r output c o r r e s p o n d i n g to

t h e same amount o f d e l a y time d u r i n g the measurement. However due t o t e c h n i -

cal d i f f i c u l t y i n p l a c i n g two probes v e r y c l o s e l y , the f o l l o w i n g a l t e r n a t i v e

was used. The two f i l t e r s were a d j u s t e d f o r each v o r t e x shedding frequency so

t h a t e a c h gave the same phase s h i f t .

B e f o r e e v e r y s e r i e s o f measurements, hot w i r e r e s i s t a n c e was measured

w i t h i t s o p e r a t i n g r e s i s t a n c e s e t , the b r i d g e c i r c u i t o f the anemometer was

b a l a n c e d and the l i n e a r i z e r t e m p e r a t u r e compensation and z e r o adjustment made.

F o r each probe p o s i t i o n two a u t o - c o r r e l a t i o n s and one q r o s s - c o r r e l a t i o n were

measured. S i n c e o n l y the n o r m a l i z e d c o r r e l a t i o n f u n c t i o n was of i n t e r e s t , sig-

nal a m p l i t u d e a t t e n u a t i o n s i n the two measuring systems were not balanced.

3.h Measurements o f Mon-Aerodynamic V i s c o u s Damping

The non-aerodynamic damping was s e t a t v a r i o u s l e v e l s up t o the maximum

 IT
a v a i l a b l e b y t h e m a g n e t i c dampers. These l e v e l s c o r r e s p o n d e d r e s p e c t i v e l y

t o t h o s e f o r e v e r y s e r i e s o f f r e q u e n c y , a m p l i t u d e and phase measurements.

F o r e a c h damping l e v e l t h e model was p u l l e d t o one s i d e and t h e n released.

T h i s was done w i t h w i n d o f f . A V i s i c o r d e r was u s e d t o r e c o r d t h e a m p l i t u d e

decay. To determine t h e e f f e c t o f t h e s t i l l - a i r aerodynamic damping o f t h e

model, a s t r e a m l i n e d aluminum b a r o f t h e same w e i g h t as t h e model was u s e d

i n s t e a d and t h e same p r o c e d u r e s were applied.

 IV. . EXPERIMEEEAL RESULTS

k.l F r e q u e n c y , A m p l i t u d e and Phase Measurements f o r a C i r c u l a r C y l i n d e r

A t o t a l o f f i v e damping l e v e l s w e r e . s e t f o r measuring f r e q u e n c y , amplitude

and phase s h i f t . These f i v e ; l e v e l s c o r r e s p o n d t o damping c u r r e n t s o f 0, 100,

l 6 0 , 250 and 3^0 ma. F i g u r e l 6 shows a summary o f t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f v o r -

t e x - e x c i t e d o s c i l l a t i o n phenomena. They a l l d i s p l a y t h e c a p t u r e , over a d i s -

c r e t e range o f w i n d speed, o f t h e v o r t e x f r e q u e n c y b y t h e c y l i n d e r f r e q u e n c y ,

w h i c h remains n e a r l y c o n s t a n t and c l o s e t o t h e n a t u r a l f r e q u e n c y of the e l a s t i c

system. The phase a n g l e ; <t> increases w i t h t h e wind v e l o c i t y during capture.

A t a w i n d speed b e y o n d . t h a t c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e maximum d i s p l a c e m e n t , the vor-

t e x frequency r e v e r t s a b r u p t l y t o i t s v a l u e f o r t h e s t a t i o n a r y c y l i n d e r a t the

end o f t h e c a p t u r e range..

F i g u r e 17(a) shows t h e e f f e c t o f damping on v o r t e x - e x c i t e d o s c i l l a t i o n

"" "" (Ik)

phenomena i n t h e f o r m o f t h e s t a b i l i t y d i a g r a m i n t r o d u c e d by S c r u t o n . The

f i g u r e shows t h e u p p e r a^^&vef -botpdaries :

Y = 0.01 plotted with 2rfU and

Y against 2TT .
max n •''••"•„. •• . .
F i g u r e s 18, 19, 20, 21 and 22 show t h e d e t a i l s o f t h e above phenomena a t

each damping l e v e l . , I n t h e s e f i g u r e s Y , f / f , f / f and <t> a r e p l o t t e d '

v n c n
against U . A reference l i n e corresponding t o t h e known S t r o u h a l number f o r

t h e s t a t i o n a r y c y l i n d e r i s i n c l u d e d on each f i g u r e . (S = O.198 f o r the c i r -

k
c u l a r c y l i n d e r i n t h e range o f Reynolds, number under c o n s i d e r a t i o n , from 10

t o 5(io)\)
 19
The b e h a v i o r o f f l u c t u a t i n g s u r f a c e p r e s s u r e and t h e c y l i n d e r oscilla-

t i o n d u r i n g t h e a b r u p t decrease o f Y from Y^^. i s interesting. Figures

2 3 ( a ) , ( b ) and ( c ) show s u c c e s s i v e l y t h e phenomena.. I t i s seen t h a t a 5

p e r c e n t w i n d speed i n c r e a s e r e s u l t s i n 80 p e r c e n t f l u c t u a t i n g s u r f a c e p r e s -

sure decrease and 60 p e r c e n t d i s p l a c e m e n t d e c r e a s e . F i g u r e 23(d), on t h e

o t h e r hand, shows t h e phenomena when w i n d speed i s d e c r e a s e d u n t i l t h e

abrupt increase of Y takes place. I t i s seen t h a t a 3-6 p e r c e n t w i n d

speed decrease b r i n g s 60 p e r c e n t f l u c t u a t i n g s u r f a c e p r e s s u r e i n c r e a s e but

o n l y 11 percent displacement i n c r e a s e .

k.2 F r e q u e n c y , A m p l i t u d e and Phase Measurement f o r a D - s e c t i o n C y l i n d e r

S i m i l a r t o t h e c i r c u l a r c y l i n d e r measurements as above, a t o t a l o f f i v e

damping l e v e l s were s e t w h i c h c o r r e s p o n d t o damping c u r r e n t s o f 0, 80, 1^5,

222, and k6o ma. F i g u r e 2k shows a s i m i l a r summary o f the characteristics

o f v o r t e x - e x c i t e d o s c i l l a t i o n phenomena.

F i g u r e 17(b) shows t h e phenomena i n terms o f t h e s t a b i l i t y diagram.

Comparing w i t h F i g u r e 17(a) i t i s seen t h a t D - s e c t i o n c y l i n d e r o s c i l l a t i o n s

a r e much h a r d e r t o s u p p r e s s by i n c r e a s e d damping t h a n t h o s e o f t h e c i r c u l a r

cylinder.

F i g u r e s 25, 26, 27, 28 and 29 show t h e d e t a i l s o f the phenomena a t

v a r i o u s damping l e v e l s mentioned b e f o r e .

