Chapter Three Reinforced Concrete Design II

Chapter Three: Analysis and Design of Two-Way Slabs

Comparison of One-way and Two-way slab behavior
When the slab is supported on all four sides and the length, L, is less than twice the width, S, the slab will deflect
in two directions, and the loads on the slab are transferred to all four supports. This slab is referred to as a two-
way slab. The bending moments and deflections in such slabs are less than those in one-way slabs; thus, the same
slab can carry more loads when supported on four sides. The load in this case is carried in two directions, and the
bending moment in each direction is much less than the bending moment in the slab if the load were carried in
one direction only.

One-way slab with beams Two-way slab with beams

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 Chapter Three Reinforced Concrete Design II

Analysis and Design of Two-Way Slabs

Two-way slabs can be strengthened by the addition of beams between the columns, by
thickening the slabs around the columns (drop panels), and by flaring the columns under
the slabs (column capitals).

Flat plate Flat plate with drop panels capitals

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 Chapter Three Reinforced Concrete Design II

Analysis and Design of Two-Way Slabs

Ribbed Slabs Waffle Slabs Flat Slabs

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 Chapter Three Reinforced Concrete Design II

Analysis and Design of Two-Way Slabs

Comparison of One-way and Two-way slab behavior Economic Choices

Flat Plate suitable span 20 to 25 ft with LL= 60 -100 psf Waffle Slab suitable span 30 to 48 ft with LL= 80 -150 psf
Advantages
Advantages
• Low cost formwork
Carries heavy loads
• Exposed flat ceilings
Attractive exposed ceilings
• Fast
Fast
• High fire resistance
Disadvantages
Disadvantages
Formwork with panels is expensive
• Low shear capacity
• Low Stiffness (notable deflection)

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 Chapter Three Reinforced Concrete Design II

Analysis and Design of Two-Way Slabs

Comparison of One-way and Two-way slab behavior Static Equilibrium of Two-Way Slabs
L1
ws =load taken by short direction L2
B A
wl = load taken by long direction
δA = δB
A B

5ws A4 5wl B 4 Analogy of two-way slab to plank and beam floor

=
384 EI 384 EI
Section A-A:
ws B 4 wl12
= 4 For B = 2A  ws = 16 wl Moment per ft width in planks  M = k - ft/ft
wl A 2 8
Total Moment  M = (wl ) 1 k - ft
l
f 2
For B/A > 2, design as one-way slab 8

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 Chapter Three Reinforced Concrete Design II

Design of Two-Way Slabs

The ACI Code specifies two methods for the design of two-way slabs:

1. The equivalent frame method, EFM (ACI Code, Section 8.11), is one in which a three-dimensional
building is divided into a series of two-dimensional equivalent frames by cutting the building along lines
midway between columns. The resulting frames are considered separately in the longitudinal and
transverse directions of the building and treated floor by floor.

2. The direct design method, DDM (ACI Code, Section 8.10), is an approximate procedure for the analysis
and design of two-way slabs. It is limited to slab systems subjected to uniformly distributed loads and
supported on equally or nearly equally spaced columns. The method uses a set of coefficients to
determine the design moments at critical sections.

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 Chapter Three Reinforced Concrete Design II

Minimum Slab Thickness for Two-Way Construction

The ACI Code 9.5.3 specifies a minimum slab thickness to control deflection. There are three empirical
limitations for calculating the slab thickness (h), which are based on experimental research. If these limitations
are not met, it will be necessary to compute deflection.

(a) For  m  0.2 Use Table 9.5(c) (b) For 0.2   m  2 (c) For 2  m

 fy   fy 
ln  0.8 +  ln  0.8 + 
h=   h=  
200,000 200,000
≥5 in. ≥ 3.5 in.
36 + 5 ( m − 0.2 ) 36 + 9 

For Table 9.5 C: Slab without drop panels h ≥ 5 in

Slabs with drop panels h ≥4 in

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 Chapter Three Reinforced Concrete Design II

Minimum Slab Thickness for Two-Way Construction

h = Minimum slab thickness without interior beams E cb I b / l E cb I b
= =
ln = Clear span in the long direction measured face to face of column E cs I s / l E cs I s
β= The ratio of the long to short clear span Ecb: Modulus of elasticity of beam
αm= The average value of α for all beams on the sides of the panel Esb: Modulus of elasticity of slab
Ib: Moment of inertia of uncracked beam
Definition of Beam-to-Slab Stiffness Ratio,  Is: Moment of inertia of uncracked slab

