Differential Equation

It is not certain that everything is uncertain ...........Pascal, Blaise

Introduction :
An equation involving independent and dependent variables and the derivatives of the dependent
variables is called a differential equation. There are two kinds of differential equation:

1.1Ordinary Differential Equation : If the dependent variables depend on one independent variable x,
then the differential equation is said to be ordinary.
dy dz
for example + = y + z,
dx dx

dy d3 y dy
+ xy = sin x , 3
2 + y = ex ,
dx dx dx
3/2
d2 y   dy 2  dy   dy 2 
k = 1     , y=x +k 1    
dx 2   dx   dx   dx  

1.2 Partial differential equation : If the dependent variables depend on two or more indepen
dent variables, then it is known as partial differential equation
 z 2z 2 z 2 z
for example y2 y = ax,  0
 x  y2  x2  y2
Order and Degree of a Differential Equation:

2.1 Order : Order is the highest differential appearing in a differential equation.

2.2 Degree :

It is determined by the highest degree of the highest order derivative present in it after the differential
equation is cleared of radicals and fractions so far as the derivatives are concerned.
Note : In the differential equation, all the derivatives should be expressed in the polynomial form
n n
 dm y  1  dm1y  2 n
 dy  k
f1 (x, y)  m  + f2 (x, y)  m1  + ........ fk(x, y)   = 0
 dx   dx   dx 
The above differential equation has the order m and degree n1.

Example # 1:Find the order & degree of following differential equations.

1/ 4
d2 y   dy  
6
(i) =  y   dx  
dx 2    

 d3 y  dy 2 
(ii) y = loge  3    
 dx  dx  

 dy d2 y 
tan–1  x 
 dx dx 2 
(iii) =y
 
(iv) ey – xy + y = 0

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Differential Equation
4
 d2 y   dy 
6
Solution : (i)  2  = y     order = 2, degree = 4
 dx   dx 
2
d3 y  dy 
(ii) 3
+   = ey  order = 3, degree = 1
dx  dx 
2
d y dy
(iii) 2
+x = tan y  order = 2, degree = 1
dx dx
d3 y
d2 y
–x
3
(iv) e dx +y=0
dx 2
equation can not be expressed as a polynomial in differential coefficients, so degree is not
applicable but order is 3.

Self Practice Problems :

(1) Find order and degree of the following differential equations.

dy 1 dy dy
(i) +y= (ii) –4 – 7x = 0
dx dy dx dx
dx
2
 dy 1/ 2  d2 y
(iii)    y  =
 dx   dx 2

Ans. (1) (i) order = 1, degree = 2 (ii) order = 1, degree = 2

(iii) order = 2, degree = 2

Formation of Differential Equation:

Differential equation corresponding to a family of curve will have :

(a) Order exactly same as number of essential arbitrary constants in the equation of curve.
(b) No arbitrary constant present in it.

The differential equation corresponding to a family of curve can be obtained by using the following
steps:
(i) Identify the number of essential arbitrary constants in equation of curve.

NOTE : If arbitrary constants appear in addition, subtraction, multiplication or division, then we can club
them to reduce into one new arbitrary constant.
(ii) Differentiate the equation of curve till the required order.
(iii) Eliminate the arbitrary constant from the equation of curve and additional
equations obtained in step (ii) above.

Example # 2 : Form a differential equation of family of straight lines passing through (0,2)
Solution : Family of straight lines passing through (0,2) is y = mx + 2 where’m’ is a
parameter.
Differentiating w.r.t. x
dy
=m
dx
Eliminating ‘m’ from both equations, we obtain
dy
y=x +2 which is the required differential equation.
dx

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Differential Equation
Example # 3 :Form a differential equation of family of parabolas having x axis as line of symmetry and tangent
at vertex is y-axes
Solution : Let equation of parabola
y2 = 4ax ..........(i)
dy
2y = 4a .........(ii)
dx
by (i) and (ii)
dy dy
y2 = 2yx  y = 2x
dx dx
Self Practice Problems :

(2) Obtain a differential equation of the family of curves y = a sin (bx + c) where a and c being
arbitrary constant.

(3) Show that the differential equation of the system of parabolas y2 = 4a(x – b) is given by
2
d2 y  dy 
y +   =0
dx 2  dx 

(4) Form a differential equation of family of parabolas with focus as origin and axis of symmetry
along the x-axis.
2
d2 y  dy  dy
Ans. (2) 2
+ b2y = 0 (4) y2 = y2   + 2xy
dx  dx  dx
Solution of a Differential Equation:

Finding the dependent variable from the differential equation is called solving or integrating it. The
solution or the integral of a differential equation is, therefore, a relation between dependent and
independent variables (free from derivatives) such that it satisfies the given differential equation
NOTE : The solution of the differential equation is also called its primitive, because the differential
equation can be regarded as a relation derived from it.

There can be three types of solution of a differential equation:

(i) General solution (or complete integral or complete primitive) : A relation in x and y satisfying a
given differential equation and involving exactly same number of arbitrary constants as order of
differential equation.

(ii) Particular Solution : A solution obtained by assigning values to one or more than one arbitrary
constant of general solution.

(iii) Singular Solution : It is not obtainable from general solution. Geometrically, Singular solution
acts as an envelope to General solution.

4.1. Differential Equation of First Order and First Degree :

dy
A differential equation of first order and first degree is of the type + f(x, y) = 0, which can also be
dx
written as : Mdx + Ndy = 0, where M and N are functions of x and y.

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Differential Equation
Solution methods of First Order and First Degree Differential Equations :
5.1 Variables separable : If the differential equation can be put in the form, f(x) dx = (y) dywe say that
variables are separable and solution can be obtained by integrating each side separately. A general

 
solution of this will be f(x) dx= (y) dy + c, where c is an arbitrary constant.

Example # 4 : Solve the differential equation (1 + x) y dx = (y – 1) x dy

Solution : The equation can be written as -
 1 x   y  1 1   1
 x  dx = 
   y 
 dy    x  1 dx =  1 y  dy
n x + x = y – ny + c  ny + nx = y – x + c  xy = cey–x

Example # 5 : Solve : (ex + 1) y dy = (y + 1) ex dx

Solution : The given differential equation is (ex + 1) y dy = (y + 1) ex dx
ydy ex
=
(y  1) (ex  1)
Integrating both sides
 y – log |y + 1|= log (ex + 1) + log k  y = log |(y + 1)(ex + 1)| + log k  (y + 1)(ex + 1)=eyc

dy x(2 nx  1)
Example # 6 :  Solve :
dx sin y  y cos y
dy x(2 nx  1)
Solution : 
dx sin y  y cos y
(siny + ycosy)dy = x(2nx + 1)dx
Integrating both sides
 x 2 1 x  x 2
 – cosy + {(ysiny) + cosy} = 2 ×  ln x 
 2 2 1
dx  
 2 
 y sin y = x2 n x

5.1.1 Polar coordinates transformations :

Sometimes transformation to the polar co-ordinates facilitates separation of variables. In this
connection it is convenient to remember the following differentials:
(a) If x = r cos  ; y = r sin  then,
(i) x dx + y dy = r dr (ii) dx2 + dy2 = dr2 (iii) x dy – y dx = r2d
(b) If x = r sec  & y = r tan  then
(i) x dx – y dy = r dr (ii) x dy – y dx = r2 sec d.

Example # 7 : Solve the differential equation xdx + ydy = x (xdy – ydx)

Solution : Taking x = r cos, y = r sin
  x2 + y2 = r2
 2x dx + 2ydy = 2rdr
xdx + ydy = rdr .........(i) 
dy
x y
y dx d
= tan  2
= sec2.
x x dx
xdy – y dx = x2 sec2 . d
  xdy – ydx = r2 d ........(ii)
Using (i) & (ii) in the given differential equation then it becomes
r dr = r cos. r2 d
dr 1 1 y y 1
2
= cos d – = sin +  – = +   =c
r r x  y2
2
x y
2 2
x2  y2
where – = c (y + 1)2 = c(x2 + y2)
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Differential Equation

5.1.2 Equations Reducible to the Variables Separable form : If a differential equation can be reduced
into a variables separable form by a proper substitution, then it is said to be
dy
“Reducible to the variables separable type”. Its general form is = f(ax + by + c) a, b  0. To solve
dx
this, put ax + by + c = t.
dy
Example # 8 : Solve = (4x + y + 1)2
dx
dy dt dy dt
Solution : Putting 4x + y + 1 = t  4+ =  = –4
dx dx dx dx
Given equation becomes
dt dt
– 4 = t2  = dx (Variables are separated)
dx t 4
2

Integrating both sides,

dt 1 t 1  4x  y  1 
4t 2
=  dx  2
tan–1
2
=x+c 
2
tan–1 
 2  =x+c

 dy 
Example # 9 : Solve sin–1   =x+y
 dx 
dy
Solution : = sin (x + y)
dx
putting x + y = t
dy dt dt dt dt
= –1 – 1 = sin t  = 1 + sin t  = dx
dx dx dx dx 1  sin t
Integrating both sides,
dt 1  sin t
 1  sin t =  dx   cos 2
t
dt = x + c 
 (sec 2 t  sec t tan t)  dt = x + c

1  sin t
tan t – sec t = x + c  – =x+c  sin t – 1 = x cos t + c cos t
cos t
substituting the value of t
sin (x + y) = x cos (x + y) + c cos (x + y) + 1

Self Practice Problems :

dy
(5) Solve the differential equation x2 y = (x + 1) (y + 1)
dx
xdx  ydy ydx  xdy
(6) Solve the differential equation =
x y
2 2 x2

dy
(7) Solve : = ex + y + x2ey
dx
dy
(8) Solve : xy = 1 + x + y + xy
dx
dy
(9) Solve = 1 + ex – y
dx
dy
(10) = sin(x + y) + cos (x + y)
dx
dy
(11) Find the solution of the differential equation (x + y) 2 = 1, satisfying the condition y(1) = 0
dx
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Differential Equation
1 y
Ans. (5) y – n (y + 1) = nx – +c (6) x2  y2 + =c
x x
1 x3
(7) – = ex + +c (8) y = x + n |x (1 + y)| + c
ey 3
xy
(9) ey – x = x + c (10) log tan 1 =x+c
2

(11) y+ = tan–1(x + y)
4
5.2 Homogeneous Differential Equations :
dy f(x, y)
A differential equation of the form = where f and g are homogeneous function of
dx g(x, y)
x and y, and of the same degree, is called homogeneous differential equaiton and can be solved easily
by putting y = vx.

dy y
Example # 10 : Solve x = y + x tan  
dx x
dy y y
Solution : = + tan (Homogeneous differential equation)
dx x x
dv dx
put y = vx  v+x = v + tan v  cot v.dv =
dx x
Integrating both sides we have
y
n sin v = nx + nc  sinv = cx  sin   = cx
x

Example # 11 : Solve : x2dy + y (x + y)dx = 0 given that y = 1 when x = 1

dy y y2
Solution : =–  2 put y = vx
dx x x
dy dv dv dv dx
=v+x  v+x = – v – v2  = –
dx dx dx (2  v)v x
1 1 1  dx 1  v 

2   v – v  2  dv = – x  n   + nx = nC
2 v2
v y
 x =C  x = C
v2 y  2x
1
When x = 1 then y = 1  C =  3x2y = (y + 2x)
3
5.2.1 Equations Reducible to the Homogeneous form
dy ax  by  c
Equations of the form  .........(1)
dx Ax  By  C
can be made homogeneous (in new variables X and Y) by substituting x = X + h and y = Y + k, where h
dY aX  bY  (ah  bk  c)
and k are constants to obtain, = ........(2)
dX AX  BY  (Ah  Bk  C)
These constants are chosen such that ah + bk + c = 0, and Ah + Bk + C = 0. Thus we obtain the
dY aX  bY
following differential equation =
dX AX  BY
The differential equation can now be solved by substituting Y = vX.