4.3 F l u c t u a t i n g P r e s s u r e s on t h e S u r f a c e o f a C i r c u l a r C y l i n d e r

F o r b o t h a s t a t i o n a r y and a v o r t e x - e x c i t e d o s c i l l a t i n g c i r c u l a r c y l i n d e r ,
 20

t h e f l u c t u a t i n g s u r f a c e p r e s s u r e s a t each s e c t i o n e x p e r i e n c e d a m p l i t u d e modu-

l a t i o n w h i c h was i n phase a r o u n d t h e c y l i n d e r . These f l u c t u a t i n g p r e s s u r e s a t

t h e fundamental f r e q u e n c y were a p p r o x i m a t e l y i n phase over one s i d e o f t h e cyl-

i n d e r and l 8 0 ° out ,of phase w i t h t h e o p p o s i t e side.

For a s t a t i o n a r y c y l i n d e r , the f l u c t u a t i n g pressure s i g n a l experienced a

random a m p l i t u d e m o d u l a t i o n . F o r an o s c i l l a t i n g c i r c u l a r c y l i n d e r , an a m p l i -

tude m o d u l a t i o n was e x p e r i e n c e d by t h e c y l i n d e r a t w i n d speeds i n i t i a t i n g cyl-

i n d e r o s c i l l a t i o n . The m o d u l a t i o n showed a b e a t phenomenon. I t s f r e q u e n c y was

roughly the d i f f e r e n c e between t h e f l u c t u a t i n g p r e s s u r e f r e q u e n c y and t h e cyl-

inder o s c i l l a t i o n frequency. Representative oscilloscope t r a c e s a r e shown i n

Figure 30' T h i s a m p l i t u d e m o d u l a t i o n d i s a p p e a r e d a t h i g h e r w i n d speeds i n the

'capture 1
range. S i m i l a r phenomena were a l s o o b s e r v e d by Ferguson for a

(15)

vortex-excited c y l i n d e r and b y Toebes f o r a mechanically vibrating cylin-

der.

F i g u r e s 31 t o 35 i n c l u s i v e show t h e f l u c t u a t i n g p r e s s u r e c o e f f i c i e n t d i s -

t r i b u t i o n a r o u n d one h a l f o f t h e c y l i n d e r c i r c u m f e r e n c e a t v a r i o u s s u c c e s s i v e

sections along the c y l i n d e r . Fluctuating pressure c o e f f i c i e n t C ' i s defined

as t h e r a t i o o f f l u c t u a t i n g p r e s s u r e r o o t mean square a m p l i t u d e , P ' , t o the

dynamic p r e s s u r e , \ pv o f t h e f r e e stream. The v a l u e o f i s therefore

a l s o o f rms v a l u e i n a l l the subsequent f i g u r e s u n l e s s o t h e r w i s e indicated.

C ' d i s t r i b u t i o n c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o the w i n d v e l o c i t y p r o d u c i n g n e a r l y the

maximum model d i s p l a c e m e n t and t h a t c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o the same w i n d v e l o c i t y

b u t w i t h t h e model h e l d s t a t i o n a r y a r e shown r e s p e c t i v e l y i n F i g u r e s 35 and 32.

 21

F i g u r e s 33 and 34 show the -C ' d i s t r i b u t i o n of an o s c i l l a t i n g c y l i n d e r cor-

responding r e s p e c t i v e l y t o the. w i n d v e l o c i t y i n i t i a t i n g c y l i n d e r o s c i l l a t i o n

and a w i n d v e l o c i t y somewhere a f t e r i the resonant wind v e l o c i t y . Another C '

distribution for.a stationary cylinder at V = 11.8 f p s i s shown i n F i g u r e 31.

W i t h the f l u c t u a t i n g p r e s s u r e s a r o u n d each s e c t i o n known, the fluctuating

s e c t i o n a l l i f t c o e f f i c i e n t and s u b s e q u e n t l y , the t o t a l l i f t c o e f f i c i e n t may be

integrated numerically. F o r each o f the f i v e cases i n the p r e v i o u s p a r a g r a p h ,

the l i f t c o e f f i c i e n t d i s t r i b u t i o n i s shown i n F i g u r e s 36, 37, 38, 39 and 40.

W i t h the l i n e o f spanwise t a p s f i x e d a t 9 = 90°, the center tap ( l l o . 9

t a p ) was t a k e n as t h e r e f e r e n c e and the phase s h i f t between the fluctuating

p r e s s u r e s i g n a l from the c e n t r a l t a p and t h a t from one o f the o t h e r s was mea-

s u r e d f o r the f i v e c a s e s mentioned i n the above. The r e s u l t s are shown i n F i g -

ures 4l, h2, U3, UU and 45. P o i n t s w i t h d i f f e r e n t symbols on F i g u r e s U l , 43

and UU were o b t a i n e d on a d i f f e r e n t day t o show the r e p e a t a b i l i t y of the ex-

periment .

As a p r e l i m i n a r y a p p r o a c h t o u n d e r s t a n d i n g the causes of the spanwise

phase s h i f t , the gap between the model end and e i t h e r the t u n n e l c e i l i n g or

t u n n e l f l o o r was v a r i e d and the phase s h i f t measurements t a k e n . The result is

shown i n F i g u r e U6. The s i z e s o f the s l o t s i n the t u n n e l c e i l i n g and floor

were a l s o a l t e r e d and the result, i s shown i n F i g u r e U7.

U.U Spanwise C o r r e l a t i o n s f o r C i r c u l a r and D-section Cylinders Using Hot

W i r e Anemometers

For an o s c i l l a t i n g c i r c u l a r c y l i n d e r , t h r e e w i n d speeds were s e l e c t e d for

 22

spanwise c o r r e l a t i o n f u n c t i o n measurements: the wind speed i n i t i a t i n g oscil-

l a t i o n , a wind speed near the resonant wind s p e e d , and a wind speed somewhat

beyond the r e s o n a n t wind s p e e d . F o r the s t a t i o n a r y c i r c u l a r c y l i n d e r , the wind

speed p r o d u c i n g n e a r l y imximum model displacement was s e l e c t e d . The r e s u l t s

are shown i n F i g u r e s 48 and 49-

F o r the D - s e c t i o n c y l i n d e r , the spanwise c o r r e l a t i o n f u n c t i o n was measured

a t o n l y one wind s p e e d , f o r b o t h the s t a t i o n a r y and o s c i l l a t i n g c y l i n d e r , which

p r o d u c e d n e a r l y maximum displacement f o r the o s c i l l a t i n g model. The r e s u l t s '-

are shown i n F i g u r e 50.

