What is Class Diagram?

 What is Class Diagram?

 Purposes of Class Diagrams
 What is a Class
 Class Notation
 Class Relationship
o Relationship Names
o Relationship - Roles
o Navigability
 Visibility of Attributes & Operations
o Class Visibility Example
 Multiplicity
o Multiplicity Example
 Aggregation Example
 Inheritance Example
 Class Diagram Example
 Multiple or Single Diagram?
 Class Diagram in SDLC
 Related Links

In software engineering, a class diagram in the Unified Modeling Language

(UML) is a type of static structure diagram that describes the
structure of a system by showing the system's classes, their attributes,
operations (or methods), and the relationships among objects.
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Purpose of Class Diagrams

1. Shows static structure of classifiers in a system
2. Diagram provides a basic notation for other structure diagrams
prescribed by UML
3. Helpful for developers and other team members too
4. Business Analysts can use class diagrams to model systems from a
business perspective
A UML class diagram is made up of:
 A set of classes and
 A set of relationships between classes

What is a Class
A description of a group of objects all with similar roles in the system,
which consists of:
 Structural features (attributes) define what objects of the class
"know"
  Represent the state of an object of the class
 Are descriptions of the structural or static features of a
class
 Behavioral features (operations) define what objects of the class
"can do"
 Define the way in which objects may interact
 Operations are descriptions of behavioral or dynamic features
of a class
Class Notation
A class notation consists of three parts:
1. Class Name
 The name of the class appears in the first partition.
2. Class Attributes
 Attributes are shown in the second partition.
 The attribute type is shown after the colon.
 Attributes map onto member variables (data members) in code.
3. Class Operations (Methods)
 Operations are shown in the third partition. They are services
the class provides.
 The return type of a method is shown after the colon at the
end of the method signature.
 The return type of method parameters is shown after the colon
following the parameter name.
 Operations map onto class methods in code

The graphical representation of the class - MyClass as shown above:

 MyClass has 3 attributes and 3 operations
 Parameter p3 of op2 is of type int
 op2 returns a float
 op3 returns a pointer (denoted by a *) to Class6

Class Relationships
A class may be involved in one or more relationships with other classes. A
relationship can be one of the following types: (Refer to the figure on
the right for the graphical representation of relationships).
Relationship Type Graphical Rep
Inheritance (or Generalization):
 Represents an "is-a" relationship.
 An abstract class name is shown in italics.
 SubClass1 and SubClass2 are specializations of Super Class.
 A solid line with a hollow arrowhead that point from the child to
the parent class

Simple Association:
 A structural link between two peer classes.
 There is an association between Class1 and Class2
 A solid line connecting two classes

Aggregation:
A special type of association. It represents a "part of" relationship.
 Class2 is part of Class1.
 Many instances (denoted by the *) of Class2 can be associated with
Class1.
 Objects of Class1 and Class2 have separate lifetimes.
 A solid line with an unfilled diamond at the association end
connected to the class of composite

Composition:
A special type of aggregation where parts are destroyed when the whole is
destroyed.
 Objects of Class2 live and die with Class1.
 Class2 cannot stand by itself.
 A solid line with a filled diamond at the association connected to
the class of composite
Dependency:
 Exists between two classes if the changes to the definition of one
may cause changes to the other (but not the other way around).
 Class1 depends on Class2
 A dashed line with an open arrow

Relationship Names
 Names of relationships are written in the middle of the association
line.
 Good relation names make sense when you read them out loud:
 "Every spreadsheet contains some number of cells",
 "an expression evaluates to a value"
 They often have a small arrowhead to show the direction in which
direction to read the relationship, e.g., expressions evaluate to
values, but values do not evaluate to expressions.

Relationship - Roles
 A role is a directional purpose of an association.
 Roles are written at the ends of an association line and describe
the purpose played by that class in the relationship.
 E.g., A cell is related to an expression. The nature of the
relationship is that the expression is the formula of the
cell.