• Accounts for stiffness effect of beams located along slab edge Example:
• Reduces deflections of panel adjacent to beams. 4 + 2 + 0.5 + 5
α𝑚 =
flexural stiffness of beam 4
= α𝑚 =2.875
flexural stiffness of slab

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 Chapter Three Reinforced Concrete Design II

Minimum Slab Thickness for Two-Way Construction

Beam and Slab Sections for calculation of α

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 Chapter Three Reinforced Concrete Design II

Minimum Slab Thickness for Two-Way Construction

Estimating dimensions of interior and exterior beams sections
Dimensions can be estimated from the following figures:
Where:
b = beam width,
h = slab thickness,
a = beam thickness.

Effective beam section (a) interior beam; (b) exterior beam

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 Chapter Three Reinforced Concrete Design II

Minimum Slab Thickness for Two-Way Construction

Slabs without Interior Beams
Example 1: A flat plate (no drop panels) floor system with panels 24 by 20 ft is
supported on 20 in. square columns. Determine the minimum slab thickness
required for the interior and corner panels. Use fc = 4 ksi and fy = 60 ksi.
α=0 since there is no interior beams (flat plate)
ln
hmin = For Panel 1
30
 20 in.  1 ft.  
ln = 24 ft. − 2     = 22.33 ft.
 2  12 in.  
 12 in. 
22.33 ft.  
hmin =  1 ft. 
= 8.93 in.  9 in.
30
l
hmin = n For Panel 3
33
 12 in. 
22.33 ft.  
hmin =  1 ft. 
= 8.12 in.  8.5 in.
33

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 Chapter Three Reinforced Concrete Design II

Minimum Slab Thickness for Two-Way Construction

Example 2: Using the ACI Code, determine the minimum permissible total
thicknesses required for the slabs in panels 3 and 2 for the floor system
shown in the Figure. Edge beams are used around the building perimeter,
and they are 12 in. wide and extend vertically for 8 in. below the slab.
They also extend 8 in. out into the slab as required by ACI. No drop
panels are used, and the concrete in the slab is the same as that used in
the edge beams. fy= 60,000 psi.

For the Interior Panel 3

α =0 since the interior panels have no internal beams
16
𝑙𝑛 = 20 𝑓𝑡 - 12 = 18.67 𝑓𝑡
𝑙𝑛 18.67
min ℎ = 33
= 33 = 0.566 𝑓𝑡 = 6.79 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ > 5 𝑖𝑛 (𝑂𝐾)

Use h of 7 inch

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 Chapter Three Reinforced Concrete Design II

Minimum Slab Thickness for Two-Way Construction

For the Exterior Panel 2
Assume h = 7 in. and compute αf with reference made to Figure (a).
Centroid of crosshatched beam section located by statics 6.55 in. from top

Or Ib= 1.5 Iw = 5063 in4.

So This is an edge beam, thus use

Table 9.5 (c) with edge beam

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14
 Chapter Three Reinforced Concrete Design II

Minimum Slab Thickness for Two-Way Construction

Slabs with Interior Beams
Example 3: The two-way slab shown in the Figure has
been assumed to have a thickness of 7 in. Section A–A
in the figure shows the beam cross section. Check the
ACI equations to determine if the slab thickness is
satisfactory for an interior panel. fc = 3000 psi, fy =
60,000 psi, and normal-weight concrete.

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 Chapter Three Reinforced Concrete Design II

Minimum Slab Thickness for Two-Way Construction

Determining Slab Thickness per ACI specifications Homework No.9
Q.1 The floor system consists of solid slabs and beams in two
directions supported on 20 in square columns. Determine the
minimum slab thickness required for an interior panel. Use fc =
4 ksi and fy = 60 ksi

αlong =3.72, αshort =2.73, β= 1.22, h=6.5 or 7 inch

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 Chapter Three Reinforced Concrete Design II

Minimum Slab Thickness for Two-Way Construction

Q2: The floor system consists of solid slabs and beams in two Q3: Calculate the minimum slab thickness for
directions. Calculate the minimum beam web thickness (bw) so corner panel in solid slab (without interior
that the stiffness ratio α for beam 1 equals to 2.80. Assume the beams). The slab has drop panels and edge
initial slab thickness is 7 inches and the beam extended 15 beam surrounding the slab. Assume Panels 24 by
inches below the slab. Use IT=2Iw 20 ft (center-to-center) supported on 20 in.
square columns. Use fc = 4 ksi and fy = 60 ksi.