 23
V. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

5.1 F r e q u e n c y , A m p l i t u d e and Phase Measurements

As shown i n ' F i g u r e s 16 and 2k, i r r e s p e c t i v e o f t h e damping l e v e l s f o r the

o s c i l l a t i n g c i r c u l a r c y l i n d e r , t h e v a r i a t i o n o f t h e phase a n g l e , <t> w i t h U

i s n e a r l y t h e same, i n c r e a s i n g g r a d u a l l y from around 0° and jumping t o around

100° after Y i s reached. This a l s o a p p l i e s t o the D-section c y l i n d e r , the

max '

v a r i a t i o n of 0 b e i n g f r o m around 1 5 ° t o 30°without any jump except f o r t h e '•

l o w e s t damping l e v e l f o r w h i c h t h e r e does e x i s t an a b r u p t i n c r e a s e o f <t> near

Y
max
The ' c a p t u r e ' o r ' l o c k i n g - i n ' r e g i o n , over w h i c h t h e v o r t e x shedding f r e -

quency remains t h e same a s t h e c y l i n d e r o s c i l l a t i o n f r e q u e n c y , and Y both

become s m a l l e r as t h e damping l e v e l i s i n c r e a s e d f o r b o t h c y l i n d e r s . However,

f o r t h e c i r c u l a r c y l i n d e r , b o t h t h e c e n t e r o f t h e c a p t u r e r e g i o n and t h e l o c a -

t i o n of Y occur a t lower U v a l u e s a s t h e damping c u r r e n t i s i n c r e a s e d ;

max

on t h e o t h e r hand, f o r t h e D - s e c t i o n c y l i n d e r , t h e y - b o t h o c c u r a t h i g h e r U

v a l u e s a s t h e damping is- s t e p p e d up. .

For the c i r c u l a r c y l i n d e r , the Y vs. U c u r v e s seem t o share t h e same

r i s i n g s i d e and t h e n s e p a r a t e l y and s u c c e s s i v e l y t a k e t h e r e s p e c t i v e Y
msix

v a l u e s and t u r n t o t h e d e s c e n d i n g s i d e w i t h a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h e same s l o p e s . F o r

t h e D - s e c t i o n c y l i n d e r , on t h e o t h e r hand, Y vs. U c u r v e s seem t o share the

same d e s c e n d i n g side.

For the c i r c u l a r c y l i n d e r amplitude v a r i a t i o n w i t h U a t low damping

 2k

l e v e l s ( F i g u r e s 18 and 19) a c l o c k w i s e o s c i l l a t i o n h y s t e r e s i s l o o p r e s u l t s ;

t h a t i s , w i t h t h e c y l i n d e r s t i l l o s c i l l a t i n g , as t h e w i n d speed i s i n c r e a s e d

beyond t h a t f o r Y , Y drops s u d d e n l y t o t h e v a l u e t h a t was r e a c h e d from

max

r e s t a t t h a t w i n d speed. I f t h e w i n d speed i s t h e n d e c r e a s e d , t h e ' r e s t ' val-

ues o f Y a r e o b t a i n e d as i n d i c a t e d b y t h e arrows i n t h e f i g u r e s . The phase

a n g l e v a r i a t i o n a t t h e s e low damping l e v e l s a l s o d i s p l a y s s i m i l a r h y s t e r e s i s

loop, but counter-clockwise. There i s no h y s t e r e s i s l o o p f o r e i t h e r <t> o r Y

d a t a f o r t h e h i g h e r damping l e v e l s ( F i g u r e s 20, 21 and 22). For the D-section

c y l i n d e r on t h e o t h e r hand, t h e c l o c k w i s e o s c i l l a t i o n h y s t e r e s i s l o o p e x i s t s

a t a l l t h e f i v e damping l e v e l s . E x c e p t f o r t h e l o w e s t damping l e v e l , <t> was

n o t measured w i t h d e c r e a s i n g w i n d speed.

The r e l a t i v e p o s i t i o n o f t h e c a p t u r e range i s w o r t h y o f comparison. For

the c i r c u l a r c y l i n d e r capture f i r s t occurs as f f o r the stationary cylinder

c l o s e l y approaches f i r r e s p e c t i v e o f t h e damping l e v e l s , and Y occurs

c max

i n t h e middle o f t h e c a p t u r e r a n g e , F o r t h e D - s e c t i o n , however, c a p t u r e occurs

when f i s o n l y from J&fo a t t h e l o w e s t damping l e v e l t o 91$ a t t h e h i g h e s t

damping l e v e l o f f , and Y o c c u r s a t t h e end o f t h e range.

c max

A l t h o u g h b o t h models have t h e same mass, w i t h t h e maximum magnetic damping

(3^0 ma.) t h e c i r c u l a r c y l i n d e r g i v e s a maximum d i m e n s i o n l e s s a m p l i t u d e o f o n l y

0.087; w h i l e t h e D - s e c t i o n c y l i n d e r , w i t h k60 ma. damping c u r r e n t , g i v e s maxi-

mum d i m e n s i o n l e s s a m p l i t u d e o f 0.311. I t i s seen t h a t t h e D - s e c t i o n c y l i n d e r

o s c i l l a t i o n i s much h a r d e r t o s u p p r e s s , r e i n f o r c i n g t h e c o n c l u s i o n by P a r k i n -

son^"*"^ t h a t t h e f i x e d f l o w s e p a r a t i o n l i n e s a t t h e edges o f t h e f l a t f a c e o f
 25
t h e D - s e c t i o n c y l i n d e r make g r e a t e r e f f e c t i v e s t r e n g t h o f t h e wake v o r t i c e s .

This i s f u r t h e r strengthened by the r e s u l t s i n S e c t i o n 4.4.

5.2 F l u c t u a t i n g P r e s s u r e s on.the S u r f a c e o f a C i r c u l a r C y l i n d e r

In g e n e r a l , C d i s t r i b u t i o n s are f a i r l y symmetrical w i t h respect t o the

JO

center section. The u n s y m m e t r i c a l shape o f F i g u r e 37 i s n o t e x p l a i n e d .

Spanwise, C ' d i s t r i b u t i o n s a r e f a i r l y d i s p e r s e d , and t h e y p r e s e n t t h e

same g e n e r a l d i s t r i b u t i o n p a t t e r n a n d range o f v a r i a t i o n . However, a t l a r g e

o s c i l l a t i o n a m p l i t u d e ( F i g u r e 35) t h e maximum C ' jumps t o more t h a n t h r e e

t i m e s t h e v a l u e f o r v e r y low a m p l i t u d e o r f o r t h e s t a t i o n a r y c y l i n d e r c a s e , and

t h e range o f s p r e a d i n g a l o n g t h e span i s a l s o g r e a t l y a m p l i f i e d .

