2d Categorical Wall-Crossing With Twisted Masses,

And An Application To Knot Invariants

Gregory Moore Rutgers

TSIMF, Jan. 11, 2023

 Part of this talk is review of very very old things

Witten, 1982; Cecotti & Vafa, 1992

And some very old things: D. Gaiotto, G. Moore, & E. Witten 2015 (GMW)

And some old things:

Work done 2-4 years ago
with AHSAN KHAN

arXiv:2010.11837
arXiv:2???.????
 BPS equations and invariants are a very
general concept in physics …
Unifies instantons, holomorphic maps, Donaldson-
Thomas invariants, calibrated submanifolds,
harmonic spinors, Hamilton-Perelman flow, …

General aim of this work: Categorify BPS invariants

Today: Work within the context of Fukaya-Seidel categories
and 2d susy Landau-Ginzburg models
+ comment on knot homology and 3-manifold
invariants resulting from discussions with
1
Supersymmetric Quantum Mechanics And
Homological Algebra

2 2D N=(2,2) Landau-Ginzburg Models

3 Thimble Branes & Their Local Operators

4 Categorical Wall-Crossing

5 Generalization To Twisted Masses

6 Relation To 3d Indices 5
 SQM & Morse-Novikov Theory (Witten: 1982)
M: Riemannian; 𝜉: Closed 1-form

Locally 𝜉 = 𝑑ℎ with ℎ: 𝑀 → ℝ the traditional superpotential.

But ℎ need not be single-valued: 𝜉 need not be exact.

Call 𝜉 the ``super-one-form’’

SQM: 𝜙: ℝ𝑡 → 𝑀

𝑆 = න 𝑑𝑡 ( 𝑔𝐼𝐽 ሶ 𝐼 ሶ 𝐽 2
𝜙 𝜙 𝜙 𝑑𝑡 −∥ 𝜉 ∥ + ⋯ )
ℝ𝑡
 SQM & Morse-Novikov Theory (Witten: 1982)
SQM: 𝜙: ℝ𝑡 → 𝑀

𝑆 = න 𝑑𝑡( 𝑔𝐼𝐽 𝜙 𝜙ሶ 𝐼 𝜙ሶ 𝐽 −∥ 𝜉 ∥2 + ⋯ )
ℝ𝑡
Classical vacua: 𝜉 𝜙𝑖 = 0 ``critical points’’

``Mass matrix’’ 𝐷𝐼 𝜉𝐽 ȁ𝜙𝑖 is invertible 𝜙𝑘 𝜙𝑗

𝜙𝑖
Approximate quantum vacua: Ψ 𝜙𝑖
1
Fermion number: 𝐹 Ψ 𝜙𝑖 = 𝑑− 𝜙𝑖 − 𝑑+ (𝜙𝑖 ) 𝜙𝑙
2
 Instantons & MSW Complex
The approximate vacua are not exact because of instanton effects.

𝑑𝜙 𝐼
Instanton equation: = 𝑔𝐼𝐽 𝜙 𝜉𝐽 𝜙
𝑑𝜏
Use instantons to define an operator 𝑄
on approximate ground states

𝑄Ψ 𝜙𝑖 : = ෍ 𝑛𝑗,𝑖 Ψ 𝜙𝑗 Broken flows: ෍ 𝑛𝑝𝑞 𝑛𝑞𝑟 = 0

𝐹𝑗 =𝐹𝑖 +1 𝐹𝑟 =𝐹𝑞 +1=𝐹𝑝 +2

2
⇒ 𝑄 =0
 MSW Chain Complex
𝒞 ≔ 𝑉, 𝐹, 𝑄
SQM: 𝑉 ⊂ ℋ : The span of the approximate ground states Ψ 𝜙𝑖

𝐹: Fermion number = 𝑄: Susy operator=

Homological degree Differential
𝐹, 𝑄 = 𝑄 2
𝑄 =0

MSW complex: MSW(𝑀, 𝑔𝐼𝐽 , 𝜉𝐼 )

Exact ground states ≅ 𝐻 ∗ 𝑉, 𝑄 ≅ 𝐻 ∗ 𝑀; 𝑑 + 𝜉
 Homotopies Of Metric And Super-one-form
Now consider a continuous family: 𝑔𝐼𝐽 𝜙; 𝑠 , 𝜉𝐼 𝜙; 𝑠 𝑠1 ≤ 𝑠 ≤ 𝑠2

How does the MSW complex change?