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 Differential Equation
dy x  2y  5
Example # 12 : Solve the differential equation =
dx 2x  y  4
Solution : Let x = X + h, y=Y+k
dy d
= (Y + k)
dX dX
dy dY dx
= ...........(i) =1+0 ...........(ii)
dX dX dX
dy dY
on dividing (i) by (ii) =
dx dX
dY X  h  2(Y  k)  5 X  2Y  (h  2k  5)
= =
dX 2X  2h  Y  k  4 2X  Y  (2h  k  4)
h & k are such that h + 2k – 5 = 0 & 2h + k – 4 = 0
h = 1, k = 2
dY X  2Y
= which is homogeneous differential equation.
dX 2X  Y
Now, substituting Y = vX
dY dv dv 1  2v 2v dX
dX
=v+X
dX
X
dX
=
2v
–v   1 v 2
dv = X
 1 3  1 3
  2(v  1)  2(1  v)  dv = n X + c 
2
n (v + 1) –
2
n (1 – v) = n X + c

v 1 (Y  X) X2
n = nX2 + 2c  = e2c
(1  v)3 (X  Y)3 X2

X + Y = c(X – Y)3 where e2c = c

x – 1 + y – 2 = c (x – 1– y + 2)3
x + y – 3 = c(x – y + 1)3

Special case :
a b
Case - 1 In equation (1) if  , then the substitution ax + by = v will reduce it to the form in which variables
A B
are separable.
dy 2x  3y  1
Example # 13 : Solve =
dx 4x  6y  5
Solution : Putting u = 2x + 3y
du dy 1  du  u 1 du 3u  3  4u  10
=2+3.    2 =  =
dx dx 3  dx  2u  5 dx 2u  5
2u  5 2 9 1
 7u  13 dx =  dx  
7  1.du – 7  7u  13 . du = x + c 
2 9 1 9
   u– . n (7u – 13) = x + c  4x + 6y – n (14x + 21y – 13) = 7x + 7c 
7 7 7 7
9
   – 3x + 6y – n (14x + 21y – 13) = c
7


Case - 2 In equation (1), if b + A = 0, then by a simple cross multiplication equation (1) becomes an
exact differential equation.

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Differential Equation
dy x  2y  5
Example # 14 : Solve =
dx 2x  y  1
Solution : Cross multiplying,
2xdy + y dy – dy = xdx – 2ydx + 5dx
2 (xdy + y dx) + ydy – dy = xdx + 5 dx
2 d(xy) + y dy – dy = xdx + 5dx
On integrating,
y2 x2
2xy + –y= + 5x + c  x2 – 4xy – y2 + 10x + 2y = c where c = – 2c
2 2
Case - 3 If the homogeneous equation is of the form :
yf(xy) dx + xg(xy)dy = 0, the variables can be separated by the substitution xy = v.

Self Practice Problems :

Solve the following differential equations
 dy  y
 x dx  y  tan
–1
(12) = x given that y = 0 at x = 1
  x
dy y
(13) x = y – x tan
dx x
dy 2x – y  3
(14) =
dx x  2y  4
(15) (3x – 2y + 1) dy + (4y – 6x + 3)dx = 0
dy 3x  2y  5
(16) =
dx 3y  2x  5
y y
tan1 y
Ans. (12) x2  y2 = e x x (13) x sin =C
x
(14) y2 – x2 + xy + 4y – 3x + C = 0 (15) 10 n |3x – 2y – 9| = 2y – 4x + C

(16) 3x2 + 4xy – 3y2 – 10x – 10y = C

5.3 Exact Differential Equation :

dy
The differential equation M + N =0 ...........(1)
dx
Where M and N are functions of x and y is said to be exact if it can be derived by direct differentiation
(without any subsequent multiplication, elimination etc.) of an equation of the form f(x, y) = c
dx
e.g. y2 dy + x dx + = 0 is an exact differential equation.
x
M N
NOTE : (i) The necessary condition for (1) to be exact is  .
y x
(ii) For finding the solution of exact differential equation, following results on exact differentials
should be remembered:
xdy  ydx y
(a) xdy + y dx = d(xy) (b) = d 
x 2
x
xdy  ydx  y
(c) 2(x dx + y dy) = d (x2 + y2) (d) = d  ln 
xy  x
xdy  ydx  y xdy  ydx
(e) = d  tan1  (f) = d(ln xy)
x y
2 2
 x xy

xdy  ydx  1 
(g) = d 
x2 y2  xy 
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Differential Equation
Example # 15 : Solve : y2x dx + ydx – xdy = 0
y 2 xdx  ydx – xdy x
Solution : 2
=0  xdx + d   = 0
y y
x2 x
on integrating + +c=0
2 y

Example # 16 : Solve : (x – y)dy + (x + y)dx = dx + dy

Solution : The given equation can be written as
(xdy + ydx) – ydy + xdx = dx + dy
 d(x.y) – ydy + xdx = dx + dy
y2 x2
Also integrating each term we get xy –  =x+y+C
2 2

Self Practice Problems :

(17) Solve : xdy + ydx + xy ey dy = 0
(18) Solve : ye–x/y dx – (xe–x/y + y3) dy = 0

Ans. (17) n (xy ) + ey = c (18) 2e–x/y + y2 = c

Linear Differential Equation :

A linear differential equation has the following characteristics :
(i) Dependent variable and its derivative in first degree only and are not multiplied
together
(ii) All the derivatives should be in a polynomial form
(iii) The order may be more than one
The mth order linear differential equation is of the form.
dm y dm 1y dy
P0(x) m
+ P1(x) m 1
+ .................... + Pm–1 (x) + Pm (x) y = (x),
dx dx dx
whereP0(x), P1(x)...............Pm(x) are called the coefficients of the differential equation.
dy
NOTE : + y2 sinx = lnx is not a Linear differential equation.
dx

6.1 Linear differential equations of first order :

dy
The differential equation + Py = Q , is linear in y.
dx
(Where P and Q are functions of x only).

Integrating Factor (I.F.) : It is an expression which when multiplied to a differential equation converts it
into an exact form.
I.F for linear differential equation = e Pdx (constant of integration will not be considered)
 after multiplying above equation by .F it becomes;
dy  Pdx
e + Py . e Pdx = Q. e Pdx
dx
d

dx
(y.e Pdx ) = Q.e Pdx  y.e  Pdx =  Q.e  Pdx C .

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Differential Equation
NOTE : Some times differential equation becomes linear, if x is taken as the dependent variable, and y
dx
as independent variable. The differential equation has then the following form : + P1 x = Q1.
dy

where P1 and Q1 are functions of y. The .F. now is e

P1 dy

dy
Example # 17 : Solve the differential equation f(x) = f 2(x) + f(x) y + f(x) y
dx
dy
Solution : f(x) = f 2(x) + f(x) y + f(x) y
dx
dy  f (x) 
Given DE can be written as – 1   y = f(x)
dx  f(x) 
Which is L.D.E.
e– x
I.F. = e–x -n f(x) =
f(x)

e– x e– x
General solution y
f(x)
=  f(x)
f(x)
dx + c = – e–x + c  y = – f(x) + cex f(x)

dy
Example # 18 : Solve : x nx + y = 2 n x
dx
dy 1 2 1 2
Solution : + y=  P= ,Q=
dx x nx x x nx x
1
IF = e
P.dx
=e
 x nx dx = e n( nx) = n x

2
 General solution is y. (n x) =  x . nx.dx  c  y (n x) = (n x)2 + c

Example # 19 : Solve the differential equation

t (1 + t2) dx = (x + xt2 – t2) dt and it given that x = –/4 at t = 1
Solution : t (1 + t2) dx = [x (1 + t2) – t2] dt
dx x t dx x t dx
=     which is linear in
dt t (1  t 2 ) dt t 1  t2 dt
1
1
Here, P = – , Q = –
t  dt

IF = e t = e–nt =
1
t 1  t2 t
  General solution is -
1 1 t  x
x:
t
=  t .  1  t 2  dt + c


t
= – tan–1 t + c

putting x = – /4, t = 1
– /4 = – /4 + c  c=0
  x = – t tan t –1

6.2 Equations reducible to linear form

6.2.1 By change of variable.
Often differential equation can be reduced to linear form by appropriate substitution of the
non-linear term

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Differential Equation
dy
Example # 20 : Solve : y sinx = cos x (sinx – y2)
dx
Solution : The given differential equation can be reduced to linear form by change of variable by a
suitable subtitution.
Substituting y2 = z
dy dz
2y =
dx dx
differential equation becomes
sin x dz
+ cos x.z = sin x cos x
2 dx
dz dz
+ 2 cot x . z = 2 cos x which is linear in
dx dx
IF = e
2cot x dx
 e2 nsin x = sin2 x
 General solution is -
2
 2cos x.sin x.dx  c  y2 sin2x =
2
z. sin2 x = sin3 x + c
3
6.2.2 Bernoulli’s equation :
dy
Equations of the form + Py = Q.yn, n  0 and n  1
dx
where P and Q are functions of x, is called Bernoulli’s equation and can be made linear in v by dividing
by yn and putting y –n+1 = v. Now its solution can be obtained as in (v).
dy
e.g. : 2 sin x – y cos x = xy3 ex .
dx

dy
Example # 21 : Solve : = x3y3 – xy (Bernoulli's equation)
dx
Solution : Dividing both sides by y3
1 dy x
+ 2 = x3
y 3 dx y
2 dy dt dt
Putting t = 1/y2  – =  – 2x t = –2x3
y 3 dx dx dx
.F. = e  2xdx = e  x
2