The a m p l i t u d e m o d u l a t i o n o f t h e s u r f a c e p r e s s u r e s f o r b o t h a s t a t i o n a r y

and an o s c i l l a t i n g c y l i n d e r and t h e beat phenomena have been observed i n an

(8)
e a r l i e r ' i n v e s t i g a t i o n by Ferguson . I n h i s experiment on t h e w i n d - i n d u c e d
(9)
v i b r a t i o n s o f c i r c u l a r c y l i n d e r , Koopmamr also noticed short bursts of p e r i -

o d i c m o t i o n o f t h e c y l i n d e r i n t h e p l a n e normal t o t h e d i r e c t i o n o f t h e w i n d a t

a w i n d speed i n i t i a t i n g the o s c i l l a t i o n . The beat phenomena c a n be r e g a r d e d as

a repeated e f f o r t of f t o c a t c h up w i t h f ^ . When a t a g r e a t e r w i n d speed

i t does s u c c e e d i n t h e e f f o r t , , t h e beat phenomena d i s a p p e a r . The g o v e r n i n g

mechanism p r o b a b l y i n v o l v e s t h e a l i g n m e n t o f v o r t e x - l i n e s o r t h e spanwise cor-

r e l a t i o n s i n c e , as n o t e d b e f o r e , a t l a r g e c i r c u l a r c y l i n d e r o s c i l l a t i o n a m p l i -

tude, the vortex l i n e s are a l i g n e d p a r a l l e l t o the c y l i n d e r instead of i n c l i n e d

w i t h i t as when t h e c y l i n d e r i s s t a t i o n a r y o r o s c i l l a t i n g a t v e r y low a m p l i t u d e

( F i g u r e s 4 l , 43, 44 and 45).

 • 26

From the phase a n g l e d i s t r i b u t i o n a l o n g the c i r c u l a r c y l i n d e r span, the

i n c l i n a t i o n w i t h r e s p e c t t o the c y l i n d e r a x i s of the f i r s t v o r t e x line leaving

t h e model may be c a l c u l a t e d s i n c e i n t h i s case a t i m e h i s t o r y and spatial re-

presentation are s i m i l a r . As shown i n F i g u r e s 4l, 42, k-3, 44 and 45, the av-

erage i n c l i n a t i o n f o r the s t a t i o n a r y c y l i n d e r and the o s c i l l a t i n g c y l i n d e r w i t h

v e r y low d i s p l a c e m e n t a m p l i t u d e i s f r o m 7° t o 9° • T h i s i s compared w i t h ap-

p r o x i m a t e l y 17° and 25° r e s p e c t i v e l y f o r the f o r c e d and w i n d - i n d u c e d v i b r a t i o n s

o f c i r c u l a r c y l i n d e r s a t low R e y n o l d s numbers i n the i n v e s t i g a t i o n s by Koop-

mann^' ^. 1 0
On t h e o t h e r hand, G e r r a r d ^ ^ r e p o r t e d the presence o f vortex

l i n e s a l m o s t s t r a i g h t and p a r a l l e l t o the s t a t i o n a r y c y l i n d e r measured t h r e e

d i a m e t e r s down s t r e a m o f the c y l i n d e r a x i s a t Re = 2 x 10 but showed t h a t

the v o r t e x l i n e appear t o t i l t backwards and f o r w a r d s between the l i m i t s of

+ 15° .• A t Re = 85 he r e p o r t e d the i n c l i n a t i o n t o be 14° measured a t 17.2 di-

ameters down s t r e a m o f the c y l i n d e r a x i s . However, the i n c l i n a t i o n of the

f i r s t vortex l i n e l e a v i n g the model, as r e p r e s e n t e d by the r e s u l t of the pres-

ent i n v e s t i g a t i o n , i s e x p e c t e d t o be c o n s i d e r a b l y l e s s t h a n 14° and + 15° and

t o be n e a r e r t o the p r e s e n t r e s u l t . As shown i n Koopmann's^' '^ photograph u s -

1

i n g smoke v i s u a l i z a t i o n technique, at Re = 200 :

the i n c l i n a t i o n o f t h e vortex

l i n e n e a r e s t t o the c y l i n d e r i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y 17-5° w h i l e about IT diameters

down s t r e a m o f the c y l i n d e r a x i s the i n c l i n a t i o n i n c r e a s e s to 65 . 0

A t l a r g e o s c i l l a t i n g a m p l i t u d e , however, the average i n c l i n a t i o n i s n e a r -

(3)

ly 0° as shown i n F i g u r e 45. S i m i l a r r e s u l t s were r e p o r t e d by G e r r a r d and

(9)
Koopmann . I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o note t h a t l a r g e o s c i l l a t i o n caused the
 27
alignment o f v o r t e x l i n e s p a r a l l e l t o t h e c y l i n d e r a x i s and t h u s enhanced two-

d i m e n s i o n a l i t y o f t h e e a r l y wake f l o w . This i s also true f o r forced v i b r a t i o n

(15) (10)
as r e p o r t e d by Toebes and Koopmann

I n t h e above d i s c u s s i o n t h e p e c u l i a r end p o r t i o n s o f t h e v o r t e x l i n e s were

not c o n s i d e r e d . C o n s i d e r i n g t h i s p a r t i c u l a r model, i t i s not s u r p r i s i n g t h a t

low a s p e c t r a t i o e f f e c t s were p r e s e n t a t the ends. As shown i n F i g u r e s hi, k2,

k-3 and kk t h e d a t a p o i n t s n e a r b o t h ends i m p l i e d c u r v e d v o r t e x l i n e s . Figure

U6 shows t h e e f f e c t o f t h e gaps between model ends and t u n n e l c e i l i n g and floor

on t h e phase a n g l e change.- I t i s seen t h a t t h e b l o c k i n g o f end gap causes the

phase a n g l e o f t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g end p o r t i o n o f t h e v o r t e x l i n e t o d e l a y .

I n F i g u r e kj i t seems t h a t a moderate change i n s l o t s i z e does not show

a d i s t i n c t i v e i n f l u e n c e on t h e phase a n g l e . I n g e n e r a l , however, presence o f

t u n n e l - s l o t s , s i z e o f end gaps, and the t u n n e l w a l l boundary l a y e r r e t a r d e d

f l o w p l a y r o l e s i n s h a p i n g t h e end p o r t i o n s o f t h e v o r t e x l i n e s f o r the oscil-

l a t i n g c y l i n d e r i n t h i s experiment.

A t e a c h s e c t i o n o f t h e o s c i l l a t i n g c i r c u l a r c y l i n d e r , a phase s h i f t be-

tween t h e s i g n a l s from t h e n e i g h b o r i n g p r e s s u r e t a p s on t h e same s i d e e x i s t e d .

The maximum phase s h i f t w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e s i g n a l s f r o m the t a p a t 90° a t each

s e c t i o n i s l a r g e r a t t h e s e c t i o n s near t h e ends w i t h t h e average b e i n g approx-

i m a t e l y 4-5° . The d a t a i s not i n c l u d e d . S i m i l a r phase s h i f t s were a l s o r e -

(12)
p o r t e d by W i l a n d on h i s e l l i p t i c c y l i n d e r s .

As a r e s u l t o f measuring s u r f a c e f l u c t u a t i n g p r e s s u r e a l o n g and a r o u n d the

circular cylinder, C , , = 0.1+13 and 0.kk5 at V = 11.9 fps and 13.2 fps
L(mpv)
 28
4 4
respectively (Re = 1.8 x 10 and 2 x 10 respectively) f o r the stationary

cylinder. Without considering spanwise e f f e c t Ferguson found C , = N

. L(mpv)
0.42 at Re = 1.5 x 10
4
w h i l e McGregor
(2)'
v
found C , = 0.58 at Re =
N
L( mpv)
4

5 x 10 .

