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LAB Digital Moduation

This document provides instructions for a lab module on digital modulation techniques, including amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), and phase shift keying (PSK). It gives the theory behind each technique and provides Scilab code to generate signals for each. Students are asked to write code for signals using example bit sequences and compare the characteristics of the three modulation techniques.

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MELATI IDAYU BINTI ABDUL KAHAR STUDENT
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75 views8 pages

LAB Digital Moduation

This document provides instructions for a lab module on digital modulation techniques, including amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), and phase shift keying (PSK). It gives the theory behind each technique and provides Scilab code to generate signals for each. Students are asked to write code for signals using example bit sequences and compare the characteristics of the three modulation techniques.

Uploaded by

MELATI IDAYU BINTI ABDUL KAHAR STUDENT
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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!

Faculty of Electronic Engineering & Technology (FKTEN)

NMK 30103: COMMUNICATION SYSTEM


LABORATORY MODULES
SEM I 2022/2023

LABORATORY CHAPTER 5
DIGITAL MODULATION

Prepared by:
DR. WAN NUR SURYANI FIRUZ BINTI WAN ARIFFIN
Objective:
ii. To plot Amplitude Shift keying (ASK), Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) and
Phase Shift Keying (PSK) using Scilab.
ii. To analyse the characteristic of Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK), Frequency
Shift Keying (FSK) and Phase Shift Keying (PSK).

Theory:

Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) is the digital modulation technique. In amplitude


shift keying, the amplitude of the carrier signal is varied to create signal
elements. Both frequency and phase remain constant while the amplitude
changes. In ASK, the amplitude of the carrier assumes one of the two
amplitudes dependent on the logic states of the input bit stream. This
modulated signal can be expressed as:

⎧ A cos(ωc t ) for logic'1' , vm (t ) = +1


vask (t ) = ⎨
! ⎩ 0 for logic'0' , vm (t ) = −1

Amplitude shift keying (ASK) in the context of digital signal communications is


a modulation process, which imparts to a sinusoid two or more discrete
amplitude levels. These are related to the number of levels adopted by the
digital message. For a binary message sequence there are two levels, one of
which is typically zero. Thus the modulated waveform consists of bursts of a
sinusoid.

Frequency Shift Keying refers to a type of frequency modulation that assigns


bit values to discrete frequency levels. FSK is divided into noncoherent and
coherent forms. In noncoherent forms of FSK, the instantaneous frequency
shifts between two discrete values termed the "mark" and "space"
frequencies. In coherent forms of FSK, there is no phase discontinuity in the
output signal. FSK modulation formats generate modulated waveforms that
are strictly real values, and thus tend not to share common features with
quadrature modulation schemes.

Phase Shift Keying in a digital transmission refers to a type of angle


modulation in which the phase of the carrier is discretely varied—either in
relation to a reference phase or to the phase of the immediately preceding
signal element—to represent data being transmitted. For example, when
encoding bits, the phase shift could be 0 degree for encoding a "0," and 180
degrees for encoding a "1," or the phase shift could be –90 degrees for "0"
and +90 degrees for a "1," thus making the representations for "0" and
"1" a total of 180 degrees apart. Some PSK systems are designed so that the
carrier can assume only two different phase angles, each change of phase
carries one bit of information, that is, the bit rate equals the modulation rate. If
the number of recognisable phase angles is increased to four, then 2 bits of
information can be encoded into each signal element; likewise, eight phase
angles can encode 3 bits in each signal element.

Equipment & Software

• Computer Unit with Ms Windows or Linux operating system installed


• Scilab

Procedure
1. Launch Scilab.
2. Open SciNotes.
3. Write a Scilab command to represent the Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
signal as follows:

Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) using Scilab


clc;
clear all;
clf;
t=[0:0.02:5*%pi];
fc=10;
A=1;

Vm=squarewave(t,40); // The second parameter in the squarewave


//function is the percent of the period in
//which the signal is positive.

Vc=A/2.*cos(fc.*t);
Va=(1+Vm).*(Vc);
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t,Vm,'red');
xlabel("Time")
ylabel("Amplitude of Message Signal")

subplot(3,1,2);
plot(t,Vc, 'green');
xlabel("Time")
ylabel("Amplitude of Carrier Signal")

subplot(3,1,3);
plot(t,Va, 'blue');
xlabel("Time")
ylabel("Amplitude of ASK Signal")

Expected Output of Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) using Scilab


4. Write a Scilab command to represent the Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
signal as follows:

Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) using Scilab


clc;
clear all;
clf;
t=[0:0.01:4.4*%pi];
A=5;
wc=5;

Vm=A.*squarewave(t);
Vc=A.*cos(wc.*t);
fc=wc/(2*%pi);

subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t,Vm, 'red');
xlabel("Time")
ylabel("Amplitude of Message Signal")

subplot(3,1,2);
plot(t,Vc, 'green');
xlabel("Time")
ylabel("Amplitude of Carrier Signal")

fd=0.5; //frequency deviation


subplot(3,1,3);
Vf=A.*cos(2.*%pi.*(fc+Vm.*fd).*t);
plot(t,Vf, 'blue');
xlabel("Time")
ylabel("Amplitude of FSK Signal")
Expected Output of Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) using Scilab

5. Write a Scilab command to represent the Phase Shift Keying (PSK) signal
as follows:

Phase Shift Keying (PSK) using Scilab

clc;
clear all;
clf;
t=[0:0.01:5*%pi];
A=5;
fc=2;

Vm=A.*squarewave(t);
Vc=A.*sin(fc.*t);
Vp= Vm.*Vc;

subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t,Vm, 'red');
xlabel("Time")
ylabel("Amplitude of Message Signal")

subplot(3,1,2);
plot(t,Vc, 'green');
xlabel("Time")
ylabel("Amplitude of Carrier Signal")

subplot(3,1,3);
plot(t,Vp, 'blue');
xlabel("Time")
ylabel("Amplitude of PSK Signal")

Expected Output of Phase Shift Keying (PSK) using Scilab


Exercise


1. Consider a binary signal [1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1] and the sampling
frequency is 300 Hz. Write Scilab command to represent the Amplitude Shift
Keying (ASK) signal. Attach the generated message signal and ASK signal in
your report.

2. Consider a binary signal [1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1] and the sampling


frequency is 300 Hz. Write Scilab command to represent the Frequency Shift
Keying (FSK) signal. Attach the generated message signal and FSK signal in
your report.



3. Consider a binary signal [1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1] and the sampling
frequency is 300 Hz. Write Scilab command to represent the Phase Shift
Keying (PSK) signal. Attach the generated message signal and PSK signal in
your report.


4. In your lab discussion, comment on the results obtained and compare the
characteristics of ASK, FSK and PSK.
Bonus Question:


Report


Your lab report should include:

a) objective
b) Introduction

c) Procedure

d) Result (Source Code and Generated Graph of the Lab Exercise)

e) Discussion

f) Conclusion

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