PROGRAM : EM220 SARJANA MUDA KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKAL

KURSUS : THERMOFLUIDS LAB 1 (MAKMAL THERMOBENDALIR 1)

KOD KURSUS : MEC454
PENSYARAH : MOHAMAD TOLHA BIN SUBHI

LAPORAN MAKMAL

TAJUK UJIKAJI: DETERMINATION OF JET VELOCITY AND NOZLE

EFFICIENCY

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GROUP: EMD2M4A1

DATE OF SUBMISSION: 10/6/2021

1.0 TITLE: DETERMINATION OF JET VELOCITY AND NOZZLE EFFICIENCY

2.0 OBJECTIVES:
The aim of this experiment is to analyse relationships (at constant inlet pressure)
between:
i. Air mass flow rate
ii. Nozzle efficiency and back pressure for various nozzle profile
3.0 INTRODUCTION
Nozzles are specially designed passageways through which a fluid accelerates as its
pressure drops. Turbines, jet propulsion, rockets, and ejectors all use nozzles. A
nozzle's high-velocity fluid jet can be employed in a number of ways:
i. In a turbine, the fluid's kinetic energy is converted to shaft work by the blades
or rotor.
ii. The majority of the propulsion power in rockets and jet propulsion comes
from momentum changes associated with nozzle velocity variations.
iii. In ejectors and injectors, pressure adjustments are achieved by changing the
momentum of the jet and its entrained fluid. Flow through the use of an ideal
nozzle would be reversible (i.e., without heat transfer, frictional effects,
shocks, and so on) and thus also isentropic.

4.0 APPARATUS

THE HILTON NOZZLE PERFORMANCE TEST UNIT

This unit was created to allow students to investigate the performance of a variety of
nozzles in terms of (i) kinetic energy production and (ii) thrust generation. Because
the unit runs on ambient temperature, it quickly stabilizes and uses only the energy
required to run a small compressor.

MAIN COMPONENT
1) Chamber: Stainless steel, 50mm dia. And approx. 300mm long and T shaped. End
cover secured by stainless steel bolts and sealed by ‘O’ ring. The chamber is fitted
with a drain valve.
2) Nozzles: Throat diameter 2.0mm (nominal). One convergent. Four convergent-
divergent with Exit Area/Throat. Area ratios of 1.2, 1.4, 1.6 and 2.0 respectively.
Divergence 10° (included).
3) Pressure Gauges: Two, 0 to 1100 kNm-2, to measure inlet and chamber pressures.
4) Thermometers: Three mercury-in-glass, 150mm long – to measure inlet and
chamber temperatures.
5) Flow Meter: Variable area type meter to measure air flow – range 1.0 to 9.0
gramme s-1. Calibrated for a standard atmosphere. Corrections are supplied for
other conditions.
 6) Valves: Diverter Valve – to direct air to a nozzle mounted in the wall of the
chamber (for nozzle efficiency test), OR to the hollow cantilever (for jet reaction
test).

Needle Valve – to given fine control of nozzle inlet pressure.

Back Pressure Valve – to control the pressure in the chamber.

Note: 100 kN m-2 = 1 bar = 14.5 1bf/in2

5.0 PROCEDURE

1) Open the chamber pressure control valve while closing the air inlet control valve.
Make sure the contacts are clean, the battery is charged, and the impact head is
attached to the cantilever's end before moving on. Also, make sure the micrometre
dial is properly zeroed and that a cantilever load/deflection graph is available.
2) Remove the nozzle mounting sleeve and assemble Nozzle No. 1 into the unit by
unscrewing the knurled nut at the top right hand end of the chamber.
3) Adjust the diverter valve to the upward position.
4) Adjust the inlet control valve to maintain a constant air inlet pressure of 600 kPa
gage while the chamber pressure control valve is fully open.
5) Rotate the micrometre adjustment screw until the voltmeter and lamp show that
contact has just been made. (The screw should be adjusted so that the voltmeter
reads around 0.5V for the best sensitivity.)
6) Record the pressure, temperatures, air mass flow rate and dial reading.
7) Repeat the previous step with increasing the chamber pressure to about 100 kPa
gage.
8) Repeat the test at different chamber pressures, ensuring that the inlet pressure
remains constant (in increments of 100 kPa)
9) Repeat the whole test with other nozzles.