I t i s a p p a r e n t f r o m the p r e s e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n t h a t the spanwise e f f e c t s

g i v e , a lower value of o v e r a l l C
because o f the drop i n s e c t i o n a l C near
L £
b o t h ends as shown i n F i g u r e s 36 t o 40.
At l a r g e o s c i l l a t i n g amplitude, C , . = 1 . 9 1 a t V = 13'9 fps. Com-
L(, mpv;
p a r i s o n w i t h the s t a t i o n a r y v a l u e o f C , v = 0.44-5 a t V = 13-2 fps indi-
L( mpv)

c a t e s a h i g h degree o f spanwise c o r r e l a t i o n , as f u r t h e r v e r i f i e d by the subse-

quent c o r r e l a t i o n measurements.

5-3 Spanwise C o r r e l a t i o n s f o r C i r c u l a r and D - s e c t i o n C y l i n d e r s Using Hot

W i r e Anemometers

Due t o the l i m i t e d a s p e c t r a t i o , end gaps, presence o f t u n n e l s l o t s and

the boundary l a y e r r e t a r d e d f l o w , the c o r r e l a t i o n c u r v e s o b t a i n e d do not ap-

p r o a c h z e r o as t h e s e p a r a t i o n between the two hot w i r e s i n c r e a s e s t o the max-

imum a v a i l a b l e . S i n c e the c o r r e l a t i o n f u n c t i o n must go t o z e r o a t l a r g e separ-

ations due t o the random n a t u r e o f the two s i g n a l s , the c o r r e l a t i o n c u r v e s have

been e x t e n d e d u n t i l t h e y meet the h o r i z o n t a l a x i s . They were extended by ne-

g l e c t i n g the d a t a p o i n t s n e a r the model ends s i n c e t h o s e d a t a p o i n t s were under

p r o b a b l e e f f e c t s o f end c l e a r a n c e and w a l l boundary l a y e r .

The c o r r e l a t i o n l e n g t h i s d e f i n e d as the e q u i v a l e n t l e n g t h over w h i c h v e l -

ocity fluctuations i n the wake may be d e s c r i b e d as p e r f e c t l y c o r r e l a t e d . The

 29

correlation l e n g t h i s then o b t a i n e d by i n t e g r a t i n g the area under the c o r r e l -

ation curve.

I t i s seen t h a t f o r both c i r c u l a r and D - s e c t i o n c y l i n d e r s , the corre-

lation l e n g t h s f o r the o s c i l l a t i n g models a t resonant wind speeds are much

h i g h e r than those a t o t h e r wind speeds or those f o r s t a t i o n a r y models.

For s t a t i o n a r y models, A = 5.85h f o r the D - s e c t i o n c y l i n d e r w h i l e f o r

the c i r c u l a r c y l i n d e r A = 4.56h o n l y . For the c i r c u l a r c y l i n d e r the v a l u e

i s comparable i n magnitude to those o b t a i n e d by o t h e r i n v e s t i g a t o r s . Measure-

ments o f two-point c o r r e l a t i o n by P r e n d e r g a s t a n d el Baroudi^^ resulted

(19")

in a A o f about 3.5h and those by V i c k e r y , 5.6h.

Interesting are the h i g h v a l u e s o f A f o r both c y l i n d e r s oscillating

a t t h e i r r e s o n a n t wind speeds. For. the c i r c u l a r c y l i n d e r this result i s i n

c l o s e agreement w i t h the r e s u l t from the f l u c t u a t i n g l i f t c o e f f i c i e n t

calculations discussed previously.

 30
VI. SUMMARY OF. RESULTS

Based on t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u l t s t h e f o l l o w i n g may he c o n c l u d e d :

(1) There a r e l a r g e r o s c i l l a t i n g a m p l i t u d e s and much l a r g e r wake v e l o c i t y

c o r r e l a t i o n l e n g t h s f o r a D - s e c t i o n c y l i n d e r o s c i l l a t i n g a t near maximum am-

p l i t u d e than f o r a c i r c u l a r c y l i n d e r .

(2) F o r "both c i r c u l a r a n d D - s e c t i o n o s c i l l a t i n g c y l i n d e r s , t h e v a r i a t i o n o f

t h e phase a n g l e <t> w i t h U i s n e a r l y t h e same i r r e s p e c t i v e o f t h e magnetic

damping l e v e l s .

(3) I r r e s p e c t i v e o f t h e damping l e v e l s . , f o r t h e c i r c u l a r c y l i n d e r " c a p t u r e "

f i r s t occurs as f f o r t h e s t a t i o n a r y c y l i n d e r c l o s e l y approaches f ^ , and

Y o c c u r s i n t h e m i d d l e o f t h e c a p t u r e range. For the D-section c y l i n d e r ,

max

however, " c a p t u r e " o c c u r s when f i s o n l y f r o m 78$ t o 91$ o f f and Y

v c max

o c c u r s a t t h e end o f t h e range.

(4) The amount o f t h e gap between t h e model end and t h e t u n n e l c e i l i n g o r

f l o o r d e f i n i t e l y a f f e c t s t h e r e l a t i v e p o s i t i o n s o f t h e end p o r t i o n s of the

vortex l i n e s .

(5) A t each s e c t i o n o f t h e o s c i l l a t i n g c i r c u l a r c y l i n d e r , a phase s h i f t be-

tween t h e s i g n a l s from t h e n e i g h b o r i n g p r e s s u r e t a p s on t h e same s i d e e x i s t s .

(6) Wake v e l o c i t y c o r r e l a t i o n l e n g t h i s h i g h e r f o r a D - s e c t i o n c y l i n d e r than

for a circular cylinder. Also, f o r a given c y l i n d e r , the c o r r e l a t i o n length

i s h i g h e r f o r l a r g e a m p l i t u d e o s c i l l a t i o n s t h a n f o r low a m p l i t u d e o s c i l l a t i o n s

o r when t h e c y l i n d e r i s s t a t i o n a r y .

(7) I n g e n e r a l t h e v o r t e x wake i s h i g h l y t h r e e - d i m e n s i o n a l b o t h f o r t h e s t a -
 31
t i o n a r y and the o s c i l l a t i n g c i r c u l a r c y l i n d e r . I f the e f f e c t s due t o boundary

l a y e r f l o w a t t u n n e l w a l l s and the s l o t s i n the t u n n e l c e i l i n g and f l o o r are

n e g l e c t e d , the v o r t e x l i n e s a r e n e a r l y s t r a i g h t but i n c l i n e d a t about 7° t o 9°

w i t h r e s p e c t t o the c y l i n d e r a x i s f o r b o t h the s t a t i o n a r y c i r c u l a r cylinder

and the o s c i l l a t i n g c i r c u l a r c y l i n d e r w i t h low a m p l i t u d e . F o r the o s c i l l a t i n g

c i r c u l a r c y l i n d e r w i t h n e a r l y the maximum o s c i l l a t i n g a m p l i t u d e , the vortex

l i n e s form i n n e a r l y s t r a i g h t l i n e s p a r a l l e l t o the cylinder.