Ans. bw=12.99 inches Ans. 7.44 inches

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 Chapter Three Reinforced Concrete Design II

Shear Strength of Two-Way Slabs

Shear is typically not critical where a two-way slab system Two-way slabs supported on beams
is supported on beams and/or walls. However, shear can
be critical for flat plates or flat slabs directly supported on The critical location is found at d distance from
columns. the column, where
Shear strength at an exterior slab-column connection is
especially critical because the total exterior negative slab
(
 Vc =  2 f c bd ) For One-Way Shear
moment must be transferred to the edge column
The supporting beams are stiff and are
In two-way floor systems, the slab must have adequate capable of transmitting floor loads to the
thickness to resist both bending moments and shear columns.
forces at critical section.

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 Chapter Three Reinforced Concrete Design II

Shear Strength of Two-Way Slabs

Two-Way Slabs without beams
The shear force is calculated using the triangular
and trapezoidal areas. If no shear reinforcement
is provided, the shear force at a distance d from
the beam must equal

(
Vud   Vc   2 f c bd )
where,
Two-way or punch out shear which
l 
Vud = wu  2 − d 
occurs along a truncated cone
 
2 
One-way shear or beam shear at
distance d from the column Punching shear

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 Chapter Three Reinforced Concrete Design II

Shear Strength of Two-Way Slabs

Two-way shear fails along a truncated cone or pyramid
around the column. The critical section is located d/2
from the column face, column capital, or drop panel.
If shear reinforcement is not provided, the
shear strength of concrete is the smaller of:
 4 
 (
Vc =   2 +  f c bo d   4 f c bo d)
 c 
bo = Perimeter of the critical section and βc is the
ratio of long side of column to short side

 d 

Vc =   s
+ 2  f c bo d
 bo 
as is 40 for interior columns, 30 for edge columns, and 20 for corner columns.

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 Chapter Three Reinforced Concrete Design II

Shear Strength of Two-Way Slabs

For plates and flat slabs, which do not meet the The nominal two-way shear strength permitted on the
condition for shear, one can either critical section at a distance d/2 from the face of the
▪ Increase slab thickness column may be increased from 4√𝑓𝑐 bod to 6 √f c bod.

▪ Add reinforcement Vc = 4 f c bo d

Reinforcement can be done by shear heads, anchor Av f y d

bars, conventional stirrup cages and studded steel
Vs =
strips. s
Shear head: consists of steel I-beams or channel
welded into four cross arms to be placed in slab
above a column. Does not apply to external
columns due to lateral loads and torsion.
Shear Heads

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 Chapter Three Reinforced Concrete Design II

Shear Strength of Two-Way Slabs

Anchor bars

Studded steel strips

Conventional stirrup cages

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 Chapter Three Reinforced Concrete Design II

Direct Design Method for Two-way Slab

Method of dividing total static moment Mo into positive and
negative moments.
The direct design method consists of a set of rules for
distributing moments to slab and beam sections in a two-way
slab system.

Limitations on use of Direct Design method (ACI 13.6.1)

1. Minimum of 3 continuous spans in each direction (3 × 3 panel).
2. Rectangular panels with long span/short span ≤ 2.
3. Successive span in each direction shall not differ by more than 6. Service (unfactored) live load ≤ 2 (service dead load)
1/3 the longer span. 7. For panels with beams between supports on all
4. Columns may be offset from the basic rectangular grid of the sides, relative stiffness of the beams in the two
building by up to 0.1 times the span parallel to the offset. perpendicular directions: Shall not be less than 0.2 nor
5. All loads must be due to gravity only (N/A to un-braced laterally greater than 5.0.
loaded frames, mats or pre-stressed slabs).

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 Chapter Three Reinforced Concrete Design II

Direct Design Method for Two-way Slab

Definitions Related to Direct Design Method

Panel: A panel is bounded by column, beam, or wall

centerlines on all sides. A panel includes all flexural elements
between column centerlines.
Column Strip: Column strip is a design strip with a width on
each side of a column centerline equal to 0.25l2 or 0.25l1,
whichever is less. Column strip includes beams, if any.
l1 is the length of span in direction that moments are being
determined, measured center-to-center of supports.
l2 is the length of span transverse to l1, measured center-to-
center of supports.
Middle strips is a design strip bounded by two column strips.

