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Python programs
Part – 1: Curve stitching

By
Nidhi Chopra

([email protected])
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Preface
Python programs in this eBook merge geometry, coding
and stitching (home science). Its inspiration came from
the subject of home science and then geometry. Python
has features and ability to make it possible & look good in
GUI.

Copyright

© Nidhi Chopra
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Index

S.No. Topic Page

number
1 Introduction to Python 4
2 Basic Commands 5
3 Program 1: Cardioid (2’s table) 6-9
4 Program 2: Nephroid (3’stable) 10-13
5 Exercise 1 14-15
6 Program 3: Parabola 16-19
7 Program 4: Deltoid (3 point astral 20-24
star)
8 Exercise 2 25-27
9 References 28
10 About author 29
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Introduction to Python
Python is a high-level, general-purpose programming
language. It supports multiple programming paradigms,
including structured (particularly procedural), object-
oriented and functional programming. It is often
described as a "batteries included" language due to its
comprehensive standard library.
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Basic Commands

S.No. Command Abbreviation Output Examples

1 FORWARD fd Moves turtle forward for fd(100)

number of times
specified

2 BACK bk Moves turtle back for bk(100)

number of times
specified

3 RIGHT rt Turns turtle right for rt(90)

number of degrees
specified

4 LEFT lt Turns turtle left for lt(90)

number of degrees
specified

5 PENUP penup Sets the turtle to move penup()

without drawing

6 PENDOWN pendown Resets to a drawing pen pendown()

when ordered to move

7 CIRCLE circle Makes a circle or radius, circle(r)

r
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Program 1: Cardioid (2’s table)

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Code 1: Cardioid (2’s table)

import turtle
arr_list = []

# Initializing the turtle

t = turtle.Turtle()
t.hideturtle()
t.pensize(2)
t.speed(30)
#t.circle(3) #marking center
t.penup()
t.goto(0,-300)
t.pendown()
r = 300
t.pencolor("green")
t.circle(r)
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#mark 60 points in circle

t.penup()
t.goto(0,0) #go back to center
t.lt(180)
t.pencolor("blue")
for i in range(360):
t.fd(300)
arr_list.append(t.pos())
t.pendown()
t.circle(1)
t.penup()
#t.rt(180)
t.bk(300)
t.rt(1) #360/360
print(i, arr_list[i])

#connecting
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t.pencolor("red")
t.goto(arr_list[2])
for j in range(1, 600):
if j < 360:
t.goto(arr_list[j])
else:
t.goto(arr_list[j % 360])
p=j*2
t.pendown()
if p < 360:
t.goto(arr_list[p])
else:
t.goto(arr_list[p % 360])
t.penup()
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Program 2: Nephroid (3's table)

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Code 2: Nephroid (3's table)

import turtle
arr_list = []

# Initializing the turtle

t = turtle.Turtle()
t.hideturtle()
t.pensize(2)
t.speed(30)
#t.circle(3) #marking center
t.penup()
t.goto(0,-300)
t.pendown()
r = 300
t.pencolor("green")
t.circle(r)
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#mark 60 points in circle

t.penup()
t.goto(0,0) #go back to center
t.lt(180)
t.pencolor("blue")
for i in range(360):
t.fd(300)
arr_list.append(t.pos())
t.pendown()
t.circle(1)
t.penup()
#t.rt(180)
t.bk(300)
t.rt(1) #360/360
print(i, arr_list[i])

#connecting
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t.pencolor("brown")
t.goto(arr_list[3])
for j in range(1, 600):
if j < 360:
t.goto(arr_list[j])
else:
t.goto(arr_list[j % 360])
p=j*3
t.pendown()
if p < 360:
t.goto(arr_list[p])
else:
t.goto(arr_list[p % 360])
t.penup()
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Exercise 1: Write a python code to draw the following 8

geometric patterns (variations of the previous 2):

Trefoiloid (4's table) Quatrefoiloid (5's table)

Epicycloid with 5 cusps (6's Epicycloid with 6 cusps (7's

table) table)
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Epicycloid with 7 cusps (8's Epicycloid with 8 cusps (9's

table) table)

Epicycloid with 9 cusps Epicycloid with 10 cusps

(10's table) (11's table)
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Program 3: Parabola
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Code3: Parabola

import turtle
arr_list = []
a_list = []

# Axis

t = turtle.Turtle()
t.hideturtle()
t.pensize(2)
t.speed(0)
t.penup()
t.goto(-300, -300)
t.pendown()
#t.circle(3) #marking origin
t.goto(-300, 300)
t.penup()
t.goto(-300,-300)
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t.pendown()
t.goto(300, -300)
t.penup()
t.goto(-300, -300)

#store coordimnates

t.pencolor("blue")
for i in range(100):
arr_list.append(t.pos())
t.fd(6)
t.pendown()
t.circle(1)
t.penup()
#print(i, arr_list[i])

t.goto(-300, -300)
t.lt(90)
for i in range(100):
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a_list.append(t.pos())
t.fd(6)
t.pendown()
t.circle(1)
t.penup()
#print(i, a_list[i])

#connecting

t.pensize(1)
t.pencolor("orange")
for i in range(0, 99, 1):
t.goto(arr_list[i])
t.pendown()
t.goto(a_list[99-i])
t.penup()
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Program 4: Deltoid (3 point astral star)

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Code 4: Deltoid (3 point astral star)

import turtle
a_list = []
b_list = []
c_list = []
d_list = []

# starting basic structure

t = turtle.Turtle()
t.hideturtle()
turtle.Screen().bgcolor("black")
t.pensize(1)
t.speed(0)

t.pencolor("blue")
for i in range(3):
t.fd(300) #lines black - invisible in black bkg
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t.goto(0,0)
t.lt(120)

#store coordinates

t.pencolor("cyan")
for i in range(100):
a_list.append(t.pos())
t.fd(3)
t.pendown()
t.circle(1)
t.penup()
#print(i, a_list[i])

t.goto(0,0)
t.lt(120)
for i in range(100):
b_list.append(t.pos())
t.fd(3)
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t.pendown()
t.circle(1)
t.penup()
#print(i, b_list[i])

t.goto(0,0)
t.lt(120)
for i in range(100):
c_list.append(t.pos())
t.fd(3)
t.pendown()
t.circle(1)
t.penup()
#print(i, c_list[i])

#connecting

t.pensize(1)
t.pencolor("white")
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for i in range(0, 99, 1):

t.goto(a_list[i])
t.pendown()
t.goto(b_list[99-i])
t.penup()

for i in range(0, 99, 1):

t.goto(b_list[i])
t.pendown()
t.goto(c_list[99-i])
t.penup()

for i in range(99, 0, -1):

t.goto(c_list[i])
t.pendown()
t.goto(a_list[99-i])
t.penup()
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Exercise 2: Write python code to draw the following 12

geometric designs (based on previous 2):

Two parabolas in a square Trefoil knot made using 3

parabolas in a triangle

4 parabolas in a square Zigzag parabolas

(wall art)
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Astroid (4-point astral star) 5-point astral star

6-point astral star 8 pointed star (8 radii not

shown)
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3 petal flower using 6 4 petal flower using 8

parabolas in a hexagon parabolas in a hexagon

8 parabolas in 4 squares Windmill

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References:
1. Curve Stitching: The Art of Sewing Beautiful
Mathematical Patterns by John Millington, Tarquin,
1989
2. Wikipedia
3. Various academic pages and channels on YouTube
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About author

Author, Nidhi Chopra is a writer and content creator.

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Coming soon

Python programs – part 2