 32
• BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. K e e f e , R. T. "An I n v e s t i g a t i o n o f t h e F l u c t u a t i n g F o r c e s A c t i n g
on a S t a t i o n a r y C i r c u l a r C y l i n d e r i n a S u b s o n i c
Stream and o f t h e A s s o c i a t e d Sound F i e l d " , U.T.I.A.
R e p o r t 76, September 1961.

2. McGregor, D. M. "An E x p e r i m e n t a l I n v e s t i g a t i o n o f t h e O s c i l l a t i n g
P r e s s u r e s on a C i r c u l a r C y l i n d e r i n a F l u i d Stream".,
I n s t i t u t e of Aerophysics, U n i v e r s i t y of Toronto,
U.T.I.A. T e c h n i c a l Note No. 14, June 1957-

"The T h r e e - d i m e n s i o n a l S t r u c t u r e o f t h e Wake o f a
3. Gerrard, J . H.
C i r c u l a r C y l i n d e r " , J . F l u i d Mech., V o l . 25, 1966,
pp. 143-164.

4. Gerrard, J . H. "An E x p e r i m e n t a l I n v e s t i g a t i o n o f t h e O s c i l l a t i n g
L i f t and Drag o f a C i r c u l a r C y l i n d e r Shedding
T u r b u l e n t V o r t i c e s " , J.F.M., V o l . 11, 1 9 6 l , pp.
244-256.

5. B i s h o p , R. E. "The L i f t and Drag F o r c e s on an O s c i l l a t i n g

Hassan, A. T. C y l i n d e r " , Proceedings of the Royal S o c i e t y of
London, S e r i e s A, V o l . 277, 1964, pp. 51-75-

6. H e i n e , W. "On t h e E x p e r i m e n t a l I n v e s t i g a t i o n o f V o r t e x
E x c i t e d P r e s s u r e F l u c t u a t i o n s " , M.A. S c . T h e s i s ,
U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a , 1964.

7« Den H a r t o g , J . P. "Recent T e c h n i c a l M a n i f e s t a t i o n s o f Von Kantian's

V o r t e x Wake", P r o c e e d i n g s o f t h e N a t i o n a l Academy
o f S c i e n c e s o f USA, V o l . 40, No. 3, 1954.

8. F e r g u s o n , K. "The Measurement o f Wake and S u r f a c e E f f e c t s i n

the S u b c r i t i c a l F l o w P a s t a C i r c u l a r C y l i n d e r at
R e s t and i n V o r t e x - E x c i t e d O s c i l l a t i o n " , M.A. Sc.
;

T h e s i s , U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h Columbia , September
1965.

9- Koopmahn, G. H. "On t h e Wind-Induced V i b r a t i o n s o f C i r c u l a r

C y l i n d e r s " , M.A. S c . T h e s i s , C a t h o l i c U n i v e r s i t y ,
March 1967.

10. Koopmann, G. H. "The V o r t e x Wakes o f V i b r a t i n g C y l i n d e r s at Low

R e y n o l d s Numbers", J . F l u i d Mech., V o l . 28, 1967,
pp. 501-512.
 33

Smith, J.D. "An E x p e r i m e n t a l Study o f the A e r o e l a s t i c

I n s t a b i l i t y o f R e c t a n g u l a r C y l i n d e r s " , M.A. Sc.
T h e s i s , U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h Columbia, August 1962.

Wiland, E. "Unsteady Aerodynamics o f S t a t i o n a r y E l l i p t i c

C y l i n d e r s i n S u b c r i t i c a l Flow", M.A. Sc. T h e s i s ,
U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h Columbia, A p r i l 1968.

Cheng, S. "An E x p e r i m e n t a l I n v e s t i g a t i o n o f the A u t o r o t a t i o n

o f a F l a t P l a t e " , M.A. Sc. T h e s i s , U n i v e r s i t y o f
B r i t i s h Columbia, 1966.

Scruton, C. "On the Wind-Excited O s c i l l a t i o n s o f Stacks,

Towers and Masts", P r o c . I n t . Conf. on Wind
E f f e c t s on B u i l d i n g s and S t r u c t u r e s , N. P. L.,
London, 1965.

Toebes, G. H. " F l u i d e l a s t i c F e a t u r e s o f Flow Around C y l i n d e r s " ,

Proc. I n t . Res. Sem. Wind E f f e c t s on B u i l d i n g s and
S t r u c t u r e s , v o l . 2 , Ottawa, September, 1967.

Parkinson, G.V. "Mechanisms o f V o r t e x - E x c i t e d O s c i l l a t i o n o f

Ferguson, N. B l u f f C y l i n d e r s " , Proc. Symp. Wind E f f e c t s on
Feng, C.C. B u i l d i n g s and S t r u c t u r e s , v o l . 2 , Loughborough,
April,1968.

Prendergast, V. "Measurements o f Two-Point C o r r e l a t i o n s o f the

Surface P r e s s u r e on a C i r c u l a r C y l i n d e r " , U.T.I.
Tech. Note 23, J u l y 1958.

el Baroudi, M.Y. "Measurement o f Two-Point C o r r e l a t i o n s of V e l o c i t y

Near a C i r c u l a r C y l i n d e r Shedding a Karman V o r t e x
S t r e e t " , U.T.I.A. Tech. Note 31, January 1960.

Vickery, B.J. " F l u c t u a t i n g L i f t and Drag on a Long C y l i n d e r o f

Square C r o s s - S e c t i o n i n a Smooth and i n a T u r b u l e n t
Stream", NPL Aero Rep. No. 1146, A p r i l 1965.

Pankhurst, R.C. "Wind Tunnel Technique", Pitman, 1948.

Holder, D.W.
 34
APPENDIX A

TUNNEL CORRECTIONS TO WIND SPEED

Wind speeds were c o r r e c t e d a c c o r d i n g t o R e f e r e n c e 20. I n t h e absence o f

b e t t e r d a t a , c o r r e c t i o n s t o w i n d speed f o r t h e o s c i l l a t i n g c y l i n d e r were t h e

same f o r t h e s t a t i o n a r y c y l i n d e r .

Solid Blockage:

V = V 1 + CX, (|)
uncorr.

where
C = 0.822 for a closed tunnel

X = 1.0 (model shape f a c t o r )

h = model w i d t h

H = tunnel width

Wake B l o c k a g e :

V = V i + 0.25 ( ) c
5 d
uncorr.

where
C = Measured d r a g c o e f f i c i e n t (assumed 1.25)
d

Therefore

3 3
V =V j 1 + 0.82 ( ^ ) + 0.25 (1.25)
uncorr. L 3° 3°

= 1.032 V
uncorr.
 35
APPENDIX B

CORRELATOR PHASE MEASUREMENT

The s i g n a l s f r o m e i t h e r t h e B a r o c e l p r e s s u r e t r a n s d u c e r o r t h e h o t w i r e

anemometer d u r i n g t h e e x p e r i m e n t s have a s t r o n g fundamental f r e q u e n c y b u t a r e

random i n a m p l i t u d e . F o r a n a l y t i c a l p u r p o s e s , t h e mean a m p l i t u d e w i l l r e p l a c e

t h e random one.

