Cardiovascular System LEC 10

The
Cardiovascular
System
Types of circulatory systems
• Animals that have a circulatory system
have one of two kinds:
– Open: fluid is circulated through an open
body chamber.
– Closed: fluid is circulated through blood
vessels.
Open system
• Arthropods and most
mollusks have an
open circulatory
system.
• Hemolymph is
contained in a body
cavity, the hemocoel.
A series of hearts
circulates the fluid.
Internal organs are
bathed in the fluid.
Closed system
• Vertebrates, annelid
worms, and a few
mollusks have a
closed circulatory
system.
• Blood is moved
through blood
vessels by the
heart’s action. It does
not come in direct
contact with body
organs.
Features
• Circulatory systems generally have three
main features:
– Fluid (blood or hemolymph) that transports
materials (both wastes & nutrients).
– System of blood vessels
– A heart to pump the fluid through the
vessels
The Cardiovascular System
• A closed system of the heart and blood
vessels
– The heart pumps blood
– Blood vessels allow blood to circulate to all
parts of the body
• The function of the cardiovascular system
is to deliver oxygen and nutrients and to
remove carbon dioxide and other waste
products
Components
• Blood is made up of four major
components:
– Plasma: the liquid portion. Contains
dissolved nutrients, hormones, gases.
– Red blood cells: transport oxygen
– White cells: defenses against invaders
– Platelets: help form blood clots
Developmental Aspects of the
Cardiovascular System
• A simple “tube heart” develops in the
embryo and pumps by the fourth week
• The heart becomes a four-chambered
organ by the end of seven weeks
• Few structural changes occur after the
seventh week
The Heart
• Location
– Thorax between
the lungs
• About the size of
your fist
The Heart: Coverings
• Pericardium – a double serous membrane
– Visceral pericardium - Next to heart
– Parietal pericardium - Outside layer
• Serous fluid fills the space between the
layers of pericardium
The Heart Wall: 3 layers
• Epicardium
• Outside layer
• This layer is the parietal pericardium
• Connective tissue layer
• Myocardium
• Middle layer
• Mostly cardiac muscle
• Endocardium
• Inner layer
• Endothelium
External Heart Anatomy
Figure 11.2a
The Heart: Chambers
• Right and left side act as
separate pumps
• Four chambers
– Atria
• Receiving chambers
– Right atrium
– Left atrium
– Ventricles
• Discharging chambers
– Right ventricle
– Left ventricle
Figure 11.2c
The Heart
• Vertebrate hearts are separated into
two types of chambers
– Atria (singular: atrium): receive blood
from body or lungs. Contractions of the
atria send blood through a valve to the
ventricles.
– Ventricles: receive blood from atria,
contract to send blood to body or lungs.
Pulmonary
and
Systemic
blood
circulation
Figure 11.3
The Heart: Valves
• Valves Allow blood to flow in only one direction
• Four valves
– Atrioventricular valves – between atria and
ventricles
• Bicuspid valve (left)
• Tricuspid valve (right)
– Semilunar valves between ventricle and artery
• Pulmonary semilunar valve
• Aortic semilunar valve
The Heart: Valves
• Valves open as blood is pumped through
• Held in place by chordae tendineae (“heart
strings”)
• Close to prevent backflow of blood
“Dual pump” operation
The four-chambered heart acts as two pumps.

Operation of Heart Valves
Figure 11.4
The Heart:
Associated Great Vessels
• Aorta - leaves left ventricle
• Pulmonary arteries - leave right ventricle
• Vena cava - enters right atrium
• Pulmonary veins (four) - enter left atrium
Coronary Circulation
• Blood in the heart chambers does not
nourish the myocardium
• The heart has its own nourishing
circulatory system called coronary
circulation
– Coronary arteries
– Cardiac veins
– Blood empties through anterior cardiac veins
into the right atrium via the coronary sinus
Coronary Arteries
The major vessels of
the coronary circulation
are:
1- left main coronary
that divides into left
anterior descending and
circumflex branches,
2- right main coronary
artery.
The left and right
coronary arteries
originate at the base of
the aorta from openings
called the coronary
ostia located behind the
aortic valve leaflets.
What is the function of coronary
arteries?
 The coronary arteries supply blood flow to the

heart, and when functioning normally, they
ensure adequate oxygenation of the myocardium
at all levels of cardiac activity.
 Constriction and dilation of the coronary arteries,
governed primarily by local regulatory
mechanisms, regulate the amount of blood flow
to the myocardium in a manner that matches the
amount of oxygen delivered to the myocardium
with the myocardial demand for oxygen.
The Heart’s Conduction System
• Intrinsic conduction system
(nodal system)
– Heart muscle cells contract, without nerve
impulses, in a regular, continuous way
• Special tissue sets the pace
i. Sinoatrial node (SA) - Pacemaker
ii. Atrioventricular node (AV)
iii. Atrioventricular bundle(Bundle of HIS)
iv. Bundle branches
v. Purkinje fibers
• The sinoatrial (SA)
node is nervous
tissue that times
heart beats.
• The SA node causes
atria to contract, and
sends the signal to
the atrioventricular
(AV) node to signal
the ventricles to
contract.
• Contraction is initiated by the sinoatrial node

• Sequential stimulation occurs at other
autorhythmic cells
The Heart’s Cardiac Cycle
• Atria contract simultaneously
• Atria relax, then ventricles contract
• Systole = contraction
• Diastole = relaxation
The Cardiac Cycle
Figure 11.6
The Cardiac Cycle
• Cardiac cycle – events of one complete
heart beat
– Mid-to-late diastole – blood flows into
ventricles
– Ventricular systole – blood pressure builds
before ventricle contracts, pushing out blood
– Early diastole – atria finish re-filling,
ventricular pressure is low
The Cardiac Output
• Cardiac output (CO)
– Amount of blood pumped by each side of the
heart in one minute
– CO = (heart rate [HR]) x (stroke volume [SV])
• Stroke volume
– Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in
one contraction
Cardiac Output Regulation
Figure 11.7
Regulation of Heart Rate
• Stroke volume usually remains relatively
constant
– Starling’s law of the heart – the more that the
cardiac muscle is stretched, the stronger the
contraction
• Changing heart rate is the most common
way to change cardiac output
• Increased heart rate
– Sympathetic nervous system
• Activated in a Crisis
• Low blood pressure
– Hormones
• Epinephrine
• Thyroxine
– Exercise
– Decreased blood volume
• Decreased heart rate
– Parasympathetic nervous system
– High blood pressure or blood volume
– Decreased venous return
• Thank you..
• Questions..

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The

The four-chambered heart acts as two pumps.

 The coronary arteries supply blood flow to the

• Contraction is initiated by the sinoatrial node

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