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 Chapter Three Reinforced Concrete Design II

Direct Design Method for Two-way Slab

Distribution of Moments
Total static Moment, Mo : The total static moment for a span
length ln and width l2 of a given frame is given by ACI equation as:

Where,
wu = Factored load per unit area.
ln = length of clear span in direction that moments are
being determined, measured face-to-face of supports.
l2 = Transverse width of the strip.
Mo is divided into + M and -M Rules given in ACI sec. 13.6.3
For a typical interior panel, the total static moment is divided into
positive moment 0.35Mo and negative moment of 0.65Mo.
For an exterior panel, the total static moment is dependent on the
type of restraint at the outside edge.

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 Chapter Three Reinforced Concrete Design II

Direct Design Method for Two-way Slab

Longitudinal moment distribution

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 Chapter Three Reinforced Concrete Design II

Direct Design Method for Two-way Slab

Transverse or Lateral distribution of Longitudinal Moments

Tables 13.6.4.1, 13.6.4.2 and 13.6.4.4 of the ACI are used to assign
moments to column strip. The remaining moments are assigned to
middle strip in accordance with ACI 13.6.3. Beams between
supports shall be proportioned to resist 85 percent of column strip Where, C is the torsional constant of the edge
moments if α1l2/l1 is equal to or greater than 1.0. {Where l2 shall be beam. This is roughly equal to the polar moment
taken as full span length irrespective of frame location (exterior or of inertia of edge beam and is given as:
interior)}

βt = the ratio of torsional stiffness of edge beam section to flexural

stiffness of a width of slab equal to span length of beam, center-to-
center of supports.
If there is no edge beam, βt is taken equal to zero. If there is edge
beam, βt is calculated as follows.

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 Chapter Three Reinforced Concrete Design II

Direct Design Method for Two-way Slab

Lateral distribution of
Moments resist by
column strip

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 Chapter Three Reinforced Concrete Design II

Direct Design Method for Two-way Slab

Design Problem 1: Design the slab shown
(Panel A) Follow the Direct Design Method for
the slab analysis.
Data Given:
A 75′ × 60′ building, divided into nine panels
using beams supported at their ends on
columns. Each panel is 20′ × 25′.
fc′ = 4 ksi
fy = 60 ksi N
Height of building = 10′
Column dimensions = 14″ × 14″
Live load = 144 psf

Given slab beam system

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 Chapter Three Reinforced Concrete Design II

Direct Design Method for Two-way Slab

Solution:
Check if the slab system satisfies all the limitations for Direct Design Method.

1) There must be a minimum of three continuous spans in

5) If beams are used on the column lines, the relative
each direction.
stiffness of the beam in the two perpendicular directions,
2) The panels must be rectangular, with the ratio of the
given by the ratio αl2/l1, must be in between 0.2 and 5.0.
longer to shorter spans within a panel not greater than 2.
6) Columns may be offset a maximum of 10 percent of the
3) The successive span lengths in each direction must not
span in the direction of the offset from either axis
differ by more than one third of the longer span.
between centerlines of the successive columns.
4) Loads must be due to gravity only and the service live
load must not exceed 2 times the service dead load.

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 Chapter Three Reinforced Concrete Design II

Direct Design Method for Two-way Slab

Step No 1: Sizes for beams, slab and column. Effective width for beam:
Effective flange projection = minimum of 4hf and hw
Beams: Let assume all beam sections equal to 14″ × 20″ 4hf = 4 × 7 =28″
Column: Let the column dimensions = 14″ × 14″
Slab Thickness: To find the minimum slab thickness, ACI hw = h – hf = 20 – 7 =13″
equations will be used which utilizes αm Therefore, effective flange projection = 13″
Let assume slab thickness (hf) equal to 7″. Then, beff = bw + 2(Effective flange projection) = 14 + 2 × 13 =
40″ And, for edge beams:
beff = bw + (Effective flange projection) = 14 + 13 = 27″

Interior and edge beams sections.

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 Chapter Three Reinforced Concrete Design II

Direct Design Method for Two-way Slab

25’
α=3.9

α=2.2 α=2.2 20’

α=2.7

Note: -
IIS25 = Moment of inertia of 25′ long interior slab.
IES25 = Moment of inertia of 25′ long exterior slab.
IIS20 = Moment of inertia of 20′ long interior slab.
IES20 = Moment of inertia of 20′ long exterior slab.
IBINT = Moment of inertia of interior beam.
IBEXT = Moment of inertia of exterior beam.