Define 𝒰: 𝑀𝑆𝑊 𝑠1 → 𝑀𝑆𝑊 𝑠2

𝒰 Ψ 𝑝; 𝑠1 = ෍ 𝑛෤ 𝑝,𝑞 Ψ 𝑞; 𝑠2 𝑑𝜙 𝐼 𝐼𝐽
= 𝑔 𝜙; 𝑠 𝜉𝐽 𝜙; 𝑠
𝐹𝑞 =𝐹𝑝 𝑑𝑠

Claim: 𝒰𝐹 =𝐹𝒰 𝒰 𝑄1 = 𝑄2 𝒰
 Under continuous deformation of
metric and super-one-form
the MSW complex changes by
a chain map.

Actually, it is a very special kind of chain map:

A homotopy equivalence of chain complexes.
Homotopies Of Paths ⇒ Homotopy Of Chain Maps

𝑢 𝑀𝑒𝑡 𝑀 × 𝜉′𝑠
(𝑔𝐼𝐽 𝜙; 𝑠, 𝑢 , 𝜉𝐼 𝜙; 𝑠, 𝑢 ) (Fixed @ s=0,1)
𝑠
𝑢 = 0 gives a chain map 𝒰0 ∶ 𝑉, 𝐹, 𝑄 1 → 𝑉, 𝐹, 𝑄 2

𝑢 = 1 gives a chain map 𝒰1 ∶ 𝑉, 𝐹, 𝑄 1 → 𝑉, 𝐹, 𝑄 2

𝑑𝜙 𝐼
𝒰0 − 𝒰1 = 𝑄2 𝐸 + 𝐸 𝑄1 = 𝑔𝐼𝐽 𝜙; 𝑠, 𝑢 𝜉𝐽 (𝜙; 𝑠, 𝑢)
𝑑𝑠
𝐸 Ψ 𝑝; 𝑠 = 0, 𝑢 = 0 = ෍ 𝑛ො 𝑝,𝑞 Ψ 𝑞; 𝑠 = 1, 𝑢 = 1
𝐹𝑞 =𝐹𝑝 −1
 Definition: Homotopies Of Chain Maps
Two chain maps 𝑓0 , 𝑓1 ∶ 𝒞1 → 𝒞2 are homotopic if
There is a Fermion number -1 map 𝐸: 𝑉1 → 𝑉2
𝑓0 − 𝑓1 = 𝑄2 𝐸 + 𝐸 𝑄1
If there are
chain maps…. 𝑓: 𝒞1 → 𝒞2 𝑔: 𝒞2 → 𝒞1

𝑔 ∘ 𝑓 ∼ 𝐼𝑑𝒞1 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 ∼ 𝐼𝑑𝒞2
Then the chain complexes 𝒞1 and 𝒞2 are homotopy equivalent.
1
Supersymmetric Quantum Mechanics And
Homological Algebra

2 2D N=(2,2) Landau-Ginzburg Models

3 Thimble Branes & Their Local Operators

4 Categorical Wall-Crossing

5 Generalization To Twisted Masses

6 Relation To 3d Indices 14
 Landau-Ginzburg Models 𝐿𝐺 𝑋, 𝛼
𝑋, 𝑔𝐼𝐽 ҧ: Kähler 𝛼∈Ω 1,0 ҧ =0
𝑋 , 𝜕𝛼
Locally 𝛼 = 𝜕𝑊 with 𝑊: 𝑋 → ℂ , but we will be considering multi-valued 𝑊

𝐼 𝜇 𝐽ҧ
𝑆 = න 𝑑𝑡 න 𝑑𝑥 𝑔𝐼 𝐽 ҧ 𝜙 𝑥, 𝑡 𝜕𝜇 𝜙 𝜕 𝜙 − ∥ 𝛼 𝜙 ∥2 + ⋯
ℝ 𝐷

Poincare invariant vacua for 𝐷 = ℝ:

𝕍 = 𝜙𝑖 𝛼 𝜙𝑖 = 0 }

Branes 𝐷 = 𝑥0 , ∞
 2d LG Model As 1d SQM
Consider SQM with target: ℳ = 𝑀𝑎𝑝 𝜙: 𝐷 → 𝑋
2 𝐼 𝐽ҧ
∥ 𝛿𝜙 ∥ = න 𝑔𝐼 𝐽 ҧ 𝜙 𝑥 𝛿𝜙 𝛿𝜙
𝐷