6.0 RESULTS
 6.1 DATA

Nozzle No 1
Throat Diameter = 2.00 mm
Atmospheric Pressure, Pa = 100 kPa

OBSERVATION
Test No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Inlet Pressure (Gauge) P1, kN/m 2
700 700 700 700 700 700 700 700
Inlet Temperature T1, oC 26.5 27 27 27 27 27 27 27
Chamber Pressure (Gauge) P2, kN/m2 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Chamber Temperature T2, oC 26.5 27 27 27 27 27 27 27
Cantilever Deflection Δ, Divs 62 56 48 41 34 24 12 0
Air Mass Flow Rate (Observed) ṁ, 10 kg/s
3
0.0056 0.0056 0.0056 0.0056 0.0054 0.0048 0.0036 0.0008

DERIVED RESULTS
Test 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Air Mass Flow Rate (Corrected) ṁ2, 103 kg/s 0.0019 0.0032 0.0042 0.0048 0.0050 0.0048 0.0038 0.0000
Inlet Pressure (Absolute) P1, kN/m2 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800
Inlet Temperature (Absolute) T1, K 299.5 300.0 300.0 300.0 300.0 300.0 300.0 300.0
Chamber Pressure (Absolute) P2, kN/m2 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Chamber Temperature (Absolute) T2, K 299.5 300 300 300 300 300 300 300
Overall Pressure Ratio rp 0.125 0.250 0.375 0.500 0.625 0.750 0.875 1.000
Impact or Jet Reaction Force (from Graph) F, N 2.6 2.3 2.1 1.7 1.4 1.0 0.4 0
Jet Velocity C2, m/s 464.29 410.71 375.00 303.57 259.26 208.33 111.11 0.00
Theoretical Jet Velocity C2s, m/s 519.17 443.97 383.79 329.07 275.20 218.08 150.20 0.00
Nozzle Efficiency ŋ, % 79.98 85.58 95.47 85.11 88.75 91.26 54.72 0.00
 Nozzle No 2
Throat Diameter = 2.00 mm
Atmospheric Pressure, Pa = 100 kPa

OBSERVATION
Test No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Inlet Pressure (Gauge) P1, kN/m2 700 700 700 700 700 700 700 700
Inlet Temperature T1, oC 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27
Chamber Pressure (Gauge) P2, kN/m2 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Chamber Temperature T2, oC 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27
Cantilever Deflection Δ, Divs 64 55 46 38 31 25 14 0
Air Mass Flow Rate (Observed) ṁ, 10 kg/s 0.0056 0.0056 0.0056 0.0056 0.0056 0.0056 0.0048 0.0000
3

DERIVED RESULTS
Test 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Air Mass Flow Rate (Corrected) ṁ2, 103 kg/s 0.0023 0.0039 0.0050 0.0058 0.0060 0.0057 0.0046 0.0000
Inlet Pressure (Absolute) P1, kN/m2 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800
Inlet Temperature (Absolute) T1, K 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300
Chamber Pressure (Absolute) P2, kN/m2 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Chamber Temperature (Absolute) T2, K 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300
Overall Pressure Ratio rp 0.125 0.25 0.375 0.5 0.625 0.75 0.875 1
Impact or Jet Reaction Force (from Graph) F, N 2.7 2.3 1.8 1.6 1.3 1.1 0.6 0
Jet Velocity C2, m/s 482.14 410.71 321.4 285.71 232.14 196.43 125.00 undefined
Theoretical Jet Velocity C2s, m/s 519.60 443.97 383.8 329.07 275.20 218.08 150.20 0.00
Nozzle Efficiency ŋ, % 86.10 85.58 70.14 75.39 71.16 81.13 69.26 0.00
 Nozzle No 3
Throat Diameter = 2.00 mm
Atmospheric Pressure, Pa = 100 kPa