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 Chapter Three Reinforced Concrete Design II

Direct Design Method for Two-way Slab

α INT25 = Ratio of MOI of interior beam to MOI of

β = larger clear span / smaller clear span = 23.8 / 18.8 = 1.27
25′ long interior slab.
α EXT25 = Ratio of MOI of exterior beam to MOI
of 25′ long exterior slab. According to given conditions, αm > 2, following equation applies:
α INT20 = Ratio of MOI of interior beam to MOI of h = ln {0.8+ (fy/200000)}/ (36 + 9 β)
20′ long interior slab. h = (23.8 × 12) × {0.8+ (60000/200000)}/ (36 + 9 × 1.27) = 6.63″ < 7″
α EXT20 = Ratio of MOI of exterior beam to MOI Therefore hf = 7″ is O.K. If not, then revise assumed thickness.
of 20′ long exterior slab
αm = (α INT25 + 2 × α INT20+ α EXT25)/4 (Panel A)
= (2.7 + 2.2 + 2.2 + 3.9)/4 = 2.75

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 Chapter Three Reinforced Concrete Design II

Direct Design Method for Two-way Slab

Step No 2: Load on slab.
Service Dead Load (D.L) = γslabhf = 0.15 × (7/12) = 0.0875 ksf
Service Live Load (L.L) = 144 psf or 0.144 ksf E-W
Factored Load (wu) = 1.2D.L + 1.6L.L = 0.336 ksf Ext.
Frame
Step No 3: Analysis
Though four frames are required to be E-W
analyzed for this specific slab system, only Int.
two of the frames will be analyzed and Frame
designed for demonstration purpose.
Analysis of E-W Interior Frame:
Step (A): Frame Data. N
• Design Span of frame (c/c) = l1 = 25′
• Design Length of frame = ln = 25 – (2 × 14/2)/12 = 23.8′
• Width of frame = l2 = 20′
• Column strip width = (Shorter span)/ 4 = 20/4 = 5′ N-S Int. Frame 1 N-S Int. Frame 2

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 Chapter Three Reinforced Concrete Design II

Direct Design Method for Two-way Slab

Step (B): Total static moment.
Mo = wul2ln2/8 (for Mo, l2 is the width of frame)
= 0.336 × 20 × 23.82/8 = 476 ft-k

Step (C): Longitudinal distribution of the static moment

35
 Chapter Three Reinforced Concrete Design II

Direct Design Method for Two-way Slab

E-W Interior Frame

Longitudinal Distribution of
Distribution Factors

Longitudinal Distribution of
Total Static Moment (Mo)

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 Chapter Three Reinforced Concrete Design II

Direct Design Method for Two-way Slab

Step (D): Lateral Distribution of Longitudinal moment (L.M).
Panel A
Other terms required are:
α INT25 =2.7
l2/l1 = 20/25 = 0.8 (l2 shall be taken as full span length
irrespective of frame location (exterior or interior))
α INT20 l2/l1 = 2.2
The values of column strip and middle strip moments
obtained from lateral distribution of longitudinal
moments are given in the Table.
81% column strip 19% middle strip

85% beam 15% slab

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 Chapter Three Reinforced Concrete Design II

Direct Design Method for Two-way Slab

0.8

α INT25 =2.7 1 − 0.5 75 − 90

α l2/l1 = 2.7 (20/25) =2.16 = x=81
0.80 − 0.5 𝑥 − 90
l2/l1 = 0.80

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 Chapter Three Reinforced Concrete Design II

Direct Design Method for Two-way Slab

Step (E): Moment transferred to beam B1.
Self weight of beam = γbeambwhw = 0.15 × (14/12) × (13/12) = 0.20 k/ft
Factored load (wu) = 1.2 × 0.20 = 0.24 k/ft
Moment due to self weight of beam B1 (M) = wuln2/8 = 0.24 × 23.82/8 = 17 ft-k

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 Chapter Three Reinforced Concrete Design II

Direct Design Method for Two-way Slab

Analysis of E-W Exterior Frame:
Step (A): Frame Data.
• Design Span of frame (c/c) = l1 = 25′
• Design Length of frame = ln = 25 – (2 × 14/2)/12 = 23.8′
• Width of frame = l2 = (20/2) + 14/(2 × 12) = 10.6′
• Column strip width = (shorter span)/ 4 = 20/4 = 5′

Step (B): Total static moment.