𝛼 ∈ Ω1,0 𝑋 induces a super-one-form 𝜉 on ℳ

𝜉 𝜙 = න 𝜙 ∗ 𝜔 − 𝑅𝑒 𝜁 −1 𝛼𝐼 𝜙 𝛿𝜙 𝐼 𝑑𝑥
𝐷

SQM ℳ, 𝜉 = LG(𝑋, 𝛼)
 Superpotential With Twisted Masses
Usual discussion: 𝛼 = 𝜕𝑊
with 𝑊: 𝑋 → ℂ holomorphic and Morse
If 𝛼 has nonzero periods there is no single-valued superpotential

``twisted masses’’

∃ Minimal Abelian cover 𝜋: 𝑋෠ → 𝑋 so that 𝜋 ∗ 𝛼 = 𝜕 𝑊

෡

Γ: Free Abelian Deck group ⊂ 𝐻1 𝑋; ℤ

 It is often convenient to consider
𝐿𝐺 𝑋,෠ 𝛼ො = 𝜕𝑊
෡
and work equivariantly wrt Γ
෠ 𝛼ො = 𝜕𝑊
Vacua of 𝐿𝐺 𝑋, ෡ : ෡ = { 𝜙෠𝑎 ∈ 𝑋ȁ
𝕍 ෡ 𝜙෠𝑎 = 0 }
෠ 𝑑𝑊

Abbreviate vacua 𝜙෠𝑎 , 𝜙෠ 𝑏 , … simply by 𝑎, 𝑏, …

෡ ∶ 𝑎 →𝑎+𝛾
Write free Γ −action on 𝕍

෡𝑎+𝛾 = 𝑊
𝑊 ෡𝑎 + ර 𝛼
𝛾
 Example 1: Mirror Of The Free Chiral
𝑚
∗ 𝛼= −1 𝑑𝜙 𝕍 = 𝜙0 = 𝑚 ≠ 0
𝑋=ℂ 𝜙
෠
𝜋: 𝑋 = ℂ → 𝑋 = ℂ ∗ 𝜋: 𝜙෠ → 𝜙 = exp 𝜙෠ Γ≅ℤ
෡ 𝑚
෡ = 𝑑 𝑚 𝜙෠ − 𝑒
𝛼ො = 𝑑 𝑊 𝜙
← 𝛼= −1 𝑑𝜙
𝜙
෡ = { 𝜙෠𝑎 = log 𝑚 + 2𝜋𝑖 𝑎 𝑎 ∈ ℤ
𝕍
෡𝑎 = 𝑚 log 𝑚 + 2𝜋𝑖 𝑎 𝑚
𝑊 ෡𝑎+𝑛 = 𝑊
𝑊 ෡𝑎 + 2𝜋𝑖 𝑚 𝑛

Twisted mass
 Other Examples

1 𝑡 𝑚 ∗
Mirror of ℂℙ : 𝛼= +𝜙 +𝑡 𝑑𝜙 𝜙∈𝑋= ℂ
𝜙2

Discussed in GMW framework in Galakhov (2021) and Khan-Moore, to appear

There are two vacua 𝜙𝑖 , 𝜙𝑗 and rank one deck group Γ ≅ ℤ

LG models for knot homology

[Gaiotto-Witten; GMW; Galakhov-Moore; Aganagic]
 Chern-Simons-Landau-Ginzburg
𝐺ℂ : Complex Lie group

𝑀3 : Riemannian 3-fold ⇒ LG model CSLG 𝐺ℂ , 𝑀3

𝑋 = 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑥 𝐺ℂ − 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 3 − 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑀3

𝛼 = න 𝑇𝑟 ℱ 2
`` = 𝑑 𝐶𝑆 𝒜 ‘’
𝑀3

Vacua on 𝐷 = ℝ: Flat 𝐺ℂ − connections

 Morse Theory Flows In LG Language
𝑆𝑄𝑀 ℳ, 𝜉 vacua:
𝐼
𝜕𝜙 ҧ
𝜉=0 ⇔ 𝜕𝑥
𝐼 𝐽
= 𝑖 𝜁𝑔 𝛼ത𝐽 ҧ(𝜙)

We call this the -soliton equation

𝜕𝜙 𝜕 𝜕
=𝜉 ⇔ 𝜕𝑥
+𝑖
𝜕𝜏
𝐼 𝐼𝐽ҧ
𝜙 = 𝑖 𝜁 𝑔 𝛼ത𝐽 ҧ 𝜙
𝜕𝜏
We call this the -instanton equation
 Soliton Complexes For 𝑆𝑄𝑀 ℳ, 𝜉 & 𝐷 = ℝ
𝜙 𝑥 → 𝜙𝑖 𝜙 𝑥 → 𝜙𝑗

𝑅𝑖𝑗 = 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛{Ψ[𝜙𝑖𝑗 𝑥 ]}, 𝐹𝑖𝑗 , 𝑄𝑖𝑗

𝐹𝑖𝑗 Ψ𝑖𝑗 = 𝜂 𝐷𝜙𝑖𝑗 Ψ𝑖𝑗 𝑄𝑖𝑗 ∶ Count 𝜁 −instantons

``Flavor Charge’’ : 𝜙𝑖𝑗 ℝ = 𝛾𝑖𝑗 ∈ Γ𝑖𝑗

Γ𝑖𝑗 = paths in X from 𝜙𝑖 to 𝜙𝑗 --- up to homology.

