Business

Mathematics
Quarter 1 – Module 3:
Kinds of Proportion
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Business
Mathematics
Quarter 1 – Module 3:
Kinds of Proportion
This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of the

lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the answers
to the exercises using the Answer Key at the
end of the module.

What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank

sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process
what you learned from the lesson.

What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will

help you transfer your new knowledge or skill
into real life situations or concerns.

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 Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your
level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given to

you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the
lesson learned. This also tends retention of
learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in developing

this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

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 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the topic on kinds of proportion. The scope of this module permits it to be
used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.

In this module, you will be able to:

• identify the kinds of proportion and write examples for each.
ABM_BM11RP-Ic-3

Specifically, you are expected to:

1. define ratio and proportion and apply it in real life situations and
2. identify the kinds of proportion and write examples for each.

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 What I Know

Before we are going to proceed with our lesson, let me know first what you have
learned about kinds of proportion from your previous lessons by answering the
following questions.

Direction: Read and understand the following problems carefully. Encircle the letter
of the correct answer.

1. Which of the following is the relation between two numbers with the same kind?
a. rate
b. ratio
c. proportion
d. percentage

2. A basketball team won 15 games and lost 5 games. What is the ratio of the
games won to the total games played?
a. 1:3
b. 3:1
c. 3:4
d. 4:3

3. Which pair of ratios are proportional?

a. 3 T-shirts for ₱840; 6 T-shirts for ₱1400
b. 16 points scored in 4 games; 48 points scored in 8 games
c. 98 words typed in 3 minutes; 162 words typed in 5 minutes
d. 15 computers for 45 students; 45 computers for 135 students

4. What proportion states that as “one variable increases, the other variable
decreases”?
a. direct
b. inverse
c. partitive
d. negative

5. Which of the following is an example of direct variation?

a. 3:8 = 6:4
b. 4:3 = 40:30
c. 4:50 = 10:20
d. A:B:C = 2:3:5

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 6. Which concept is being involved when a whole portion is divided into parts
that is proportional to the given ratio?
a. direct
b. inverse
c. partitive
d. combined

7. What kind of proportion states that an increase of one variable will also
increase the other variable & the decrease in one will also decrease the other?
a. direct
b. inverse
c. partitive
d. combined

8. Which of the following is an example of indirect variation?

a. 2:3 = 20:30
b. 3:8 = 6:4
c. 3:12 = 5:20
d. 4:20 = 6:30

9. What kind of proportion is involved between the time taken for a journey and
the speed of the car at a uniform distance?
a. direct
b. inverse
c. partitive
d. combined

10. Which of the following is an example of partitive proportion?

a. 2:4 = 12:24
b. 5:8 = 15:24
c. 20:6 = 30:4
d. Divide 600 into 3:2:4

11. In a T-shirt factory, 5 employees can finish designing 20 T-shirts in two hours.
How long will it take 10 people to finish designing 20 t-shirts? What kind of
proportion the problem illustrates?
a. direct
b. inverse
c. partitive
d. combined

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12. Partners A, B, and C share profit and losses: 20% to A, 30% to B, and 50% to
C. Compute the share of each if the partnership earned a net income of
₱15,000. What kind of proportion is illustrated in the given problem?
a. direct
b. inverse
c. partitive
d. combined

13. Which of the following problems illustrates partitive proportion?

a. A school buys 4 gallons of juice for 50 kids. How many gallons do they
need for 75 kids?
b. In a certain dance lesson, Arnie taught of 8 girls and 4 boys. If there are
24 girls, how many boys should there be?
c. Mr. Tan wants to leave ₱1,000,000 to his four children in the ratio of
3:3:2:2. How much will each of the four children receive?
d. Assuming they work at the same rate, how long will it take for 2
housekeepers to clean an entire house if it takes 4 days for 8
housekeepers to clean it?

14. Which of the following problems illustrates inverse proportion?

a. Two boxes of chocolates cost ₱100.00. How much do 5 boxes of
chocolates cost?
b. If there are 216 employees in 18 stores in Barangay Fatima, how many
employees in each store?
c. A government agency plans to donate a collection of 9,000 books to three
libraries in the ratio of 1:3:5. How many books will each library get?
d. It takes four mechanics to repair a car for 6 hours. How long will it
take for 7 mechanics to do the repair, if they work on the same rate?