Mo = wul2ln2/8 (for Mo, l2 is the width of frame)
= 0.336 × 10.6 × 23.82/8 = 252 ft-k

Step (C): Longitudinal distribution of Total static

moment (Mo).

Longitudinal Distribution of Total Static Moment (Mo)

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 Chapter Three Reinforced Concrete Design II

Direct Design Method for Two-way Slab

Step (D): Lateral Distribution of Longitudinal moment (L.M). Note: ACI 13.6.5.1 states that “Beams between supports
α EXT25 = 3.9 shall be proportioned to resist 85 percent of column strip
l2/l1 = 20/25 = 0.8 {l2 shall be taken as full span length moments if α1l2/l1 is equal to or greater than 1.0”.
irrespective of frame location (exterior or interior)}
Where, βt calculation for 10.6′ width of slab strip
α EXT25l2/l1 = 3.12
is given below:
C = Σ [{1- (0.63X/Y)}X3Y/3]
C = {(1- (0.63× 14/20)) × 143 × 20/3 + (1- (0.63 ×
7/13)) × 73 × 13/3}= 11210
βt = C/ (2IES25) = 11210/ (2 × 3636) = 1.54

10.6’

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 Chapter Three Reinforced Concrete Design II

Direct Design Method for Two-way Slab

Step (E): Moment transferred to beam.
Step No 4: Design.
Self weight of beam = γbeambwhw = 0.15 × (14/12) × (13/12) = 0.20 k/ft
Factored load (wu) = 1.2 × 0.20 = 0.24 k/ft E-W Interior slab strip:
Moment due to self weight of beam (M) = wuln2/8 = 0.24 × 23.82/8 = 17 ft-k

ds = hf – 1 = 7 – 1 = 6″
dl = ds – bar dia = 6 – (4/8) = 5.5″ (for # 4 bar)
Asmin = 0.0018bhf (for fy = 60 ksi) = 0.0018 × 12 ×
7 = 0.151 in2 (ρmin = 0.0023, in terms of actual
effective depth)

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 Chapter Three Reinforced Concrete Design II

Direct Design Method for Two-way Slab

Now, Equation used to calculate (ρ) in is as follows:
Mu = Φfyρbdl2{1-0.59ρfy/fc′) = 0.9 × 60 × ρ × 12 × 5.52 × {1-0.59 x ρ x 60/4}
After solving the above equation for ρ, we get: ρ = [19602 ± √{(196022) - (4 x 173477.7 x Mu′ x 12)}]/2(173477.7)…….(A)

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 Chapter Three Reinforced Concrete Design II

Direct Design Method for Two-way Slab

B. E-W Exterior slab strip:

ds = hf – 1 = 7 – 1 =6″
dl = ds – bar dia = 6 – (4/8) = 5.5″ (for # 4 bar)
Asmin = 0.0018 × 12 × 7 = 0.151 in2 (ρmin = 0.0023, in terms
of actual effectivedepth). Now, Equation used to calculate
(ρ) values is as follows:
Mu = Φfyρbd2{1-0.59ρfy/fc′} = 0.9 × 60 × ρ × 12 × 5.52 × {1-
0.59 × ρ × 60/4}. After solving the above equation for ρ
ρ = [19602 ± √ {(196022) – (4 × 173477.7 × Mu′ × 12)}]
/2(173477.7)

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 Chapter Three Reinforced Concrete Design II

Direct Design Method for Two-way Slab

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 Chapter Three Reinforced Concrete Design II

Direct Design Method for Two-way Slab

Design Problem : Design the slab for the building shown
below using the Direct Design Method.
Data Given:
A 60′ × 45′ building, divided into nine panels, supported
at their ends on columns. Each panel is 20′ × 15′.
fc′ = 4 ksi
fy = 60 ksi
Height of building = 10′
Column dimensions = 14″ × 14″
Live load = 144 psf

Solution:
The given slab system satisfies all the necessary limitations for
Direct Design Method to be applicable.
Given flat plate.