General solution is
e– x
2
1
 –2x e
– x2 3 – x2
= – e – x (–x2 – 1) + C 
2 2
te = dx  C  2 2
= (x2 + 1) + C e x
y y

Self Practice Problems :

dy
(19) Solve : x (x2 + 1) = y (1 – x2) + x2 nx
dx
dy
(20) Solve : (x + 2y3) =y
dx
dy
(21) Solve : x + y = y2 log x
dx
 dy 
(22) Solve the differential equation xy2   – 2y = 2x given y = 1 at x = 1
3 3

 dx 
 x2  1 
Ans. (19)   y = x n x – x + c (20) x = y (c + y2)
 x 
(21) y (1 + cx + log x) = 1 (22) y3 + 2x3 = 3x6

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Differential Equation
Higher Degree Equation :
dy
The differential equation y = mx + f(m) (where m= ) ............(1),
dx
is known as Clairaut’s Equation.
dy dm d f(m) dm
To solve (1), differentiate it w.r.t. x, which gives =m+x +
dx dx dm dx
dm d f(m) dm
x + =0
dx dm dx
dm
either =0m=c ...........(2) or x + f(m) = 0 ............(3)
dx
NOTE : (i) If m is eliminated between (1)and(2),thesolutionobtained is a general solution of(1)
(ii) If m is eliminated between (1) and (3), then solution obtained does not contain any arbitrary
constant and is not particular solution of (1). This solution is called singular solution of (1).

dy
Example # 22 : Solve : y = mx + m – m3 where, m =
dx
Solution : y = mx + m – m3 ..... (i)
The given equation is in clairaut's form.
Now, differentiating wrt. x -
dy dm dm dm dm dm dm
  m x   3m2  m=m+x   3m2
dx dx dx dx dx dx dx
dm dm
(x + 1 – 3m2) = 0  =0 m=c ..... (ii)
dx dx
x 1
or x + 1 – 3m2 = 0   m2 = ..... (iii)
3
Eliminating 'm' between (i) & (ii) is called the general solution of the given equation.
y = cx + c – c3 where, 'c' is an arbitrary constant.
Again, eliminating 'm' between (i) & (iii) is called singular solution of the given equation.
y = m (x + 1 – m2)
1/ 2 1/ 2
 x  1  x  1  x  1 2
y = ±   x  1 3   y = ±  (x + 1)
 3     3  3
3/2
 x  1 4
y = ± 2   y2 = (x + 1)3  27y2 = 4 (x + 1)3
 3  27

Self Practice Problems :

dy
(23) Solve the differential equation y = mx + 2/m where, m =
dx
dy
(24) Solve : sin px cos y = cos px sin y + p where p =
dx
Ans. (23) General solution : y = cx + 2/c where c is an arbitrary constant
Singular solution : y2 = 8x
(24) General solution : y = cx – sin–1 (c) where c is an arbitrary constant.

x2  1
Singular solution : y = x 2  1  sin1
x2

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Differential Equation
Example # 23 : The normal to a given curve at each point (x,y) on the curve passes through the point (3,0). If
the curve contains, the point (3,4) find its equation.
Solution : Equation of normal at any point (x,y) is
dy
(Y – y) + (X – x) = 0
dx
Passes through (3,0)
dy y2 x2
 (3 – x) – y = 0  ydy = (3 – x)dx  = 3x – +C .......... (i)
dx 2 2
The curve contains the point (3,4)
9
 8 = 9 – +C  C = 7/2
2
By equation (i)
y2 x2 7
= 3x – +  x2 + y2 – 6x – 7 =0
2 2 2
y y y
Example # 24 : The slope of the tangent to a curve at any point (x,y) on it given by – cot . cos ,
x x x
(x > 0, y > 0) and curve passes through the point(1,/4). Find the equation of the curve.
Solution : Let y = f(x) be the curve
dy y y y
given that = – cot . cos (homogeneous differential equation)
dx x x x
put y = vx
dv –dx
 v+x = v – cotv. cosv  tan v. sec v dv =
dx x
Integrating both sides, we have
y
 secv = – n|x| + C  sec + n|x| = C
x
 
Passes through  1,   C = 2
 4
y
The curve is  sec +n|x| = 2
x
Example # 25 : Assume that a spherical rain drop evaporates at a rate proportional to its surface area. if its
radius originally is 3mm and 1 hr later has been reduced to 2mm, find an expression for radius
of the rain drop at any time.
Solution : Let r be radius , V be volume and S be surface area of rain drop at any time t.
4
Then V = r3 and S = 4 r2
3
dV dV
given  S  = kS, k is constant of proportionality
dt dt
4 dr dr
 .3r2 = k4r2  =k  dr = kdt
3 dt dt
Integrating both sides we have r = kt + C
when t = 0, r = 3  C = 3
when t = 1 hr, r = 2  k = – 1
Hence r = 3 – t Ans.
Self Practice Problems :
(25) The decay rate of radium at any time t is proportional to its mass at that time. Find the time
when the mass will be halved of its initial mass.
Ans. (25) k log 2 , where k is constant of proportionality

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Differential Equation

 Marked questions are recommended for Revision.

PART - I : SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

Section (A) : Degree & Order, Differential equation formation
A-1. Find the order and degree of the following differential equations -
2 2
 d2 y   dy 
3
 d3 y  d3 y  dy 
4
(i)  2  +   + y4 = 0 (ii)  3  + 3 +   = y
 dx   dx   dx  dx  dx 

 dy   dy  1
(iii) sin–1   =x+y (iv)  dx  + y = dy
 dx   
dx
d3 y 5/2
d2 y   dy 2  d3 y
e dx – x 1     x
3
(v) +y=0 (vi)
dx 2   dx   dx3

d2 y  dy 
(vii) = sin  x 
dx 2
 dx 

A-2. Identify the order of the following equations, (where a, b, c, d are parameters)
(i) (sin a) x + (cos a) y =  (ii) y2 = 4a ex+b
   
(iii) n (ay) = bex + c (iv) y = tan   ax  tan   ax  + cebx+d
4  4 
A-3. Form differential equations to the curves
(i) y2 = m (n2 – x2), where m, n are arbitrary constants.
(ii) ax2 + by2 = 1, where a & b are arbitrary constants.
(iii) xy = ae–x + bex
A-4. (i) Form diffrential equation of all circles touching both positive co-ordinate axes.
(ii) Form diffrential equation of all straight lines at a distance unity from (2, 0)
(iii) Form D.E of locus of a point whose distance from origin is equal to distance from line x + y +  = 0
where  is a variable parameter.

Section (B) : Variable separable, Homogeneous equation, polar substitution

B-1. Solve the following differential equations
dy 1
(i) (1 + cosx) dy = (1 – cosx) dx (ii) – x sin2x =
dx x log x
dy x(2 nx  1)
(iii) 
dx sin y  y cos y
B-2. Solve :
dy dy
(i) = sin(x + y) + cos(x + y) (ii) + ex–y + ey–x = 1
dx dx
B-3. Solve :
x dx  y dy 1  x2  y2 xdx  ydy xdy  ydx
(i)  (ii) 
x dy  y dx x2  y2 x y
2 2 x2
B-4. Solve :
(i) x2 dy + y(x + y) dx = 0, given that y = 1, when x = 1
y y 
(ii) y cos  xdy  ydx   x sin  xdy  ydx   0 , when y(1) = .
x x 2

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Differential Equation

dy y2  2xy  x 2
B-5. Find the equation of the curve satisfying  and passing through (1, –1).
dx x2  2xy  y 2

B-6. Identify the conic whose differential equation is (1 + y2) dx – xydy = 0 and passing through (1, 0). Also
find its focii and eccentricity

B–7. If a curve passes through the point (1, /4) and its slope at any point (x, y) on it is given by
y/x – cos2(y/x), then find the equation of the curve.

B-8. (i) The temperature T of a cooling object drops at a rate which is proportional to the difference
T – S, where S is constant temperature of the surrounding medium.
dT
Thus, = –k (T – S), where k > 0 is a constant and t is the time. Solve the differential
dt
equation if it is given that T(0) = 150.
(ii) The surface area of a spherical balloon, being inflated changes at a rate proportional to time t.
If initially its radius is 3 units and after 2 seconds it is 5 units, find the radius after t seconds.
(iii) The slope of the tangent at any point of a curve is  times the slope of the straight line joining
the point of contact to the origin. Formulate the differential equation representing the problem
and hence find the equation of the curve.
B-9. Find the curve such that the distance between the origin and the tangent at an arbitrary point is equal to
the distance between the origin and the normal at the same point.
B-10. Find the curve such that the ordinate of any of its points is the geometric mean between the abscissa
and the sum of the abscissa and subnormal at the point.