 Adding Charges
Composition of curves defines 𝛾𝑖𝑗 + 𝛾𝑗𝑘 ∈ Γ𝑖𝑘
𝜙𝑗 𝜙𝑘
𝛾𝑖𝑗
𝜙𝑖
𝛾𝑗𝑘
Abelian group structure on Γ𝑖𝑖 ≅ Γ .
Γ𝑖𝑗 is a Γ −torsor
𝑅𝑖𝑗 is graded by Γ −torsor Γ𝑖𝑗 𝑅𝑖𝑗 = ⊕𝛾𝑖𝑗 ∈Γ𝑖𝑗 𝑅𝛾𝑖𝑗

𝑖 𝜋 𝐹𝑖𝑗
``BPS index’’ 𝜇𝛾𝑖𝑗 ≔ 𝑇𝑟𝑅𝛾 𝑒
𝑖𝑗

Central charge: 𝑍𝛾𝑖𝑗 = ‫𝛼 𝛾ׯ‬

𝑖𝑗

Generalizes the standard (𝛼 exact) 𝑍𝑖𝑗 = 𝑊𝑖 − 𝑊𝑗

``Twisted mass property’’ 𝑍𝛾𝑖𝑗 +𝛾 = 𝑍𝛾𝑖𝑗 + 𝑍𝛾
 Periodic Solitons
Qualitatively new feature with twisted masses:
𝜙 𝑥 → 𝜙𝑖 𝜙 𝑥 → 𝜙𝑖

When 𝛼 is not exact there can be nontrivial solutions!

𝑍𝛾𝑖𝑖 = ර 𝛼 = ර 𝛼
𝛾 𝜙𝑖𝑖 ℝ

𝑅𝑖𝑖 can be nontrivial!

 Main new ingredient in categorified
wall-crossing with twisted masses
involves Fock spaces constructed from 𝑅𝑖𝑖
 Wall-Crossing When 𝛼 = 𝜕𝑊
𝑔𝐼𝐽 ҧ 𝜙; 𝑠 , 𝑊 𝜙; 𝑠 0≤𝑠≤1

𝜇𝑖𝑗 𝑠 is only piecewise constant: CFIV, CV 1991, 1992

Jumps occur when central charges are parallel: 𝑍𝑖𝑗 𝑠∗ ∥ 𝑍𝑗𝑘 s∗

CVWCF: Tells how 𝜇𝑖𝑗 𝑠 jump.

Categorified CVWCF: Describe how the
homotopy equivalence class of 𝑅𝑖𝑗 jumps.
 Remarks

1. We claim that the homotopy equivalence class is

physically meaningful so this is a well-posed question.

2. Moreover, the homotopy equivalence

class of 𝑅𝑖𝑗 is a nontrivial refinement of 𝜇𝑖𝑗
 Remarks
It is often said that the only thing we can hope to compute
exactly in interacting, non-integrable QFTs are Witten indices.

For general LG 𝑋, 𝑊 are interacting & non-integrable

So what we are doing here has some tension

with this standard folklore.
Wall-Crossing Formula With Twisted Masses: 1/ 3

``Vacuum Groupoid Algebra’’ :

For each 𝛾𝑖𝑗 ∈ Γ𝑖𝑗 introduce a variable 𝑥𝛾𝑖𝑗

𝑥𝛾𝑖𝑗 𝑥𝛾𝑘𝑙 = 𝛿𝑗𝑘 𝑥𝛾𝑖𝑗 +𝛾𝑗𝑘

Wall-Crossing Formula With Twisted Masses: 2/3

∀ 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗 & 𝛾𝑖𝑗 ∈ Γ𝑖𝑗 𝑆𝛾𝑖𝑗 : = 1 + 𝜇𝛾𝑖𝑗 𝑥𝛾𝑖𝑗

−𝜇𝑘𝛾𝑖𝑖 𝑢𝑖 ∈ Γ𝑖𝑖
∀ 𝛾∈Γ 𝐾𝛾 ≔ ෍ ෑ 1 𝑘
− 𝑥𝛾 𝑥𝑢𝑖
Additive identity
𝑖 𝑘

For any half-plane ℍ ⊂ ℂ

𝑆(ℍ) =: ෑ 𝑆𝛾𝑖𝑗 𝐾𝛾 ∶ Phase-ordered product

𝑍𝛾𝑖𝑗 ,𝑍𝛾 ∈ℍ
Wall-Crossing Formula With Twisted Masses: 3/3

Wall-crossing statement:
𝑆 ℍ is invariant
provided no BPS rays enter/leave the half-plane ℍ

Very similar to the mathematics of the 2d-4d WCF.