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 Chapter Three Reinforced Concrete Design II

Direct Design Method for Two-way Slab

Step No 1: Sizes for slab and columns. Step No 2: Load on slab.
Service Dead Load (D.L) = γslabhf = 0.15 × (8/12) = 0.1 ksf
Slab: To find minimum slab thickness (hf), ACI 9.5.3.2 {ACI Service Live Load (L.L) = 144 psf or 0.144 ksf
Table 9.5 (c) will be used. Factored Load (wu) = 1.2D.L + 1.6L.L
For our case (Slab without drop panels, interior and edge beams) = 1.2 × 0.1 + 1.6 × 0.144 = 0.3504 ksf
hf = ln/30 (Exterior panel) Step No 3: Analysis.
hf = ln/33 (Interior panels) Though four frames are required to be analyzed for this
Exterior panel governs. Therefore, hf = ln/30 specific slab system, only two of the frames will be
= [{20 – (2 × 14/2)/12}/30] × 12 = 7.53″ (Minimum requirement) analyzed and designed for demonstration purpose.
Take hf = 8″; as there are no beams; α = 0
Columns: Let the column dimensions = 14″ × 14″.

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 Chapter Three Reinforced Concrete Design II

Direct Design Method for Two-way Slab

Analysis of E-W Interior Frame.
Step (A): Frame Data.
Design Span of frame (c/c) = l1 = 20′
Design Length of frame = ln = 20 – (2 × 14/2)/12 = 18.83′
Width of frame = l2 = 15′
Column strip width = (Shorter span)/ 4 = 15/4 = 3.75′

Step (B): Total static moment.

Mo = wul2ln2/8 (for Mo, l2 is the width of the frame)
= 0.3504 × 15 × 18.832/8 = 233 ft-k

Step (C): Longitudinal distribution of Total static moment (Mo).

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 Chapter Three Reinforced Concrete Design II

Direct Design Method for Two-way Slab

Step (D): Lateral Distribution of Longitudinal moment (L.M).
α=0
l2/l1 = 15/20 = 0.75 {l2 shall be taken as full span length
irrespective of frame location (exterior or interior)}
αl2/l1 = 0
βt = 0

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 Chapter Three Reinforced Concrete Design II

Direct Design Method for Two-way Slab

0.75

121 ft-k Col. Strip (75%) Mid. Strip (25%)

Col. Strip (60%) Mid. Strip (40%)

151 ft-k

0.75

X l2/l1 = 15/20 = 0.75

αl2/l1 = 0

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 Chapter Three Reinforced Concrete Design II

Direct Design Method for Two-way Slab

Analysis of E-W Exterior Frame. 8.08 ft

Step (A): Frame Data.

• Design Span of frame (c/c) = l1 = 20′
• Design Length of frame = ln = 20 – (2 x 14/2)/12 = 18.83′
• Width of frame = l2 = (15/2) + 14/(2 x 12) = 8.08′
• Column strip width = (shorter span)/ 4 = 15/4 = 3.75′
Step (B): Total static moment.
Mo = wul2ln2/8
= 0.3504 x 8.08 x 18.832/8 = 126 ft-k

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 Chapter Three Reinforced Concrete Design II

Direct Design Method for Two-way Slab

Step (C): Longitudinal distribution of Total static moment (Mo).

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 Chapter Three Reinforced Concrete Design II

Direct Design Method for Two-way Slab

Step (D): Lateral Distribution of Longitudinal moment (L.M).
α=0
l2/l1 = 15/20 = 0.75
αl2/l1 = 0
βt = 0 (no edge beam)

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 Chapter Three Reinforced Concrete Design II

Direct Design Method for Two-way Slab

Step No 4: Design.

(1) Design of Slab strips:

(A) E-W Interior slab strip:
ds = hf – ¾ - (4/8)/2 = 8 – 1 =7″
Asmin = 0.0018x 12 x 8 = 0.1728 in2 (ρmin = 0.002, in terms of
actual effective depth)
Now, Equation used to calculate (ρ) values is as follows:
Mu = Φfyρbds2{1-0.59ρfy/fc′) = 0.9 x 60 x ρ x 12 x 72 x {1-0.59
x ρ x 60/4) 281005 ρ2 - 31752 ρ + Mu = 0
After solving the above equation for ρ
ρ = [31752 ± √{(317522) -(4 x 281005 x Mu′ x
12)}]/2(281005)…………A)

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 Chapter Three Reinforced Concrete Design II

Direct Design Method for Two-way Slab

(B) E-W Exterior slab strip:
ds = hf – 1 = 8 – 1 =7″
Asmin = 0.0018x 12 x 8 = 0.1728 in2 (ρmin = 0.002, in
terms of actual effective depth)
Now, Equation used to calculate (ρ) values is as
follows:
Mu = Φfyρbds2{1-0.59ρfy/fc′) = 0.9 x 60 x ρ x 12 x 72 x
{1-0.59 x ρ x 60/4) 281005 ρ2 - 31752 ρ + Mu = 0
After solving the above equation for ρ
ρ = [31752 ± √{(317522) -(4 x 281005 x Mu′ x
12)}]/2(281005)…………(A)