Navigability
The arrows indicate whether, given one instance participating in a
relationship, it is possible to determine the instances of the other class
that are related to it.
The diagram above suggests that,
 Given a spreadsheet, we can locate all of the cells that it
contains, but that
 we cannot determine from a cell in what spreadsheet it is
contained.
  Given a cell, we can obtain the related expression and value, but
 given a value (or expression) we cannot find the cell of which
those are attributes.
Visibility of Class attributes and Operations
In object-oriented design, there is a notation of visibility for
attributes and operations. UML identifies four types of
visibility: public, protected, private, and package.
The +, -, # and ~ symbols before an attribute and operation name in a
class denote the visibility of the attribute and operation.
 + denotes public attributes or operations
 - denotes private attributes or operations
 # denotes protected attributes or operations
 ~ denotes package attributes or operations

Class Visibility Example

In the example above:

 attribute1 and op1 of MyClassName are public
 attribute3 and op3 are protected.
 attribute2 and op2 are private.
Access for each of these visibility types is shown below for members of
different classes.
Access Right public (+) private (-) protected (#)
Members of the same class yes yes yes yes
Members of derived classes yes no yes yes
Members of any other class yes no no in s
Multiplicity
How many objects of each class take part in the relationships and
multiplicity can be expressed as:
 Exactly one - 1
 Zero or one - 0..1
 Many - 0..* or *
 One or more - 1..*
 Exact Number - e.g. 3..4 or 6
  Or a complex relationship - e.g. 0..1, 3..4, 6.* would mean any
number of objects other than 2 or 5

Multiplicity Example
 Requirement: A Student can take many Courses and many Students can
be enrolled in one Course.
 In the example below, the class diagram (on the left), describes
the statement of the requirement above for the static model while
the object diagram (on the right) shows the snapshot (an instance of
the class diagram) of the course enrollment for the courses Software
Engineering and Database Management respectively)

Aggregation Example - Computer and parts

 An aggregation is a special case of association denoting a
"consists-of" hierarchy
 The aggregate is the parent class, the components are the children
classes

Inheritance Example - Cell Taxonomy

 Inheritance is another special case of an association denoting a
"kind-of" hierarchy
 Inheritance simplifies the analysis model by introducing a taxonomy
 The child classes inherit the attributes and operations of the
parent class.
Class Diagram - Diagram Tool Example
A class diagram may also have notes attached to classes or relationships.
Notes are shown in grey.

In the example above:

We can interpret the meaning of the above class diagram by reading through
the points as following.
1. Shape is an abstract class. It is shown in Italics.
2. Shape is a superclass. Circle, Rectangle and Polygon are derived
from Shape. In other words, a Circle is-a Shape. This is a
generalization / inheritance relationship.
3. There is an association between DialogBox and DataController.
4. Shape is part-of Window. This is an aggregation relationship. Shape
can exist without Window.
5. Point is part-of Circle. This is a composition relationship. Point
cannot exist without a Circle.
 6. Window is dependent on Event. However, Event is not dependent on
Window.
7. The attributes of Circle are radius and center. This is an entity
class.
8. The method names of Circle are area(), circum(), setCenter() and
setRadius().
9. The parameter radius in Circle is an in parameter of type float.
10. The method area() of class Circle returns a value of type
double.
11. The attributes and method names of Rectangle are hidden. Some
other classes in the diagram also have their attributes and method
names hidden.
Dealing with Complex System - Multiple or Single
Class Diagram?
Inevitably, if you are modeling a large system or a large business area,
there will be numerous entities you must consider. Should we use multiple
or a single class diagram for modeling the problem? The answer is:
 Instead of modeling every entity and its relationships on a single
class diagram, it is better to use multiple class diagrams.
 Dividing a system into multiple class diagrams makes the system
easier to understand, especially if each diagram is a graphical
representation of a specific part of the system.
Perspectives of Class Diagram in Software
Development Lifecycle
We can use class diagrams in different development phases of a software
development lifecycle  and typically by modeling class diagrams in three
different perspectives (levels of detail) progressively as we move
forward:
Conceptual perspective: The diagrams are interpreted as describing things
in the real world. Thus, if you take the conceptual perspective you draw a
diagram that represents the concepts in the domain under study. These
concepts will naturally relate to the classes that implement them. The
conceptual perspective is considered language-independent.
Specification perspective: The diagrams are interpreted as describing
software abstractions or components with specifications and interfaces but
with no commitment to a particular implementation. Thus, if you take the
 specification perspective we are looking at the interfaces of the
software, not the implementation.
Implementation perspective: The diagrams are interpreted as describing
software implementations in a particular technology and language. Thus,
if you take the implementation perspective we are looking at the software
implementation.
Try to Draw UML Class Diagram Now
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Related Links

1. What is Unified Modeling Language?

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