15. Which of the following problems illustrates direct proportion?

a. Two pieces of pillows cost ₱180.00. How much do 7 pieces of pillows cost?
b. If there are 320 employees in 20 stores in SM Gensan, how many
employees in each store?
c. A government agency plans to donate a collection of 9 000 books to three
libraries in the ratio of 1:3:5. How many books will each library get?
d. It takes five workers to paint a room for 8 hours. How long will it take for
eight workers to do the painting, if they work on the same rate?

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 Lesson

3 Kinds of Proportion

Hello! Do you know that the concept of proportion is very useful in every real-
life situation especially in business? We can apply proportion to know and compare
the price of every item sold in the market, or a piece of share in an inheritance and
many others.

What’s In

To begin with, let us refresh your mind on the concept of ratio which is very
essential in your learning on different kinds of proportion. Let’s take a look on it.

Consider this example:

Mila, Brenda and Pauline decided to invest ₱100 000 in a burger shop
business along Fil-Am Avenue, Fatima, General Santos City. The table shows the
specific amount of their investment.

Business Partner Amount of Investment

Mila ₱50 000
Brenda ₱20 000
Pauline ₱30 000

Questions:

1. What is the ratio of Mila’s investment to the whole investment?

2. What is the ratio of Brenda’s investment to the whole investment?
3. What is the ratio of Pauline’s investment to Mila’s investment?

Answers:

a. ₱50,000: ₱100,000 or 1:2

b. ₱20,000: ₱100,000 or 1:5
c. ₱30,000: ₱50,000 or 3:5

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 A RATIO is comparison of two numbers or measurement. The terms of the
ratio are the numbers or measurements being compared. The expression 1:2 (read
as “one is to two”), ½, 1÷2, indicate ratios. We are comparing the relationship
between 1 and 2. When we are asked to give the ratio of Mila’s investment to the
whole investment, the answer is ₱50,000: ₱100,000. Expressing it in simplified form,
we get 1:2, where 1 represents her investment and 2 refers to the total investment.

Examples:

Express the following in terms of ratio:

a. A certain store serves three flavors of ice cream: 4 parts strawberry, 6

parts mango, and 11 parts chocolate.

Solution: The ratio of ice cream flavors is 4:6:11.

b. A small merchandise has 12 female and 20 male employees. What is the

ratio of female employees to male employees?

Solution: The ratio of female employees to male employees is 3:5. Since

there are 12 female employees and 20 male employees, we
12 4 3 3
have = · = .
20 4 5 5

Wow! You are already refreshed. Let us now proceed to the next part of this
module.

What’s New

This module focuses on the kinds of proportions and how these are applied into
real life situations. But before we proceed, let us ponder first on the given activity below.

Activity 1: Know Me First!

Direction: State if the following equations and situations illustrates direct, inverse or
partitive proportion. Write your answer under the kinds of proportion
column.

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 Situation Kinds of Proportion
1. 2:1 = 24:12
2. 3:2 = 6:1
3. 3:8 = 6:4
4. Girl : Boy = 4:5
5. Divide 330 into 1:2:3
6. The cost of apples at ₱50 per
kilogram
7. The number of workers and the
number of days to work
8. The amount of flour needed to
make muffins
9. Dividing a family inheritance in the
ratio of 2:3:3
10. The speed of a vehicle and the time
of travel in a uniform distance

Very good! You are now ready to discover more about proportion.

What is It

In this part of the module you will learn about proportion and its kinds. Let us
take a look on it.

What is proportion?

An equation showing two ratios that are equal is called a proportion. It can
be written in two ways:

1. As Two Equal Fractions

𝑎: 𝑏 = 𝑐: 𝑑
2. Using a Colon
𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠
𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑠

Since the two ratios are equal, the product of the means is equal to the product
of the extremes.

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Illustrative Example 1:

In the proportion 15:35 = x:70, what is x?

Solution:
15 𝑥
=
35 70

15 (70) = 35x Cross multiply 15 and 70 then 35 and x

1050 = 35x The product is divided by 35 to find x:
35 35
𝒙 = 𝟑𝟎

Thus, 𝒙 equals 30.

Illustrative Example 2:

One (1) dozen of apples costs ₱240. How much does three (3) dozens cost?