Section (C) : Linear upon linear, Linear diff. eq. & bernaullis diff. eq.
C-1. Solve :
dy 4x  6y  5
(i) (2x – y + 1) dx + (2y – x – 1) dy = 0 (ii) =
dx 3y  2x  4
dy 3x  4y  7
(iii) (2x + 3y – 5) dy + (3x + 2y – 5) dx = 0 (iv) 4 
dx xy

C-2. Solve :
dy
(i) = y tanx – 2sinx (ii) (1 + y + x2y) dx + (x + x3)dy = 0
dx
dy dy
(iii)  (x + 3y2) = y, y > 0 (iv) (1 + x2) + 2xy = cosx
dx dx
C-3 Solve :
dy dy y2  x
(i) x + y = x2y4 (ii) 2 =
dx dx xy  y
dy
(iii) = exy (ex  ey)
dx
(iv) y y sin x = cos x (sin x  y2)

C-4. (a) Find the integrating factor of the following equations

dy
(i) (x log x) + y = 2 log x
dx
dy
(ii) = y tan x – y2 sec x, is
dx
(b) If the integrating factor of x(1 – x2) dy + (2x2 y – y – ax3) dx = 0 is e p . dx , then P is equal to

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Differential Equation

Section (D) : Exact differential equation, Higher degree & Higher Order differential equation
D-1 Solve the following differential equations
(i) xdy – ydx= x3dy + x2ydx
(ii) x2y(2xdy + 3ydx)=dy
(iii) x dy – ydx = x10y4 (3ydx + 4x dy)

D-2. Solve
(i) y(x2y + ex) dx = ex dy
dy
(ii) 2y sinx + y2 cosx + 2x = 0
dx
(iii) (1 + x x2  y2 ) dx + y (–1 + x2  y2 ) dy = 0

D-3. Solve

 dy   dy  dy
(i)  y  x dx   dx  1  dx
  

2
dy  dy 
(ii) y + x. = x4  
dx  dx 

dy d2 y
D-4. Solve (here y1 = and y2 = 2 )
dx dx
d2 y dy d3 y d2 y 1
(i) = (ii) =8 satisfying y(0) = , y (0) = 0 and y2(0) = 1.
dx 2
dx dx 3
dx 2
8 1

PART - II : ONLY ONE OPTION CORRECT TYPE

Section (A) : Degree & Order, Differential equation formation
A-1. The order and degree of the differential equation
3/2
  dy 2 
1    
  dx  
r= are respectively
d2 y
dx 2
(A) 2, 2 (B) 2, 3 (C) 2, 1 (D) none of these

A-2. The order of the differential equation whose general solution is given by
y = (C1 + C2) sin (x + C3) – C4 ex C5 is
(A) 5 (B) 4 (C) 2 (D) 3

A-3. The order and degree of differential equation of all tangent lines to parabola x 2 = 4y is
(A) 1, 2 (B) 2, 2 (C) 3, 1 (D) 4, 1
2
 d2 y   dy 
1/ 3
A-4. If p and q are order and degree of differential equation y  2  +3x   +x2y2 = sin x, then :
2
 dx   dx 
 
p 1
(A) p > q (B) = (C) p = q (D) p < q
q 2

A-5. Family y = Ax + A3 of curve represented by the differential equation of degree

(A) three (B) two (C) one (D) four

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Differential Equation

A-6. The differential equation whose solution is (x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = a2 is (a is a constant)

3 3 2
  dy 2  d2 y   dy 2   2 
2 d y
(A) 1      a2 2 (B) 1    a  2
  dx   dx    
dx     dx 
2 2 3
  dy  
3
 2    dy 2   2 
2 d y 2 d y
(C) 1     (D) 1    a  2
  dx2 
a
dx    
  dx         dx 

A-7. The differential equations of all conics whose centre lie at the origin is of order :
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) none of these

A-8. The differential equation for all the straight lines which are at a unit distance from the origin is
2 2 2 2
 dy   dy   dy   dy 
(A)  y  x  = 1 –  (B)  y  x  =1+  
 dx   dx   dx   dx 
2 2 2 2
 dy   dy   dy   dy 
(C)  y  x  = 1 +  dx  (D)  y  x  = 1 –  dx 
 dx     dx   

Section (B) : Variable separable, Homogeneous equation, polar substitution

dy
B-1. If = e–2y and y = 0 when x = 5, the value of x for y = 3 is
dx
e6  9
(A) e5 (B) e6 + 1 (C) (D) loge 6
2

B-2. If (x) = (x) and (1) = 2, then (3) equals

(A) e2 (B) 2 e2 (C) 3 e2 (D) 2 e3

dy
B-3. If = 1 + x + y + xy and y (– 1) = 0, then function y is
dx
(A) e(1x) (B) e(1 x)
2 2
/2 /2
1 (C) loge (1 + x) – 1 (D) 1 + x

dy
B-4. The value of lim y(x) obtained from the differential equation = y – y2, where y (0) = 2 is
x dx
2
(A) 1 (B) –1 (C) 0 (D)
2e

dy 1  y2
B-5. The solution of + = 0 {where x, y  (–1, 1)} is
dx 1  x2
(A) sin–1 x sin–1 y = C (B) sin–1 x = C sin–1 y
(C) sin–1 x – sin–1 y = C (D) sin–1x + sin–1 y = C

x2  y2
B-6. Integral curve satisfying y = , y(1) = 2, has the slope at the point (1, 2) of the curve, equal to
x2  y2
5 5
(A) – (B) – 1 (C) 1 (D)
3 3

B-7. Solution of differential equation xdy – y dx = 0 represents :

(A) rectangular hyperbola (B) straight line passing through origin
(C) parabola whose vertex is at origin (D) circle whose centre is at origin

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Differential Equation

B-8. The slope of a curve at any point is the reciprocal of twice the ordinate at that point and it passes
through the point (4, 3). The equation of the curve is
(A) x2 = y + 5 (B) y2 = x – 5 (C) y2 = x + 5 (D) x2 = y + 5

B-9. Solution of differential equation x(xdx – ydy) = 4 x2  y2 (xdy – ydx) is

x
4 sin1   1
(A) x y =
2 2
Ae y (B) x2  y2 = Ae4cos x

y y
4 tan1  4 sin1 
(C) x y
2 2
= Ae x (D) x y
2 2
= Ae x

B-10. Let normal at point P on curve intersect on x-axis at N and foot of P on x-axis is P'. If P'N is always
constant for any point P on curve, then equation of curve is
(A) y = ax + b (B) y2 = 2ax + b (C) ay2 – x2 = a (D) ay2 + x2 = a

Section (C) : Linear upon linear, Linear diff. eq. & bernaullis diff. eq.

dy 2x  5y
C-1. Solution of D.E.  is, (if (y(0) = 0)
dx 2y  5x  3
(A) x2 – y2 + 5xy – 3y = 0 (B) x2 + y2 + 5xy – 3y = 0
(C) x2 – y2 + 5xy + 3y = 0 (D) x2 – y2 – 5xy – 3y = 0

dy 3x  4y  3
C-2. Solution of D.E.  is
dx 12x  16y  4
(A) y=4x + n|3x + 4y| + C (B) 4y=x + n|3x + 4y| + C

(C) y=n|3x + 4y| + C (D) x +y =n|3x +4y| + C

dv k
C-3. Solution of D.E. + v = – g is
dt m
k k k k
 t mg mg  m t  t mg t mg
(A) v = ce m – (B) v = c – e (C) v e m =c– (D) v e m =c–
k k k k

dy y 4
C-4. Solution of differential equation 4y3 + = x3 is
dx x
x x5 x5
(A) y4.x5 = +C (B) y4 = +C (C) y4.x = x5 + C (D) y4.x = +C
5 5 5
dy 1
C-5. Solution of differential equation sin y.  cos y = x4 cos2y is
dx x
(A) x secy = x6 + C (B) 6x secy = x + C (C) 6x secy = x6 + C (D) 6x secy = 6x6 + C

Section (D) : Exact differential equation, Higher degree & Higher Order differential equation
dy 2x 3 y  3x 4  y
D-1. Solution of differential equation  is
dx x – x4
y y
(A) x2y + x3 = +C (B) x2y + 2x3 = +C
x x
2y y
(C) x2y + x3 = +C (D) y + x3 = +C
x x

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Differential Equation

xy
D-2. Solution of differential equation xdy = dx – ydx is
1– x 2
(A) n(x+y) = sin–1x + C (B) n(xy) = sin–1x + C
(C) 2n(xy) = sin–1x + C (D) n(xy) = 2sin–1x + C

D-3. Solution of differential equation x6dy + 3x5ydx = xdy – 2y dx is

y 2y y y
(A) x3y = 2  C (B) x3y = 2  C (C) x3y2 = 2  C (D) x3 = C
x x x x2
2
 dy  dy
D-4. Solution of   +x – y = 0 is
 dx  dx
4 2
(A) y = 3x2 + 9 (B) y = 3x + 9 (C) y = x (D) y = 9x + 3
3

D-5. The equation of the curve satisfying the differential equation y2 (x2 + 1) = 2xy1 passing through the point
dy d2 y
(0, 1) and having slope of tangnet at x = 0 as 3, is (Here y1 = and y2 = )
dx dx 2
(A) y = x2 + 3x + 2 (B) y2 = x2 + 3x + 1 (C) y = x3 + 3x + 1 (D) none of these

PART - III : MATCH THE COLUMN

1. Match the following
Column -  Column - 
xdy dy
(A) Solution of y – = y2 + is (p) xy2 = 2y5 + c
dx dx

dy
(B) Solution of (2x – 10y3) + y = 0 is (q) sec y = x + 1 + cex
dx

(C) Solution of sec2 y dy + tan y dx = dx is (r) (x + 1) (1 – y) = cy

dy
(D) Solution of sin y = cos y (1 – x cos y) is (s) tan y = 1 + ce–x
dx

2. Match the following

Column -  Column - 
1
(A) xdy = y(dx + ydy), y(1) = 1 and y(x0) = –3, then x0 = (p)
4

dy
(B) If y(t) is solution of (t + 1) – ty = 1, (q) – 15
dt
y (0) = –1, then y (1) =

1
(C) (x2 + y2) dy = xydx and y(1) = 1 and (r) –
2
y(x0) = e, then x0 =

dy 2y
(D) + = 0, y (1) = 1, then y(2) = (s) 3e
dx x

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Differential Equation

 Marked questions are recommended for Revision.