OBSERVATION
Test No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Inlet Pressure (Gauge) P1, kN/m2 700 700 700 700 700 700 700 700
Inlet Temperature T1, oC 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27
Chamber Pressure (Gauge) P2, kN/m2 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Chamber Temperature T2, oC 26.5 27 27 27 27 27 27 27
Cantilever Deflection Δ, Divs 63 51 41 35 26 21 14 0
Air Mass Flow Rate (Observed) ṁ, 10 kg/s
3
0.0056 0.0056 0.0056 0.0056 0.0056 0.0056 0.0054 0.0000

DERIVED RESULTS
Test 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Air Mass Flow Rate (Corrected) ṁ2, 103 kg/s 0.0027 0.0045 0.0059 0.0067 0.0070 0.0067 0.0054 0.0000
Inlet Pressure (Absolute) P1, kN/m2 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800
Inlet Temperature (Absolute) T1, K 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300
Chamber Pressure (Absolute) P2, kN/m 2
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Chamber Temperature (Absolute) T2, K 299.5 300 300 300 300 300 300 300
Overall Pressure Ratio rp 0.125 0.25 0.375 0.5 0.625 0.75 0.875 1
Impact or Jet Reaction Force (from Graph) F, N 2.7 2.1 1.7 1.5 1.1 0.9 0.6 0
Jet Velocity C2, m/s 482.14 375.00 303.57 267.86 196.43 160.71 111.11 undefined
Theoretical Jet Velocity C2s, m/s 519.60 443.97 383.79 329.07 275.20 218.08 150.20 0.00
Nozzle Efficiency ŋ, % 86.10 71.34 62.56 66.26 50.95 54.31 54.72 0.00
6.2 GRAPHS

Air Mass Flowrate (corrected) vs Pressure Ratio

0.008
0.007
Air Mass Flowrate (corrected)

0.006
0.005
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.001
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Pressure Ratio

nozzle 1 nozzle 2 nozzle3

Nozzle Efficiency vs Pressure Ratio

120

100

80
Nozzle Efficiency

60

40

20

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Pressure Ratio

nozzle 1 nozzle 2 nozzle3

6.3 SAMPLE CALCULATIONS

Nozzle No 1, Test No. 1

Find A2
Exit Area, A 2
Given =1.0
Throat Area , A1

A1=π (0.001)2=3.142 ×10−6 m2

A2=1.0(3.142× 10−6 )=3.142 ×10−6 m2

Find ρ2
T 2=26.5 ° c=299.5 K

R=0.287 kJ /kgK
P2 (absolute) = P2 (gauge) + Patm
= 0 + 100
= 100 kPa
P2 100 2
ρ2= = =1.1634 kg /m
R T 2 ( 0.2870 ) ( 299.5 )

p 2 100
Pressure ratio=r p= = =0.125
p 1 800
Find isentropic velocity, V2S

√
ƴ −1
2ƴ
V 2S= R T 1 (1−r p ƴ )
ƴ −1

√
1.4 −1
2(1.4) 1.4 2
¿ (287)(299.5)(1−0.125 )=519.17 m/ s
(1.4)−1

Find air mass flowrate (corrected), ṁ2

ṁ 2=ρ 2 A 2 V 2=( 1.1634 ) ( 3.142× 10−6 ) ( 519.17 ) =0.0019 kg/ s

Find actual velocity, V 2 a

F 2.6 2
V 2 a= = =464.29 m/s
ṁ(observed) 0.0056

Find nozzle efficiency, ŋ

V 2a 2

ŋ= × 100 %
V 2s 2

2
464.29
¿ 2
×100
519.17
¿ 79.98 %
7.0 DISCUSSIONS

Because the value of flow metre correction, we may deduce that we do

not need to correct the value of air mass flow rate. That is to say, we may use
the original value of the air mass flow rate. The theoretical air mass flow rate
is higher than the value obtained. The scale shifts while you take the reading.
It is always changing. As a result, obtaining the real value has proven to be
difficult. When the pressure ratio approaches one, the value of air mass flow
rate falls. Furthermore, when the pressure ratio equals one, the efficiency
equals zero, as seen in the graph of efficiency vs. pressure ratio. That is to say,
if the intake and chamber pressures are equal, the efficiency is zero.