Solution:

1 dozen of apples: cost of one dozen = 3 dozens of apples: cost of 3 dozens

1 dozen of apples = 3 dozens of apples
₱240 per dozen 𝑥
1𝑥 = 3(240)

x = 720

Thus, ₱720 is the cost of 3 dozens of apple.

Kinds of Proportion

1. Direct Proportion. It is the relationship between two variables when their ratio is
equal to a constant value. Say, 𝑦 is directly proportional to 𝑥 when the
equation takes the form: 𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥, where k is the constant term. In this
proportion, an increase of one variable will also an increase of the other
variable, and a decrease in one variable will also the decrease of the other.

Situations that 1. The number of computers to the number of students.

illustrates direct 2. The number of plants to the total cost.
proportion: 3. Your score in examination to your grade.

15 computers for 45 students; 45 computers for 135

Sample equation: students. This can be written as

𝟏𝟓: 𝟒𝟓 = 𝟒𝟓: 𝟏𝟑𝟓.

The number of computers is directly proportional to the number of students since

the number of computer increases as the number of students also increases with a
constant value of 3.

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 Sample word problem:

If 10 cactus plants cost ₱2,000, then how much do 8 cactus plants cost?

The total amount of sales is directly proportional to the number of cactus sold.
We see that the greater the number of cactus, the higher is the total cost.

Take a look on this ratio:

Cactus: cost = cactus: cost

10:2000 = 8:𝒙

If 10 cactus plants cost ₱2,000, it is expected that the cost of 8 cactus plants will
be lesser than ₱2,000. In the problem, the number of cactus plants and total cost are
directly proportional hence the more cactus you buy, the higher the cost will be or the
lesser cactus you buy, the lower the cost.

2. Inverse or Indirect Proportion. It is the relationship between two variables when

their product is equal to a constant value. Say, 𝑦 is inversely
proportional to x when the equation takes the form: 𝑦 = 𝑘/𝑥. This
means that the two values x and y are inversely or indirectly
proportional to each other, such that if x increases then y decreases or
if x decreases, y increases.

1. The number of workers and the number of days to work

Situations that
2. The speed of a vehicle and the time of travel in a uniform
illustrates
distance
indirect
3. The pressure exerted in a confined as and its pressure
proportion:

3 persons for 2 days: 6 persons for 1 day. This can be written as

Sample equation:
3:2 = 6:1.

The number of persons needed to do the work is inversely proportional to the

number of days needed to finish the work. Since the number of persons needed to
do the job increases, the number of working days should decrease.

Sample word problem:

In a Top Spray Bottle factory, 2 employees can manufacture 20 bottles of spray

in one hour. How long will it take 5 people to manufacture 20 bottles?

Take a look on this ratio:

employee: hour = employee: hour

2:1 = 5:𝒙

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 If 2 employees can finish 20 bottles in one hour, then five employees will take
less than an hour to manufacture 20 bottles. We see that more workers on a job
would reduce the time to complete the task.

3. Partitive Proportion. A whole is divided into parts that is proportioned into equal
or unequal ratios.

Situations that 1. Dividing inheritance to children.

illustrates 2. The number of men and women who attended a
partitive seminar.
proportion: 3. Allotment of salary into different expenses.
Sample equation: child A: child B: child C = 2:3:3

Sample word problem:

Karen wants to donate her collection of figurines to her four friends in the ratio
of 1:3:3:5. She has a total of 96 figurines. If her best friend wants the most number of
figurines, how many figurines will she get?

Take a look on this ratio:

Friend A: Friend B: Friend C: Friend D = 1:3:3:5

In the problem, the total number of figurines is partitioned or divided into

unequal ratio of 1:3:3:5, thus making use of partitive proportions.

Amazing! You did very well.

What’s More

Let us try to answer more challenging sets of problems and activities about ratio
and kinds of proportion.

Activity 2: Find Me!

Direction: Give what is being asked in the following problem. All answers must be in
simplified form.

1. Express the sentence into ratio: In selling personalized cakes, the cost of
packaging is ₱60 and the cost of ingredients is ₱340.

Answer:

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 2. Cheska participates in a baking contest. During the competition, Cheska made
sure she put 2 cups of sugar and 4 eggs on every cake. What would be the ratio
of the cups of sugar to the number of eggs if she baked 4 cakes?
Answer:

3. Liza, Kathryn and Nadine are partners. Their capital balances are ₱20 000,
₱40 000 and ₱30 000 respectively. What is their capital ratio?