PART - I : ONLY ONE OPTION CORRECT TYPE

1. The differential equation of all parabola having their axis of symmetry coinciding with the x-axis is
2 2
d2 y  dy  d2 x  dx  d2 y dy
(A) y 2
  0 (B) y 2
  0 (C) y 2
 0 (D) none of these
dx  dx  dy  dy  dx dx

dy
2. If y1(x) and y2(x) are two solutions of + f(x) y = r(x) then y1(x) + y2(x) is solution of :
dx
dy dy
(A) + f(x) y = 0 (B) + 2f(x) y = r(x)
dx dx
dy dy
(C) + f(x) y = 2 r(x) (D) + 2f (x) y = 2r(x)
dx dx

dy
3. If y1(x) is a solution of the differential equation + f(x) y = 0, then a solution of differential equation
dx
dy
+ f(x) y = r (x) is
dx
1 r(x)
(A)
y (x) 
y1(x) dx (B) y1(x)  y (x)
1
dx (C)  r(x)y (x) dx 1 (D) none of these

3
4. The solution of y dx – x dy + 3x2 y2 e x dx = 0 is
x 3 x 3 x 3 y 3
(A) + ex = C (B) – ex = 0 (C) – + ex = C (D) + ex = c
y y y x

5. The solution of the differential equation (x2 sin3 y – y2 cos x) dx + (x3 cos y sin2 y – 2y sin x) dy = 0 is
(A) x3 sin3 y = 3y2 sin x + C (B) x3 sin3 y + 3y2 sin x = C
(C) x sin y + y sin x = C
2 3 3
(D) 2x2 sin y + y2 sin x = C
y
xdy x3 e x
6. Solve :  (   2)  y  2x 2
dx 2
y y
 1  1
(A) ex   (1  2x)  ce2x (B) ex   (1  2x)  ce3x
8 8
x y
 1 2
(C) ey   (1  2x)  ce3x (D) . ex   (1  2x)  ce2x
8 8

xdy  ydx
7. Solution of differential equation xy(my dx + nx dy) = xm yn , given m + n = 1 , is
(A) x .y + 1 = c(x/y)
m+1 n+1
(B) x .y + 1 = cxy
m+1 n+1

(C) xm+1.yn+1– 1 = cxy (D) xm.yn + 1 = cxy .

8. The equation of the curve which is such that the portion of the axis of x cut off between the origin and
tangent at any point is proportional to the ordinate of that point is
(A) x = y (b – a log y) (B) log x = by2 + a
(C) x2 = y (a – b log y) (D) y = x (b – a log x)
(a is constant of proportionality)
9. A curve passing through the point (1, 1) has the property that the perpendicular distance of the origin
from the normal at any point P of the curve is equal to the distance of P from the x-axis. Then equation
of the curve is.
(A) x2 + y2 = 2x (B) 2x2 + y2 = 3x (C) x2 + 2y2 = 3x (D) x2 – y2 = x – 1
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Differential Equation

10. f(x) is a continuous and differentiable function defined in  [0, ). If f(0) = 1 and f'(x) > 3f(x)  x  0
then
(A) f(x)  e3x x  0 (B) f(x)  e–3x x  0 (C) f(x) > e3x x  0 (D) f(x)  e3x x  0
x x
11. Solution of the equation x
 y(t)dt  (x  1)  t y(t)dt , x > 0 is
0 0
1 1 1
c c c 
c
(A) y = ex (B) y = e1/ x (C) x = ey (D) x = e y
x3 x3 y3 y3

dy
12. The solution of diffferntial equation (1 – x2) + xy = ax is
dx
(y  a)2  c 2 x 2 (y  a)2  c 2 x 2
(A) =1 (B) =1
c2 c2
(y  a)2  c 2 x 2 (y  a)2  c 2 x 2
(C) =1 (D) = –1
c2 c2

13. Find the curve which passes through the point (2, 0) such that the segment of the tangent between the
point of tangency & the y–axis has a constant length equal to 2.
 2  4  x2   2  4  x2 
(A) y    4  x 2  2 n  (B) y    4  x 2  2 n 
 x   x 
   
 2  4  x2   2  4  x2 
(C) y    4  x 2  2 n  (D) y    4  x 2  2 n 
 x   x 
   
14. A & B are two separate reservoirs of water. Capacity of reservoir A is double the capacity of reservoir
B. Both the reservoirs are filled completely with water, their inlet are closed and then the water is
released simultaneously from both the reservoirs. The rate of flow of water out of each reservoir at any
instant of time is proportional to the quantity of water in the reservior at that time. One hour after the
water is released, the quantity of water in reservoir A is 1.5 times the quantity of water in reservior B.
After how many hours do both the reservoirs have the same quantity of water?
(A) 2log4/3 2 (B) – log2/3 2 (C) log3 2 (D) log4/3 2
15. A tank contiains 20 kg of salt dissolved in 5000 L of water. Brine that contains .03 kg of salt per litre of
water enters the tank at a rate of 25 L/min. The solution is kept thoroughly mixed and drains from the
tank at the same rate. How much salt remains in the tank after half an hour ?
(A) 150 – 130 e–50/200 (B) 130 – 150 e–30/200 (C) 130 – 150 e–50/200 (D) 150 – 130 e–30/200

PART-II: NUMERICAL VALUE QUESTIONS

INSTRUCTION :
 The answer to each question is NUMERICAL VALUE with two digit integer and decimal upto two digit.
 If the numerical value has more than two decimal places truncate/round-off the value to TWO decimal
placed.

1. If differential equations of the curves c(y + c)2 = x3, where ‘c’ is any arbitrary constant is
a
12y(y’)2 + ax = bx(y')3 then is equal to
b
2. The order of the differential equation of the family of ellipse having fixed centre and given eccentricity ,
is :
1
  10  e  
3. If y(x) satisfies the equation y'(x) = y(x) +
 y dx & y(0) = 1 then value of y 
0
n
 7 


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Differential Equation

dy x 2  y 2
4. Let c1 and c2 be two integral curves of the differential equation  . A line passing through
dx x 2  y 2
origin meets c1 at P(x1, y1) and c2 at Q(x2, y2). If c1 : y = f(x) and c2 : y = g(x) then find the value of
f '  x1 
g'  x 2 

dy 1
5. If solution of the differential equation = is x = cesin y – k (1 + sin y), then k =
dx x cos y  sin2y


6. If y(x) satisfies the differential equation ; cos 2x (dy/dx) – (tan 2x) y = cos4x, | x | , and y(0) = 0 then
4

y   is equal to
6

7. Let y1 and y2 are two different solutions of the equation y + P(x) . y = Q(x).
Such that the linear combination y1 + y2 is also solution of given differential equation . Then value of
 +  is
8. Let the curve y = f(x) passes through (4, –2) satisfy the differential equation,
sin2 x cos2 x

 
1
y (x + y ) dx = x(y – x) dy & let y = g (x) =
3 3
sin tdt  cos1 tdt , 0  x  , If the area of the
2
1/ 8 1/ 8
4
1 
region bounded by curves y = f(x), y = g(x) and x = 0 is where a  N then a is equal to
8  a 
9. If the equation of curve passing through (3, 4) and satisfying the differential equation
2
 dy  dy
y  + (x – y) – x = 0 is Ax + By + 2 = 0 then value of A3 – B3 is
 dx  dx

10. The perpendicular from the origin to the tangent at any point on a curve is equal to the abscissa of the
point of contact. If equation of tangent to the curve at (1, 3) is ax + by + 5 = 0 then value of a 2 + b2 is
equal to

11. A curve passing through point (1, 2) possessing the following property; the segment of the tangent
between the point of tangency & the xaxis is bisected at the point of intersection with the yaxis. If A is
area bounded by the curve & line x = 1 then A2 is equal to
12. Two cylindrical tanks in which initially one is filled with water to the height of 1 m and other is empty, are
connected by a pipe at the bottom. Water is allowed to flow from filled tank to the empty tank through
the pipe. The rate of flow of water through the pipe at any time is a 2g h1  h2  , where ‘h1’ and ‘h2’ are
the heights of water level (above pipe) in the tanks at that time and ‘g’ is acceleration due to gravity. If
the cross sectional area of the filled and empty tanks be A and A/2 and that of the pipe be ‘a’, and if
kA
is the time when the level of water in both tanks will be same (neglect the volume of the water in
a 2g
pipe), then k is :
1 / x dnf ( x )  1
13. If f (x) = e1/x, x > 0. Let for each positive integer n, Pn be the polynomial such that dxn  Pn  x e for
 d 
all x > 0 and if Pn+1 (x) = x2 .Pn (x)  . dx Pn (x) ,
 
then +  is :

14. If y = f (x) be a curve passing through (e, e e) and which satisfy the differential equation
e
(2ny + xy logx)dx  x log x dy = 0, value of  g(x) dx where g (x) =
lim
n  f (x), is :
1/ e

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Differential Equation

PART - III : ONE OR MORE THAN ONE OPTIONS CORRECT TYPE

 dy d2 y 
1. The differential equation of all circles in a plane must be  y1  ,y 2  2 ,.........etc. 
 dx 
 dx 
 
(A) y3 1  y12  3y1y22  0 (B) of order 3 and degree 1

(C) of order 3 and degree 2  

(D) y32 1  y12  3y1y22  0

2. Correct statement is/are

(A) The differential equation of all conics whose axes coincide with the axes of co-ordinates
is of order 2.
(B) The differential equation of all staright lines which are at a fixed distance p from origin is
of degree 2.
(C) The differential equation of all parabola each of which has a latus rectum 4a &
whose axes are parallel to y-axis is of order 2.
(D) The differential equation of all parabolas of given vertex, is of order 3.

dy 1  y2
3. Solution of the differential equation + = 0 is
dx 1  x2
(A) tan–1 y + sin–1 x = c (B) tan–1 x + sin–1 y = c
1
(C) tan–1 y . sin–1 x = c (D) cot–1 + cos–1 1  x 2 = c
y
4. The solution of (x + y + 1) dy = dx are
(A) x + y + 2 = Cey (B) x + y + 4= = C log y
(C) log (x + y + 2) = Cy (D) log (x + y + 2) = C + y

dx
5. The solution of + y = ye(n – 1)x , (n  1)
dy

1  en1 x  1  y2
y2
 n 1 2
(A) n   = +C (B) e (1 – n)x
= 1 + ce
n 1  en1 x  2
 
y2 n1y2
 n 1 2 n1
(C) n (1 + ce ) + nx + 1 = 0 (D) e(n –1)x = ce 2 +1

6. Correct statement is/are

x
y3 y
(A) f(x, y) = x 2 e y   y 2 n   is a homogenous function of degree two.
x x
sin y  x
(B) f(x, y) = is homogenous function of degree one.
sin2y  x cos y
y  y 
(C) xsin   dy +  y sin  x  dx = 0 is a homogenous differential equation.
 
x  x 
y
y
(D) f(x, y) = e x  tan is homogenous function of degree zero.
x
dy
7. Solution of differential equation f(x) = f2 (x) + f(x) y + f(x) y is
dx
(A) y = f(x) + cex (B) y = – f(x) + cex (C) y = – f(x) + cex f(x) (D) y = cf(x) + ex

8. The solution of x2 y12 + xy y1 – 6y2 = 0 are (here y1 =dy/dx)

1
(A) y = Cx2 (B) x2 y = C (C) ny=C+ log x (D) x3 y = C
2

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Differential Equation

2
 dy  dy x
9. The solution of differential equation    (e + e–x) + 1 = 0 is
 
dx dx
(A) y = ex + c (B) y = –e–x + c (C) y = 2ex + 3e–x + c (D) yex + 1 = cex

dn y
10. If y = e–x cos x and yn + kn y = 0, where yn = and kn, n  N are constants.
dx n
(A) k4 = 4 (B) k8 = –16 (C) k12 = 20 (D) k16 = –24

dn y
11. A solution of the differential equation y1 y3 = 3y22 can be (where yn = )
dx n
(A) x = A1y2 + A2 y + A3 (B) x = A1 y + A2 (C) x = A1 y2 + A2 y (D) y = A1 x2 + A2x + A3
x
12. A differentiable function satisfies equation f(x) =
  f  t  cos t  cos  t  x  dt
0
then


(A) f"   = e (B) lim f(x) = 1
2 x
(C) f(x) has minimum value 1 – e–1 (D) f'(0) = –1
x
13. Let f(x) is a continuous function which takes positive values for x  0 and satisfy
 f  t  dt = x f  x  with
0
1
f(1) = then
2
1
(A) f(x) =
 
2
1  1  2 x 
 
  1
(B) f  cot  =
 8 4
1
(C) Area bounded by f(x) and x-axis between x = 0 to x = 2 + 1 is square units.
2  2 1 
 
(D) f  sin  = 2
 4
x
14.