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 Chapter Three Reinforced Concrete Design II

Direct Design Method for Two-way Slab

(2) Shear Design for Flat-plate:

(i) At Column C1:

hf = 8″ 10.58 ft
d = 8 – 1 = 7″

8.08 ft
(a) Vu = 0.3504{(8.08x 10.58) – (17.5 x 17.5/144}
= 25.83 k
(b) Shear capacity of concrete in punching shear:
ΦVc = 0.75 x 4 √ (fc′) bod
bo = (c1 + d/2) +(c2 + d/2)
bo = 2(14 + 3.5) = 35″
ΦVc = 0.75 x 4 √ (4000) x 35 x 7/1000 = 46.48 k
ΦVc > Vu, O.K. Critical perimeter for column (C1).

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 Chapter Three Reinforced Concrete Design II

Direct Design Method for Two-way Slab

(ii) At Column C2:

(a) Vu = 0.3504{(8.08 x 20) – (21 x 17.5/144)}

= 51.07 k
(b) Shear capacity of concrete in punching shear: 20 ft
ΦVc = 0.75 x 4 √ (fc′) bod
8.08 ft
bo = (c1 + d) +2(c2 + d/2)
bo = (14 + 7) +2(14 + 7/2) = 56″
ΦVc = 0.75 x 4 √ (4000) x 56 x 7/1000 = 74.37 k
ΦVc > Vu, O.K.

Critical perimeter for column (C2).

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 Chapter Three Reinforced Concrete Design II

Direct Design Method for Two-way Slab

(iii) At Column C3:

10.58 ft
(a) Vu = 0.3504{(10.58 x 15) – (21 x 17.5/144)}
= 54.48 k
(b) Shear capacity of concrete in punching shear:
15 ft
ΦVc = 0.75 x 4 √ (fc′) bod
bo = 2(c1 + d/2) +(c2 + d)
bo = 2(14 + 7/2) + (14 + 7) = 56″
ΦVc = 0.75 x 4 √ (4000) x 56 x 7/1000 = 74.37 k
ΦVc > Vu, O.K.

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 Chapter Three Reinforced Concrete Design II

Direct Design Method for Two-way Slab

(iv) At Column C4: 10 ft

(a) Vu = 0.3504{(20 x 15) – (21 x 21/144)} 7.5 ft

= 104 k
(b) Shear capacity of concrete in punching shear:
ΦVc = 0.75 x 4 √ (fc′) bod
bo = 2(c1 + d) +2(c2 + d)
bo = 4(14 + 7) = 84″
ΦVc = 0.75 x 4 √ (4000) x 84 x 7/1000 = 111 k
ΦVc > Vu, O.K.

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 Chapter Three Reinforced Concrete Design II

Direct Design Method for Two-way Slab

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 Chapter Three Reinforced Concrete Design II

Direct Design Method for Two-way Slab

Homework No.10

Q 1: The floor system shown consists of a solid slab and beams in

two directions (web thickness is 14 in) supported on 14-in. square
columns. The slab is to support factored DL and LL equals to 240
psf (slab weight is included). Calculate the total static moment for
the given slab in Frame 1.
Ans: 163.8 K.ft
Q 2: The floor system shown consists of a solid slab and beams in
two directions (web thickness equals to 14 in.) supported on 14-
in. square columns. Assume that the total static moment in
Frame 2 equals to 550 k-ft. Calculate the exterior negative
moment to be resists by column strip (assume βt ≥2.5 and
αfl2/l1≥1)
An:. 68.2 K.ft

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 Chapter Three Reinforced Concrete Design II

Direct Design Method for Two-way Slab

Q 3: Calculate the effective thickness (d) for flat plate Q 4: Calculate the shear capacity ɸVc for resisting
required to resist punching shear for the interior column punching shear for 18 by 20 inches interior column.
C1. Assume all columns are square (16 inches) and the Knowing that normal weight concrete was used with
factored load on the slab equals to 0.50 ksf. Assume the fc= 4000 psi and slab thickness is 8 inches. Use 1-
initial slab thickness (h) equals to 8 inches and the cover inch concrete cover to center of steel.
to the center of steel is 1 inch. Normal weight concrete
with fc =4.5 ksi

Ans: d=6.71 inches

Ans: 138 K

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