Answer:

4. A truck delivered 18 boxes of ripe mangoes and 22 boxes of Indian mangoes.

What is the ratio of the box of Indian mangoes to the box of ripe mangoes?

Answer:

5. A basketball team won 15 games and lost 5 games. What is the ratio of
games lost to the games won?

Answer:

Activity 3: Tell Me More!

Direction: Identify if the given problem illustrates a direct proportion, inverse

proportion or partitive proportion.

1. An artisan bread maker uses 2,000 grams of flour to make 4 loaves of

handcrafted bread. How many grams of flour is needed to make 2 loaves of
bread?

Answer:

2. If Mang Gorio wants to give ₱5,000 to his four children in the ratio of 1:2:3:4
for their weekend allowance, how much will each of the four children receive?

Answer:

3. It takes 4 mechanics to repair a car for 6 hours. How long will it take for 7
mechanics to do the repair, if they work at the same rate?

Answer:

4. To finish a certain job is 6 days, 3 workers are needed. If it is required to finish

the same job in 2 days advance, how many workers have to work?

Answer:

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 5. Miss Menor donated ₱60 000 as a club fund for the upcoming school
fair. The Math Club, Science Club, and the Art Club will share the amount
in the ratio 2:3:5 How much will each group receive?

Answer:

Good job! Let’s continue.

What I Have Learned

Now that you’ve learned a lot from the very start of our module, let’s summarize
our lesson from the very start by filling in the blanks with the correct statement.

Activity 4: Lets Wrap It Up!

1. A ratio is between two numbers or measurement.

2. In the proportion 3:5 = 6:10, the means are and

.

3. In direct proportion, if one variable increases the other variable .

4. A number is inverse proportionate to another when one variable decreases, the

other variable .

5. Speaking of partitive proportion, we are talking about a whole divided into

.

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 What I Can Do

Here is another activity that will help you apply what you have learned about
kinds of proportion.

Activity 5: Choose Me Please!

Direction: Choose the letter of the following real-life situations and problems that
illustrates direct, inverse and partitive proportion. Write your answer on
the second column.

a. Three pieces of facemasks cost ₱45. How much do 10 pieces of facemasks

cost?
b. A school buys 4 gallons of juice for 50 kids. How many gallons do they need
for 75 kids?
c. Assuming they work at the same rate, how long will it take 2 housekeepers to
clean an entire house if it takes 4 days for 8 housekeepers to clean it?
d. If one US dollar is equivalent to ₱49 pesos, how much is 50 US dollars if converted
to peso?
e. Amid the community quarantine, Richard wants to donate 400 sacks of rice
to the residents of barangay San Jose, Fatima and Calumpang in the ratio of 1:3:2.
How many sacks of rice will barangay Fatima receive?
f. Mr. Tan wants to leave ₱1 000 000 to his four children in the ratio of 3:3:2:2. How
much will each of his four children receive?
g. Three men can finish doing the interior designing of a house in 3 weeks. How
many men are needed to finish the interior designing in a week?
h. Two boxes of chocolates cost ₱100.00. How much do 5 boxes of chocolates
cost?
i. A government agency plans to donate a collection of 9 000 books to three
libraries in the ratio of 1:3:5. How many books will each library get?
j. To finish a certain job is 6 days, 3 workers are needed. If it is required to finish
the same job in 2 days in advance, how many workers will have to work?

Kinds of Proportion Answer

Direct Proportion

Inverse Proportion

Partitive Proportion

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 Assessment

Now that we are about to end this module, let us assess your learnings by
answering the following questions. Do your best in this test. Goodluck!

Direction: Read and understand the following problems carefully. Encircle the letter
of the correct answer.