The c r o s s - c o r r e l a t i o n f u n c t i o n , R ( T ) , o f two v a r i a b l e s i s d e f i n e d b y

(1)

where t h e time d e l a y , T , i s independent o f t .

If f^(t) and fg(t) a r e i d e n t i c a l s i g n a l s , we o b t a i n t h e a u t o - c o r r e l a -

t i o n f u n c t i o n o f one v a r i a b l e , **-]_-]_( ) T

T
R-MC-O = ^ £ [' f ( t ) f . ( t - ) at
n T (2)
11 T-*°° T J
0 1 1

S i n c e , f o r t h e purpose o f t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n , o n l y t h e fundamental signal

f r e q u e n c y i s o f i n t e r e s t a n d s i n c e t h e mean a m p l i t u d e s r e p l a c e t h e random ones,

we assume

A n s i n ait (3)

f
2 = A
2 S ± n
^ +
* " < x i N A T
)

where
OD = fundamental a n g u l a r f r e q u e n c y

= mean s i g n a l a m p l i t u d e s
 * = phase a n g l e between t h e two s i g n a l s

N = t h e N t h increment where t h e . t o p p o i n t o f : t h e c o s i n e

f u n c t i o n i s reached

• A T =
I5o T

OSNAT = t h e amount o f phase a n g l e d e l a y e d by t h e c o r r e l a t o r .

As a r e s u l t o f t h e a p p r o x i m a t e d p e r i o d i c i t y , ( l ) and (2) become

. l /
T
2

1 -T-i./
/2x

T
V 2

R ( T )
U = ±- J f (-t) f ( t - ) d t
x 1 T (6)

where - i s t h e p e r i o d o f t h e f u n c t i o n i n seconds,.and

2TT
T = —
1 ^

D e f i n e t h e n o r m a l i z e d c r o s s - c o r r e l a t i o n f u n c t i o n as

R
1 2 ( T )

a
i2 ( r ) =
V^io) R (o)
2

W i t h t h e h e l p o f (3) and ( 4 ) , t h e n

T
l / T
l / A 2

1 r '2 2 1 r 12 ? 2 i
R
ii ( 0 ) =
T" J f
i ( t ) dt =
T~ J A
i s i n dt
= T
1 -T 1 ;
1
" l/T

"72 /2 i

Similarly,
A
2
= T
 37

i rV
R 1 2 ( T ) = — J A
I A
2 S I N
°^ S I N
( A I F C
+ * - CJCMAT) dt

and A
l 2
A

Q; 1 2 (T) = co's(0 =- O—I N—A T—) cos(<t> - aiNAx) (7)

Without delaying time, T,

a ( 0 ) = cos 0 ,
l 2

showing t h e c o r r e l a t i o n i s t h e g r e a t e s t i f 0 = 0 .

On t h e o t h e r hand, b y u s i n g t h e d e l a y i n g mechanism i n t h e c o r r e l a t o r t h e

Nth i n c r e m e n t , where t h e t o p p o i n t o f t h e c o s i n e f u n c t i o n i s r e a c h e d , may he

counted. The phase a n g l e between t h e two s i g n a l s i s , a c c o r d i n g t o (7)

0 = OJNAT

But since CD = 2TT f v a n d A T = z~z^r ,

0 = 3-6 NT fv
Figure 1. Wind tunnel outline
 CO
F i g u r e 2. Wind t u n n e l t e s t s e c t i o n w i t h model (downstream d i r e c t i o n )
Figure 3> Models
 Tap No. z(lnch) z/h

1 -12.0 -4.0
2 -10.5 -3-5
3 -9-0 -3-0
4 -7-5 -2.5
5 -6.0 -2.0
6 -4.5 -1.5
7 -3-0 -1.0
8 -1-5 -0.5
9 0.0 0.0
10 +1.5 +0.5
11 +3.0 +1.0
12 +1.5
13 +6.0 +2.0
i4 +7-5 +2.5
15 +9.0 +3-0
16 +10.5 +3-5
17 +12.0 +4.0

Figure 4. Spanwise p r e s s u r e t a p p o s i t i o n s f o r the c i r c u l a r cylinder

 k2

F i g u r e 5» Arrangement o f model mounting system

 hh

Barocel

Vibration
generator

Polyethylene tube
Jt=5', di = 0.066'

R.M.S.
Voltmeter

Oscilloscope

Figure 7. Block diagram of the c a l i b r a t i o n apparatus

F i g u r e 8. C a l i b r a t i o n curves f o r B a r o c e l pressure transducer

4=-
o

Flow velocity, m/sec

Figure 9 . C a l i b r a t i o n curve f o r 55AQLDISA Anemometers w i t h o u t a l i n e a r i z e r

-p-
 12

—©— Upper probe, R at 77 °F I 3.56 ohm, R ."6.4C1 ohm 0

—-A---- Lowei' probe, R at 80°F I 153 ohm, R I6.33i ohm 0

10

co
o
8
co
O)
03
•<—
o
> 6 >
o
TJ
CD
O)

m 4
Eo I 5.4 volts
m I 2.03
St*

0 10 20 30 40 51D
Wind speed, fps

F i g u r e 1 0 . C a l i b r a t i o n c u r v e s f o r 5 5 A 0 1 DISA Anemometers u s i n g linearizers

4=-
F i g u r e 11. I n s t r u m e n t s and w i n d t u n n e l t e s t section

CO
 50

Cylinder top view

RMS
voltmeta

l - C damping Oscilloscope
circuit

F i g u r e 13. B l o c k diagram o f t h e f l u c t u a t i n g p r e s s u r e measuring s e t - u p

F i g u r e Ik. C o o r d i n a t e axes f o r wake probe p o s i t i o n s
 Model

Hot wire
probes

DISA DISA
anemometer anemometer
Linearizer Linearizer

Krohn-Hite Krohn-Hite
filter filter

F i g u r e 15. B l o c k diagram o f t h e spanwise c o r r e l a t i o n function

measuring s e t - u p
F i g u r e 16. Phase s h i f t and d i s p l a c e m e n t phenomena f o r t h e c i r c u l a r c y l i n d e
a t v a r i o u s damping l e v e l s
 8 "1 i .8

u-*0- o u
Ymax

\
%

\ \
\ \o
\
\

27TU \ •
\
\ rmax
\

'£

\
\

.2
* 'r^

Figure 17(a). S t a b i l i t y diagram f o r the c i r c u l a r cylinder

u—D- o U

Ymax

27TU rmax

10
27rfi/n
F i g u r e 17(b). S t a b i l i t y diagram f o r D - s e c t i o n c y l i n d e r
F i g u r e 19• O s c i l l a t i o n phenomena f o r c i r c u l a r c y l i n d e r , I , = 100 ma
F i g u r e 21. O s c i l l a t i o n phenomena f o r c i r c u l a r cylinder
w i t h a damping c u r r e n t o f 250 ma.
Fig. 22 O s c i l l a t i o n Phenomena for Circular Cylinder, 1^ = 3^0 ma.
 6o

firwmm
f

.11 Lij

•• • • • • • 1

(a) V = 14.4 fps (b) D u r i n g t h e change

E i i i i i i i i i
• i

(c) V - 15-2 fps (&) T r a n s i t i o n from V = 13-9 i\P 6

to V = 13.4 fps

Top t r a c e , p r e s s u r e s i g n a l from No. 9 t a p a t 9 90°

Bottom t r a c e , aisplacement
Time base, 2 sec/div.