Let f(x), x  0 be a non negative continuous function & let F(x) = f  t  dt, x  0. If for some c > 0, f(x) 
0
c F(x) for all x 0 then
(A) f(x) = 0  x  0
(B) f(0) = 0
(C) e–cx F(x) is a non-increasing function on [0, )
(D) F(x)  0  x  0
15. A curve passing through (1 , 0) such that the ratio of the square of the intercept cut by any tangent off
the yaxis to the subnormal is equal to the ratio of the product of the coordinates of the point of
tangency to the product of square of the slope of the tangent and the subtangent at the same point.
Determine all such possible curves.
2 y/x 2 x/y  2 y/x  2 x/y
(A) x = e (B) y = e (C) x = e (D) x = e
d2 y
16. The differential equation + y + cot2 x = 0 must be satisfied by
dx 2
 x
(A) y = 2 + c1 cos x + c 2 sin x (B) y = cos x . n  tan  + 2
 2 
 x
(C) y = 2 + c1 cos x + c2 sin x + cos x log  tan  (D) all the above
 2
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Differential Equation

PART - IV : COMPREHENSION
Comprehension # 1 
Differential equations are solved by reducing them to the exact differential of an expression in x & y
i.e., they are reduced to the form d(f(x, y)) = 0
e.g. :
xdx  ydy
x y
2 2
=
ydx  xdy
x 2

1 2xdx  2ydy
2 x y
2 2
=–
xdy  ydx
x 2 
y
d x 2  y 2 = – d  
x

 y y
d  x 2  y 2   = 0  solution is x2  y2 + = c.
 x x
Use the above method to answer the following question (3 to 5)
1. The general solution of (2x3 – xy2) dx + (2y3 – x2y) dy = 0 is
(A) x4 + x2y2 – y4 = c (B) x4 – x2y2 + y4 = c
(C) x4 – x2y2 – y4 = c (D) x4 + x2y2 + y4= c

xdy  y 
2. General solution of the differential equation +  1  2  dx = 0 is
x y
2 2
 x  y2 
y x
(A) x + tan–1   = c (B) x + tan–1 =c
x y
y
(C) x – tan–1   = c (D) none of these
x

3. General solution of the differential equation ey dx + (xey – 2y) dy = 0 is

(A) xey – y2 = c (B) yex – x2 = c (C) yey + x = c (D) xey – 1 = cy2
Comprehension # 2
dn y dn 1y
In order to solve the differential equation of the form a0 + a1 +..... + any = 0, where
dx n dx n 1
a0, a1, a2 are constants.
We take the auxiliary equation a0Dn + a1 Dn–1 + ....+ an = 0
Find the roots of this equation and then solution of the given differential equation will be as given in the
following table.
Roots of the auxiliary equation Corresponding complementary
function
1. One real root 1 c1e1x
2. Two real and different roots 1 and 2 c1e1x  c 2 e2 x
3. Two real and equal roots 1 and 1 (c1 + c2x) e1x
4. Three real and equal roots 1, 1, 1 (c1 + c2x + c3x2) e1x
5. One pair of imaginary roots  ± i (c1 cos x + c2 sin x) ex
6. Two pair of equal imaginary roots  ± i and  ± i [(c1 + c2x) cos x + (c1 + c2x) sin x] ex
Solution of the given differential equation will be y = sum of all the corresponding parts of the
complementary functions.

d2 y dy
4. Solve 2
–2 + y = 0.
dx dx
(A) y = (c1 + c2x)ex (B) y = (c1ex + c2ex) (C) y = (c1x)ex (D) none of these
2
d y
5. Solve + a2y = 0.
dx 2
(A) y = (c1 cos ax + c2 sin ax)eax (B) y = c1 cos ax + c2 sin ax
(C) y = c1 eax + c2 e–ax (D) none of these
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Differential Equation

d3 y d2 y dy
6. Solve –6 + 11 – 6y = 0
dx 3 dx 2 dx
(A) y = (c1 + c2 x + c3 x2) ex (B) y = x (c1 ex + c2 e2x + c3 e3x)
(C) y = c1 ex + c2 e2x + c3 e3x (D) none of these

Comprehension # 3 (Q.No. 7 to 9)
Let f(x) be a differentiable function, satisfying f (0) = 2, f(0) = 3 and f (x) = f(x)

7. Graph of y = f(x) cuts x -axis at

1 1
(A) x = – n5 (B) x = n5 (C) x = – n5 (D) x = n5
2 2

8. Area enclosed by y = f(x) in the second quadrant is

1 1
(A) 3  n 5 (B) 2  n5 (C) 3 – 5 (D) 3
2 2
1
9. Area enclosed by y = f(x), y = f–1 (x), x + y = 2 and x + y = – n5 is
2
1 1 1 1
(A) 8  ( n5)2 (B) 8 – 2 5  ( n5)2 (C) 2 5 – ( n5)2 (D) 8  2 5 – ( n5)2
8 8 8 8

 Marked questions are recommended for Revision.

* Marked Questions may have more than one correct option.

PART - I : JEE (ADVANCED) / IIT-JEE PROBLEMS (PREVIOUS YEARS)

1. Let f be a real-valued differentiable function on R (the set of all real numbers) such that
f(1) = 1. If the y-intercept of the tangent at any point P(x, y) on the curve y = f(x) is equal to the cube of
the abscissa of P, then the value of f(–3) is equal to [IIT-JEE 2010, Paper-1, (3, 0), 84]
x
2.

Let f : [1, )  [2, ) be a differentiable function such that f(1) = 2. If 6 f(t)dt  3xf(x)  x3
1

for all x  1, then the value of f(2) is [IIT-JEE 2011, Paper-1, (4, 0), 80]
df(x)
3. Let y(x) + y(x) g(x) = g(x) g(x), y(0) = 0, x  R , where f(x) denotes and g(x) is a given non-
dx
constant differentiable function on R with g(0) = g(2) = 0. Then the value of y(2) is
[IIT-JEE 2011, Paper-2, (4, 0), 80]
4.* If y(x) satisfies the differential equation y – y tan x = 2x sec x and y(0) = 0, then
[IIT-JEE 2012, Paper-1, (4, 0), 70]
 2    2
(A) y    (B) y   
4 8 2  4  18
   2    4 22
(C) y    (D) y    
3 9 3 3 3 3

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Differential Equation

  y y
5. A curve passes through the point  1,  . Let the slope of the curve at each point (x, y) be  sec   ,
 6 x x
x > 0. Then the equation of the curve is [JEE (Advanced) 2013, Paper-1, (2, 0)/60]
y 1 y
(A) sin   = logx + (B) cosec   = logx + 2
x 2 x
 2y   2y  1
(C) sec    log x  2 (D) cos    log x 
 x   x  2

dy xy x 4  2x
6. The function y = f(x) is the solution of the differential equation  2  in (–1, 1) satisfying
dx x  1 1  x2
3
2
f(0) = 0. Then  f(x)dx is [JEE (Advanced) 2014, Paper-2, (3, –1)/60]
3

2

 3  3  3  3
(A)  (B)  (C)  (D) 
3 2 3 4 6 4 6 2

7. Let f : [0, 2] R be a function which is continuous on [0, 2] and is differentiable on (0, 2) with f(0) = 1.
x2
Let F(x)   f(
0
t )dt for x  [0, 2]. If F'(x) = f'(x) for all x  (0, 2), then F(2) equals

[JEE (Advanced) 2014, Paper-2, (3, –1)/60]

(A) e2 – 1 (B) e4 – 1 (C) e – 1 (D) e4

8*. Let y(x) be a solution of the differential equation (1 + e x)y' + yex = 1. If y(0) = 2, then which of the
following statements is (are) true ? [JEE (Advanced) 2015, P-1 (4, –2)/ 88]
(A) y(–4) = 0 (B) y(–2) = 0
(C) y(x) has a critical point in the interval (–1, 0) (D) y(x) has no critical point in the interval (–1, 0)

9*. Consider the family of all circles whose centers lie on the straight line y = x. If this family of circles is
represented by the differential equation Py" + Qy' + 1 = 0, where P, Q are functions of x, y and y' (here
y' = , y" = ), then which of the following statements is (are) true ?
[JEE (Advanced) 2015, P-1 (4, –2)/ 88]
(A) P = y + x (B) P = y – x
(C) P + Q = 1 – x + y + y' + (y')2 (D) P – Q = x + y – y' – (y')2

f (x)
10. Let f : (0, )  R be a differentiable function such that f(x) = 2 – for all x  (0, ) and f(1)  1.
x
Then [JEE (Advanced) 2016, Paper-1, (3, –1)/62]
 1  1
(A) Lim f '    1 (B) Lim x f    2 (C) Lim x 2 f ' ( x)  0 (D) all x  (0, 2)
x 0  x  x 0 x x 0
f ( x )  2 for

dy
11*. A solution curve of the differential equation (x 2 + xy + 4x + 2y + 4) dx –y2 = 0, x > 0, passes through the

point (1, 3). Then the solution curve [JEE (Advanced) 2016, Paper-1, (4, –2)/62]
(A) intersects y = x + 2 exactly at one point (B) intersects y = x + 2 exactly at two points
(C) intersects y = (x + 2) 2
(D) does NOT intersect y = (x + 3)2