1. A couple went out for a date and spent ₱1,500 on dinner and ₱400 at the movie
theater. What is the ratio of peso spent on dinner and the total amount spent
for a movie?
a. 4:15
b. 15:4
c. 15:19
d. 19:15

2. A basketball team won 15 games and lost 5 games. What is the ratio of games
lost to the total games won?
a. 1:3
b. 1:4
c. 3:4
d. 4:3

3. Which pair of ratios are proportional?

a. 3 laptops for ₱66; 6 laptops for ₱132
b. 16 points scored in 3 games; 48 points scored in 6 games
c. 98 words typed in 3 minutes; 162 words typed in 5 minutes
d. 20 computers for 60 students; 40 computers for 130 students

4. What proportion states that as one variable increases, the other variable
decreases?
a. direct
b. inverse
c. partitive
d. negative

5. Which of the following is an example of direct proportion?

a. 3:18 = 9:6
b. 6:30 = 5:25
c. 10:3 = 15:2
d. 15:5 = 6:18

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 6. What kind of proportion is involved between the time taken for a journey and
the speed of the car at a uniform distance?
a. direct
b. inverse
c. partitive
d. combined

7. Which of the following is an example of partitive proportion?

a. 6:9 = 18:3
b. 9:45 = 5:25
c. 20:4 = 40:80
d. Divide 200 into 1:4:5

8. What kind of proportion is involved when a whole portion is divided into parts
that is proportional to the given ratio?
a. direct
b. inverse
c. partitive
d. combined

9. Which of the following is an example of inverse proportion?

a. 2:7 = 14: 49
b. 5:25 = 4:20
c. 9:8 = 4:18
d. 10:20 = 15:30

10. What kind of proportion states that an increase of one variable will also
increase the other variable?
a. direct
b. inverse
c. partitive
d. combined

11. Which of the following problems illustrates direct proportion?

a. Three boxes of soaps cost ₱45.00. How much do 5 boxes of soaps cost?
b. Three men can finish doing the interior designing of a house in 3 weeks.
How many men is needed to finish the interior designing in a week?
c. It takes four mechanics to repair a car for 6 hours. How long will it
take for 7 mechanics to do the repair, if they work on the same rate?
d. A government agency plans to donate a collection of 9 000 books to three
libraries in the ratio of 1:3:5. How many books will each library get?

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12. Amid the pandemic, Jonald wants to donate 32 boxes of facemasks to the three
elementary schools of North Fatima District, in the ratio of 1:3:2. What kind of
proportion the situation illustrates?
a. direct proportion
b. inverse proportion
c. partitive proportion
d. combined proportion

13. Which of the following problems illustrates inverse proportion?

a. If one US dollar is equivalent to ₱49 pesos, how much is 50 US dollars
if converted to peso?
b. A basketball team won 12 games and lost 4 games. What is the ratio
of games lost to the games played?
c. Mr. Tan wants to leave ₱1,000,000 to his four children in the ratio of
3:3:2:2. How much will each of the four children receive?
d. To finish a certain job is 6 days, 3 workers are needed. If it is
required to finish the same job 2 days in advance, how many
workers have to work?

14. To finish a certain job is 6 days, 3 workers are needed. If it is required to finish
the same job 2 days in advance, how many workers have to work? What kind
of proportion the problem illustrates?
a. direct
b. inverse
c. partitive
d. combined

15. Partners X, Y, and Z share profit and losses: 10% to A, 25% to B, and 45% to
C. Compute the share of each if the partnership earned a net income of ₱15,
00. What kind of proportion the given problem illustrates?
a. direct
b. inverse
c. partitive
d. combined

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 Additional Activities

Congratulations! You’re done with this module. I know you’ve learned a lot from
different kinds of proportion. But for more additional activity, I want you to answer
the given problem below as a preparation for your next module.

Activity 5: Books Pa More!

1. Sean Matthew can read 10 books in 2 months. If he plans to read 30 books, how
many months will it take him to finish them all?

Good Job! You did well on this module! Prepare for your next module.

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 Answer Key

Reference

Lopez, B.R., Lundag, L. Dagal, K.A. & Garces, I.J. (2016). Business Math Textbook.
Quezon City: Vibal Group, Inc. pp.53-69

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 DISCLAIMER
This Self-learning Module (SLM) was developed by DepEd SOCCSKSARGEN
with the primary objective of preparing for and addressing the new normal.
Contents of this module were based on DepEd’s Most Essential Learning
Competencies (MELC). This is a supplementary material to be used by all
learners of Region XII in all public schools beginning SY 2020-2021. The
process of LR development was observed in the production of this module.
This is version 1.0. We highly encourage feedback, comments, and
recommendations.

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