F i g u r e 23. Oscilloscope traces of f l u c t u a t i n g surface p r e s s u r e and

aisplacement s i g n a l s a u r i n g the abrupt changes.
F i g u r e 2k. Phase s h i f t and d i s p l a c e m e n t phenomena f o r t h e D - s e c t i o n
c y l i n d e r a t V a r i o u s damping l e v e l s
F i g . 25 O s c i l l a t i o n Phenomena f o r D - s e c t i o n C y l i n d e r , I, = 0 ma
Figure 26. O s c i l l a t i o n phenomena f o r D - s e c t i o n c y l i n d e r , I = 80 ma
F i g u r e 2J. O s c i l l a t i o n phenomena f o r D - s e c t i o n cylinder, I = 1^5 ma
 65

F i g u r e 28. O s c i l l a t i o n phenomena f o r D - s e c t i o n c y l i n d e r , I = 222 ma

66
 ill.

nun
JftdL i

IliilHIil I n
II
PH

V = 1 1 . 3 fps Top t r a c e , s u r f a c e p r e s s u r e a t 0 =9 0 °

f = 9 . 0 4 cps Bottom t r a c e , d i s p l a c e m e n t
c
f = 8 . 7 3 cps Time b a s e , 1 s e c / d i v .

F i g u r e 3 0 . Beat phenomena
Legend Tap No. o
• 1

to 3 0

cr 5

a. 7
.#9^
9
V
X

to
£>
11

13
4-X
I J-*l
Q 15

O 17

CD
X ft
• CD
*
cr
D
o to

g
to

D
o
Re : 18100

30 60" ir- 120 150 180

F i g u r e 31. c' d i s t r i b u t i o n on t h e s u r f a c e o f a s t a t i o n a r y c i r c u l a r cylinder, V = 11.8 fps

Legend Tap No.
o 1

2
p
3
D

cr 5

7 cr ti
a,
9 Q cr

4a-
x
11
t» x
13
P
cr
Q 15
o x>
b
p
D

cr 16
P
o 17 o.

a ca §
i
T cr
_CE_
O, o

Re : 19600

120"
30 60
er 90

Figure 32. C ' d i s t r i b u t i o n on t h e s u r f a c e o f a s t a t i o n a r y c i r c u l a r c y l i n d e r , V = 13«2 fps

 •8-
Legend Tap No.
• 1
p 2
t) 3
d 5
b
a 7 x
X
D
9

11
X
I I a
P-
-X .
P 13 f ar
CX 15
cr ti B
cr 16
P Q t»
o 17 X
.P
a
o O
tl I o
4- a •

ft

ft
9 Re I 17000

0«r
30 60 90 120
0°

F i g u r e 33. C ' distribution on the s u r f a c e o f an o s c i l l a t i n g c i r c u l a r c y l i n d e r , V = 11.3 f p s

0.3
Legend Tap No.
o l

p 2

tl 3

cr 5

a 7

X 9
+*9

0.2 o 11

c 13

Q 15 3-*1
cr 16

o 17

F i g u r e 3^. .C ' d i s t r i b u t i o n on the s u r f a c e o f an o s c i l l a t i n g c i r c u l a r c y l i n d e r , V = 17.6 fps

F i g u r e 35. c' d i s t r i b u t i o n on t h e s u r f a c e o f an o s c i l l a t i n g c i r c u l a r c y l i n d e r , V = 13-6 fps
78
 79

Figure k2. Spanwise phase s h i f t o f f l u c t u a t i n g s e c t i o n a l l i f t

on a s t a t i o n a r y c i r c u l a r c y l i n d e r , V = 13.2 f p s
 80

F i g u r e 43. Spanwise phase s h i f t o f f l u c t u a t i n g s e c t i o n a l lift

on an o s c i l l a t i n g c i r c u l a r c y l i n d e r , V =; 11.3 ip s
 81

F i g u r e kk. Spanwise phase s h i f t o f f l u c t u a t i n g s e c t i o n a l l i f t

on an o s c i l l a t i n g c i r c u l a r c y l i n d e r , V = 17•5 f p s
 82

Figure k-5. Spanwise phase s h i f t o f f l u c t u a t i n g s e c t i o n a l l i f t

on an o s c i l l a t i n g c i r c u l a r c y l i n d e r , V = 1 3 • 9 f p
s
Figure k6. E f f e c t o f end c l e a r a n c e s on spanwise phase s h i f t o f
f l u c t u a t i n g s e c t i o n a l l i f t on a s t a t i o n a r y c i r c u l a r
cylinder, V = 13•9 f p s
 84

A 6-

*• I 17900
-6 A-

< BO—A—o

> B—U

O A

o Same s l o t s s i z e s as "before

• S l o t s l e n g t h e n e d and widened
O O• i r
A S l o t s l e n g t h e n e d and widened

T r a v e r s i n g gear moved downstream

o—o

-A & • D
-40 -20 20 40 60 80 100

Figure kf. E f f e c t o f f l o o r and c e i l i n g s l o t s on spanwise phase shift

of f l u c t u a t i n g s e c t i o n a l l i f t on a s t a t i o n a r y circular
cylinder, V = 11.8 f p s
 V : 11.3 fps, Y = 0.025, Re : 16900
V : 17.0 fps. Y = 0.270, Re Z 26200

i Z 5.6 I

k 1
X:4.22h
*
—, (
^^^^ u -—

:
:
• r A '
o
1

D
1
1 1
" '>

I
8
D diameters

Figure 48. Two-point fluctuating wake velocity correlations for an o s c i l l a t i n g circular

cylinder
F i g u r e 49. Two-point f l u c t u a t i n g wake v e l o c i t y c o r r e l a t i o n s f o r a s t a t i o n a r y and an o s c i l l a t i n g c i r c u l a r
cylinder, V=13-9fps
 - e — Oscillating, Y : 0.58, Re 121200
— Stationary

D diameters

F i g u r e 50. Two-point f l u c t u a t i n g wake v e l o c i t y c o r r e l a t i o n s f o r a s t a t i o n a r y and an o s c i l l a t i n g D-section

c y l i n d e r , V = lk.1 f p s

oo
-3