8.0 IDEAS FOR IMPROVEMENT / SUGGESTIONS FOR THE EXPERIMENT

Before we begin the experiment, we must first review the manual lab that has been
given to us. As a result, we will be able to conduct the experiment smoothly and
thoroughly comprehend the device and procedures. We should also develop our
abilities and experience to ensure that the experiment runs smoothly. Ideas for
improvement that can be done for this experiment is the position of the eye when
taking the data. To prevent parallax error, the eye level must be perpendicular to the
reading when recording the data. This is to ensure that the measurement being taken is
as close as possible to the actual value. Thus, if setting the pointer, make sure the eye
position is at the same level as the pointer. Second, to obtain cumulative readings, the
experiment could be repeated three times. Therefore, the variance from theoretical
effects will be reduced. The experiment should have been replicated at least twice to
get better results. Finally, ensure that the nozzles were connected tightly to the hose.

9.0 MAKE AVAILABLE RELEVANT INFORMATION RELATED TO

THERMOFLUID TECHNOLOGIES CORRESPONDING TO LABORATORY
WORKS CARRIED OUT

9.1 EXPLANATION OF POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS

 In making objects where nozzle is used, there will be some pressure and
change in velocity in and out of the nozzle. By having knowledge from this
experiment, engineers can calculate the conversion of pressure energy and
thermal energy into kinetic energy. The application of the jet velocity and
nozzle efficiency can be observed from the creation turbine, rockets and jet
propulsion or jet engines Other than that, we can also see the application of
studying the nozzle efficiency and jet velocity in cleaning such as air
conditioner cleaning.

Figure shows jet engine

10.0 CONCLUSIONS

As a result, the experiment is being conducted to investigate the link

between air mass flow rate and nozzle efficiency and pressure ratio at constant
intake pressure. Our experiment was a success in terms of achieving the goal.
We can deduce for all three nozzles from the graph of nozzle efficiency
against pressure ratio that the graph decreased and increased somewhat before
 reducing totally when the pressure ratio climbed to the value of one. We may
thus deduce that at zero efficiency, the pressure ratio equals one. We can
deduce that for all three nozzles, the graph is constant at the beginning of the
experiment but gradually decreases as the value of air mass flow rate reduced
and the value of pressure ratio grew. As the pressure ratio approaches one, we
may also deduce that the value of air mass flow rate would drop.

11.0 REFERENCES

i. Guest. (n.d.). Determination On Jet Velocity and Nozzle Efficiency.

pdfcoffee.com. https://pdfcoffee.com/determination-on-jet-velocity-and-
nozzle-efficiency-pdf-free.html.

ii. NOZZLE. atap_aje. (n.d.). http://atapaje.blogspot.com/2008/02/nozzle.html.

iii. LS1 - Determination Of Jet Velocity And Nozzle Efficiency. StuDocu. (n.d.).
https://www.studocu.com/my/document/universiti-teknologi-mara/lab-sem-2/
practical/ls1-determination-of-jet-velocity-and-nozzle-efficiency/8386172/
view.

iv. LS1 - Determination Of Jet Velocity And Nozzle Efficiency.pdf - Thermofluids

MEC 294 LS 1\/Rev 01-2009 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA FACULTY
OF MECHANICAL: Course Hero. Thermofluids MEC 294 LS 1\/Rev 01-
2009 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA FACULTY OF MECHANICAL |
Course Hero. (n.d.). https://www.coursehero.com/file/26261708/LS1-
Determination-Of-Jet-Velocity-And-Nozzle-Efficiencypdf/.