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Differential Equation

–1
 
12. If y = y(x) satisfies the differential equation 8 x  9  x dy   4  9  x  dx, x > 0
   
and y (0) = 7 , then y(256) = [JEE(Advanced) 2017, Paper-2,(3, –1)/61]
(A) 16 (B) 3 (C) 9 (D) 80


13*. Let f : R  R and g : R  R be two non-constant differentiable functions. If f(x) = (e(f(x) – g(x)) g(x) for all
x  R, and f(1) = g(2) = 1, then which of the following statement(s) is (are) TRUE?
[JEE(Advanced) 2018, Paper-1,(4, –2)/60]
(A) f(2) < 1 – loge2 (B) f(2) > 1 – loge2 (C) g(1) > 1 – loge2 (D) g(1) < 1 – loge2
x
14*. Let f : [0, )  R be a continuous function such that f(x) = 1 – 2x + e
0
xt
f(t) dt

for all x  [0, ). Then, which of the following statement(s) is (are)) TRUE?
(A) The curve y = f(x) passes through the point (1, 2)
(B) The curve y = f(x) passes through the point (2, –1) [JEE(Advanced) 2018, Paper-1,(4, –2)/60]
2
(C) The area of the region {(x, y)  [0, 1] × R : f(x)  y  1  x2 is
4
 1
(D) The area of the region {(x, y)  [0, 1] × R : f(x)  y  1  x2 is
4
f(x)sin t – f(t)sin x
15*. Let f : (0, )  R be a twice differentiable function such that lim = sin2x for all
t x t–x
 
x  (0, ) . If f   = – , then which of the following statement(s) is (are) TRUE ?
 
6 12
[JEE(Advanced) 2018, Paper-2,(4, –2)/60]
  x4
(A) f   = (B) f(x) < – x2 for all x  (0, )
 
4 4 2 6

 
(C) There exists   (0, ) such that f () = 0 (D) f    + f   = 0
2 2
16. Let f : R  R be a differentiable function with f(0) = 0. If y = f(x) satisfies the differential equation
dy
= (2 + 5y)(5y – 2), then the value of lim f(x) is __. [JEE(Advanced) 2018, Paper-2,(3, 0)/60]
dx x–

17. Let f : R  R be a differentiable function with f(0) = 1 and satisfying the equation
f(x + y) = f(x) f (y) + f (x)f(y) for all x, y  R. Then, the value of loge(f(4)) is ______ .
[JEE(Advanced) 2018, Paper-2,(3, 0)/60]

18*. Let  denote a curve y = f(x) which is in the first quadrant and let the point (1, 0) lie on it. Let the
tangent to  at a point P intersect the y-axis at YP. If PYp has length 1 for each point P on  . Then
which of the following options is/are correct ? [JEE(Advanced) 2019, Paper-1,(4, –1)/62]
 1 1 x2 
(A) y = –n  + 1 x 2 (B) xy' + 1 x 2 = 0
 x 
 
 1 1 x2 
(C) xy' – 1 x 2 = 0 (D) y = n  – 1 x 2
 x 
 

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Differential Equation

PART - II : JEE (MAIN) / AIEEE PROBLEMS (PREVIOUS YEARS)


1. Solution of the differential equation cosx dy = y(sinx – y) dx, 0 < x < is [AIEEE 2010 (4, –1), 144]
2
(1) y sec x = tan x + c (2) y tan x = sec x + c (3) tanx = (sec x + c)y (4) secx = (tanx + c) y

2. Let  be the purchase value of an equipment and V(t) be the value after it has been used for t years.
dV(t)
The value V(t) depreciates at a rate given by differential equation = – k(T – t), where k > 0 is a
dt
constant and T is the total life in years of the equipment. Then the scrap value V(T) of the equipment is
[AIEEE 2011, I, (4, –1), 120]
1 kT 2
k(T  t)2
(1) T2 – (2)  – (3)  – (4) e–kT
k 2 2

dy
3. If = y + 3 > 0 and y(0) = 2, then y( n2) is equal to : [AIEEE 2011, I, (4, –1), 120]
dx
(1) 7 (2) 5 (3) 13 (4) –2

4. The curve that passes through the point (2, 3), and has the property that the segment of any tangent to
it lying between the coordinate axes is bisected by the point of contact is given by :
[AIEEE 2011, II, (4, –1), 120]
2 2
6 x y
(1) 2y – 3x = 0 (2) y = (3) x2 + y2 = 13 (4)   +   = 2
x  
2 3

 1
5. Consider the differential equation y2dx +  x   dy = 0 . If y (1) = 1, then x is given by :
 y
[AIEEE 2011, II, (4, –1), 120]
1 1 1 1
2 ey 1 ey 1 ey 1 ey
(1) 4 – – (2) 3 – + (3) 1 + – (4) 1– +
y e y e y e y e

6. The population p(t) at time t of a certain mouse species satisfies the differential equation
[AIEEE-2012, (4, –1)/120]
dp(t)
= 0.5 p(t) – 450. If p(0) = 850, then the time at which the population becomes zero is :
dt
1
(1) 2 n 18 (2) n 9 (3) n 18 (4) n 18
2

7. At present, a firm is manufacturing 2000 items. It is estimated that the rate of change of production P
dP
w.r.t. additional number of workers x is given by = 100 – 12 x . If the firm employs 25 more
dx
workers, then the new level of production of items is [AIEEE - 2013, (4, –1),360]
(1) 2500 (2) 3000 (3) 3500 (4) 4500
dp(t) 1
8. Let the population of rabbits surviving at a time t be governed by the differential equation =
dt 2
p(t) – 200 . If p(0) = 100, then p(t) equals : [JEE(Main) 2014, (4, – 1), 120]
(1) 600 – 500 et/2 (2) 400 – 300 e–t/2 (3) 400 – 300 et/2 (4) 300 – 200 e– t/2

dy
9. Let y(x) be the solution of the differential equal (x log x) + y = 2x log x, (x  1). Then y(e) is equal
dx
to [JEE(Main) 2015, (4, – 1), 120]
(1) e (2) 0 (3) 2 (4) 2e

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Differential Equation

10. If a curve y = f(x) passes through the point (1, –1) and satisfies the differential equation,
 1
y(1 + xy) dx = xdy, then f–  is equal to [JEE(Main) 2016, (4, – 1), 120]
 2
4 2 4 2
(1) – (2) (3) (4) –
5 5 5 5

dy 
11. If (2 + sin x) + (y + 1) cos x = 0 and y(0) = 1, then y  2  is equal to :
dx  
[JEE(Main) 2017, (4, – 1), 120]
1 2 1 4
(1) (2) – (3) – (4)
3 3 3 3

12. Let y = y(x) be the solution of the differential equation

dy  
sinx + y cosx = 4x, x  (0,). If y   = 0, then y   is equal to [JEE(Main) 2018, (4, – 1), 120]
dx 2 6
8 2 4 2 4 2 –8 2
(1) –  (2) –  (3)  (4) 
9 9 9 3 9 3

13. Let f : [0, 1]  R be such that f(xy) = f(x).f(y), for all x, y  [0, 1], and f(0)  0. if y = y(x) satisfies the
dy  1 3
differential equation, = f(x) with y(0) = 1, then y    y  is equal to :
dx  
4 4
[JEE(Main) 2019, Online (09-01-19),P-2 (4, – 1), 120]
(1) 5 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 4

14. The curve amongst the family of curves represented by the differential equation, (x2 – y2)dx + 2xy dy= 0
which passes through (1, 1), is : [JEE(Main) 2019, Online (10-01-19),P-2 (4, – 1), 120]
(1) a circle with centre on the x-axis.
(2) a hyperbola with transverse axis along the x-axis
(3) an ellipse with major axis along the y-axis.
(4) a circle with centre on the y-axis

dy  2x  1  1
15. If y(x) is the solution of the differential equation +   y = e–2x, x > 0, where y(1) = e–2, then
dx  x  2
[JEE(Main) 2019, Online (11-01-19),P-1 (4, – 1), 120]
loge 2
(1) y(loge 2) = loge4 (2) y(loge 2) =
4
1 
(3) y(x) is decreasing in  ,1 (4) y(x) is decreasing in (0, 1)
2 

 1
16. Consider the differential equation, y2dx +  x –  dy = 0. If value of y is 1 when x = 1 , then the value of
 y
x for which y = 2, is :
3 1 1 1 3 5 1
(1) – (2)  (3)  e (4) 
2 e 2 e 2 2 e
[JEE(Main) 2019, Online (12-04-19),P-1 (4, – 1), 120]

dy   
17. If cosx – ysinx = 6x, (0 < x < ) and y    0 , then y   is equal to :
dx 2  
3 6
[JEE(Main) 2019, Online (09-04-19),P-2 (4, – 1), 120]
 2
 2
2 2
(1) (2) – (3)  (4) 
2 3 2 4 3 2 3

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Differential Equation

18. The general solution of the differential equation (y2 –x3) dx – xydy = 0 (x 0) is :
(where c is a constant of integration) [JEE(Main) 2019, Online (12-04-19),P-2 (4, – 1), 120]
(1) y2 + 2x2 + cx3 = 0 (2) y2 – 2x2 + cx3 = 0
(3) y2 – 2x3 + cx2 =0 (4) y2 + 2x3 + cx2 = 0

 dy 
19. Let y = f(x) is the solution of the differential equation e y   1  e x such that y(0) = 0, then y(1) is
 dx 
equal to: [JEE(Main) 2020, Online (07-01-20),P-1 (4, – 1), 120]
(1) 2e (2) 1 + loge 2 (3) loge 2 (4) 2 + loge 2

20. The differential equation of the family of curves , x2 = 4b(y + b) , b  R , is

(1) x(y')2 = x – 2yy' (2) xy'' = y' (3) x(y')2 = x + 2yy' (4) x(y')2 = 2yy' – x
[JEE(Main) 2020, Online (08-01-20),P-2 (4, –1), 120]

21. If for x  0, y = y(x) is the solution of the differential equation,

(x + 1)dy = {(x + 1)2 + y – 3}dx, y(2) = 0, then y(3) is equal to :
[JEE(Main) 2020, Online (09-01-20),P-1 (4, 0), 120]

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Differential Equation

EXERCISE - 1
PART-I
Section (A) :
A-1. (i) (2, 2) (ii) (3, 2) (iii) 1, 1
(iv) 1, 2 (v) 3, degree is not applicable
(vi) 3, 2 (vii) 2, degree is not applicable

A-2. (i) 1 (ii) 1 (iii) 2 (iv) 2

2
d2 y  dy  dy
A-3. (i) xyy2 + (xy1 – y) y1 = 0 (ii) xy  x   y dx =0
dx 2  dx 
d2 y dy
(iii) x 2
+2 = xy
dx dx

(i) x + y – 2
x  yy '  x  yy '  2
(ii) (1 + y’2) = (y – (x –2) y’)2
A-4. 2 2
(x+y) + 0
1 y ' 1  y ' 2
(iii) (1 + y’) x2  y2 = ± 2(x  yy ')
Section (B) :
B-1. (i) y = 2 tan x/2 – x + c
x2 1 1
(ii) y=  x sin2x – cos2x + log |logx| + c
4 4 8
(iii) y siny = x2nx + c

xy
B-2. (i) log tan   1 = x + c (ii) tan–1 (ey–x) + x = c
 2 

c(x  y) y
B-3. (i) x2  y2  1  x2  y2  (ii) x2  y2 = +c
x y
2 2 x


B-4. (i) 3x2y = 2x + y (ii) xy sin (y/x) =
2
B-5. x+y=0

B-6. Conic: x2 – y2 = 1 (hyperbola) ; focii (± 2 , 0), e = 2

B–7. tan y/x = 1 – log x.
TS
B-8. (i) = e–kt (ii) r = 4t 2  9 units
150  S
(iii) y = kx where, k is some constant
y
 tan1
B-9. x2  y2 = ce x

x4  c
B-10. y2 = or y2 + 2x2nx = cx2
2x 2
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Differential Equation

Section (C) :
3
C-1. (i) x2 + y2 – xy + x – y = c (ii) y – 2x + n (24y + 16x + 23) = c
8
(iii) 4xy + 3 (x2 + y2) – 10 (x + y) = c (iv) 8xy – 4y2 = 3 x2 +14x + C

C-2. (i) y = cosx + k secx (ii) yx = – tan–1x + c

x
(iii) = 3y + C (iv) (1 + x2)y = sin x + C
y
1
C-3 (i) = 3x2 + kx3 (ii) y2 + (1 + x) n(1 + x) + 1 + c(1 + x)
y3
2
ey = ce– e  ex – 1
x
(iii) (iv) y2 sin2 x = sin3 x + c
3
C-4. (a) (i) ±n x (ii) ±sec x

(2x2  1)
(b)
x(1  x2 )
Section (D) :
4
1 y  x6 .y8
D-1 (i) (y/x) = xy + C (ii) xy =y+c
3 2
(iii)    C
4 x 2
1 x x3 y2 1
D-2. (i) e =– +c (ii) y2 sinx = –x2 + c (iii) x–  (x2 + y2)3/2 + c = 0
y 3 2 3

c
D-3. (i) General solution: y = cx +
c 1
Singular solution : y = ( x ± 1)2
(ii) General solution: xy + c = c 2x
Singular solution: 4x2y + 1 = 0
D-4. (i) c1ex + c2 (ii) 64y = (e8x – 8x) + 7

PART-II
Section (A) :
A-1. (A) A-2. (D) A-3. (A) A-4. (D) A-5. (A) A-6. (B) A-7. (B)
A-8. (C)
Section (B) :
B-1. (C) B-2. (B) B-3. (B) B-4. (A) B-5. (D) B-6. (A) B-7. (B)
B-8. (C) B-9. (D) B-10. (B)

Section (C) :
C-1. (A) C-2. (B) C-3. (A) C-4. (D) C-5. (C)
Section (D) :
D-1. (A) D-2. (B) D-3. (A) D-4. (B) D-5. (C)

PART-III
1. (A) – (r), (B) – (p) (C) – (s),(D) – (q)
2. (A) – (q),(B) – (r), (C) – (s),(D) – (p)

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Differential Equation

EXERCISE - 2
PART-I
1. (A) 2. (C) 3. (B) 4. (A) 5. (A) 6. (D) 7. (B)
8. (A) 9. (A) 10. (D) 11. (B) 12. (A) 13. (B) 14. (D)
15. (D)

PART-II
1. 03.37 2. 02.00 3. 01.28 4. 01.00 5. 02.00 6. 00.64 00.65

7. 01.00 8. 05.33 9. 16.00 10. 25.00 11. 07.11 12. 00.67

13. 02.00 14. 00.00

PART-III
1. (AB) 2. (ABC) 3. (AD) 4. (AD) 5. (AB) 6. (ACD)

7. (C) 8. (ACD) 9. (ABD) 10. (AB) 11. (ABC) 12. (AD)

13. (BC) 14. (ABC) 15. (AC) 16. (BC)

PART-IV
1. (B) 2. (A) 3. (A) 4. (A) 5. (B) 6. (C)
7. (A) 8. (C) 9. (B)

EXERCISE - 3

PART-I
1. 9
2. Bonus (Taking x = 1, the integral becomes zero, whereas the right side of the equation gives 5.
Therefore, the function f does not exist.)

3. 0 4. (AD) 5. (A) 6. (B) 7. (B) 8. (A,C) 9. (B,C)

10. (A) 11. (A,D) 12. (B) 13. (BC) 14. (BC) 15. (BCD) 16. (0.4)
17. (2) 18. (BD)

PART-II

1. (4) 2. (2) 3. (1) 4. (2) 5. (3) 6. (1) 7. (3)

8. (3) 9. (3) 10. (3) 11. (1) 12. (3) 14. (1) 15. (3)

16. (1) 17. (4) 18. (4) 19. (2) 20. (3) 21. (3)

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Differential Equation

dy cos x
1. Solve the differential equation = (sinx – siny)
dx cos y

dy
2. Solve : (1 + xy) y + (1 – xy) x =0
dx

dy
3. Use the substitution y2 = a – x to reduce the equation y3  x  y2  0 to homogeneous form and
dx
hence solve it. (where ‘a’ is variable)

dy
4. Solve :  y n2  2 sin x
(cos x  1) n2 , y being bounded when x   .
dx

dy  2x  1
5. Solve :  y  given that y = 0, when x = 1.
dx  1  x 2
 
2
 1  x2

6. Solve the differential equation, (x2 + 4y2 + 4xy) dy = (2x + 4y + 1) dx.

7. Solve the following differential equations.

dy 2y x3 dy
(i) 3 + = 2 (ii) x2 y  x3 = y4 cos x
dx x 1 y dx

dy
8. Find the integral curve of the differential equation x(1 – xny) + y = 0 which passes through
dx
(1, 1/e).
9. Solve the following differential equations.
dy
(i) (x² + y² + a²) y + x (x² + y²  a²) = 0
dx
(ii) (1 + tany) (dx  dy) + 2x dy = 0
dy
10. If y1 & y2 be solutions of the differential equation + Py = Q, where P & Q are functions of x alone,
dx
  yQ1 dx
and y2 = y1 z, then prove that z = 1 + ae ,'a' being an arbitrary constant.

11. Let y1 and y2 are two different solutions of the equation y + P(x) . y = Q(x).
Prove that y = y1 + C(y2 – y1) is the general solution of the same equation (C is a constant)

12. Find the equation of the curve which passes through the origin and the tangent to which at every point
x 4  2xy  1
(x, y) has slope equal to .
1  x2
13. A curve y = f(x) passes through the point p (1, 1). The normal to the curve at P is; a (y – 1) + (x – 1) = 0.
If the slope of the tangent at any point on the curve is proportional to the ordinate of the point,
determine the equation of the curve. Also obtain the area bounded by the y-axis, the curve & the
normal to the curve at P.

14. Consider a curved mirror y = f(x) passing through (8, 6) having the property that all rays emerging from
origin after getting reflected from the mirror becomes parallel to x - axis. Find the equation of curve (s)

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Differential Equation

15. Find the curve for which sum of the lengths of the tangent and subtangent at any of its point is
proportional to the product of the co-ordinates of the point of tangency, the proportionality factor is
equal to k.
16. Find the curve y = f(x) where f(x)  0, f(0) = 0, bounding a curvilinear trapezoid with the base [0, x]
whose area is proportional to (n + 1)th power of f(x). It is known that f(1) = 1
17. Find the nature of the curve for which the length of the normal at the point P is equal to the radius
vector of the point P.
18. A country has a food deficit of 10 %. Its population grows continuously at a rate of 3 % per year. Its
annual food production every year is 4 % more than that of the last year. Assuming that the average
food requirement per person remains constant, prove that the country will become selfsufficient in
n 10  n 9
food after ' n ' years , where ' n ' is the smallest integer bigger than or equal to, .
n (1.04)  0.03
 y2 1  1 x 2 
 
19. Solution of Differential equation    dx +    dy = 0 is
  x  y  y  x  y 2 
2 x
 
 
20. Solution of the differential equation (xdy – ydx) (x+y)2= 4xy(x2+y2) (xdx –ydy) is
x(y  x)
21. Solve . x2 dy  y2 e y
 2y(x  y)
dx


y  y 
22. Solution of differential equation xe x dy   ye x  x3  dx = 0 is
 
 

x 1
1. siny = sinx – 1 + c e–sinx 2. n – =c
y xy
1 a
3. n | x 2  a2 |  tan1    c where, a = x + y2 4. y = 2sinx
2 x

5. y(1 + x2) = tan–1x –


4
6. 
y  n  x  2y   4  x  2y   2 
2
 3  x  2y  2  2 
n c
2 2  x  2y  2  2 
x6 2 1
7. (i) y3 (x + 1)2 = + x5 + x4 + c (ii) x3 y 3 = 3sin x + c
6 5 4
8. x(ey + ny + 1) = 1

9. (i) (x² + y²)² + 2a² (y²  x²) = c (ii) x ey (cosy + siny) = ey siny + C
12. y = (x – 2tan–1 x) (1 + x2)
1 1 
13. ea(x – 1), a   e a  sq. unit 14. y2 = 4(1 + x) or y2 = 36(9 – x)
a  2 
1
15. y=± n | c(k2x2 – 1) | 16. y = x1/n
k
17. Rectangular hyperbola or circle. 18. 19

y xy y 1 x

19. n   + =C 20. tan–1    n    x2 – y2 + c
x yx x 2 y
y

21. x(x  y)  y ln(cex  1) 22. 2e x  x2 = C

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