[Kontsevich,Soibelman 2008; Gaiotto,Moore,Neitzke 2010]
1
Supersymmetric Quantum Mechanics And
Homological Algebra

2 2D N=(2,2) Landau-Ginzburg Models

3 Thimble Branes & Their Local Operators

4 Categorical Wall-Crossing

5 Generalization To Twisted Masses

6 Relation To 3d Indices 34
 Branes
Use the (𝐴∞ algebra/category of) Branes.

𝔅
The homotopy class of
the category of branes
is invariant.

𝑥 = 𝑥0
 Lefshetz Thimbles
Choose a half plane ℍ ⊂ ℝ2𝑥,𝜏 ≅ ℂ and phase 𝜁 .
For each vacuum 𝜙𝑖 there is a canonical brane 𝔗𝑖
Example: Take ℍ = { 𝑥, 𝜏 𝑥 ≥ 𝑥0 .
Consider all values 𝜙 𝑥0 ∈ 𝑋 so there is a solution
𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝜕𝜙 𝐼 𝐼𝐽ҧ
𝜙 𝑥0 → 𝜙𝑖
ℒ𝑖 𝜁 ⊂𝑋 = 𝑖 𝜁𝑔 𝛼ത𝐽 ҧ
𝜕𝑥 𝑥 → +∞
𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
ℒ𝑖 𝜁 ⊂ 𝑋 are Lagrangian subspaces and provide
nice half-susy bc’s. [Hori-Iqbal-Vafa]
 Example 1 of Lefshetz Thimbles
1 2 𝑑𝜙
𝑊= 𝜙 𝜙𝑖 = 0 = 𝑖 𝜁 𝜙ത
2 𝑑𝑥

ℒ 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
𝜙 𝑥 = 𝑐0 ±𝑖𝜁 𝑒 ±𝑥
ℒ 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡
𝑐0 ∈ ℝ
Boundary Condition-Changing Local Operators
Choose a half-plane ℍ ⊂ ℂ, and a phase 𝜁

𝑅෠𝑖𝑗 := Vector space of local bc changing operators

between 𝔗𝑗 𝜁 and 𝔗𝑖 (𝜁)
𝔗𝑖
𝑅෠𝑖𝑗 is a chain
complex
𝔗𝑗
 ⊕𝑖𝑗 𝑅෠𝑖𝑗 has higher ``OPE Products’’
𝑖
𝑖

𝑛
𝜌 𝛿1 , … , 𝛿𝑛

𝑗
𝑗 1
Differential/Susy operator is 𝜌
⊕𝑖𝑗 𝑅෠𝑖𝑗 Is An 𝐴∞ −Algebra

𝜌 𝑘 𝑛−𝑘+1
𝜌

Sum with signs must vanish:

Quadratic relations on the
𝜌 𝑛 ∶ 𝐴∞ − relations
 Web Formalism (𝛼 = 𝜕𝑊 )

These multiplications can be

constructed explicitly using the
𝔗𝑖 ``web formalism’’ of GMW.
𝑖
𝔗𝑗 𝑗

𝑘
𝔗𝑘
There is a notion of homotopy equivalence
of 𝐴∞ -algebras.

It extends the notion of homotopy equivalence

of chain complexes, and says how the OPE’s are
related to each other.

Categorical wall-crossing will involve the

homotopy equivalence of these 𝐴∞ −algebras.
 An 𝐴∞ − Category 𝑅෠ (When 𝛼 = 𝜕 𝑊 )

Choose 𝜁, ℍ ⊂ ℂ Objects = thimbles 𝔗𝑖

𝑅෠𝑖𝑗 𝑍𝑖𝑗 ∈ ℍ

𝐻𝑜𝑝 𝔗𝑖 , 𝔗𝑗 = ℤ 𝑖=𝑗

0 𝑍𝑖𝑗 ∉ ℍ
 The Product Formula (𝛼 = 𝜕𝑊 )

𝑅෠𝑖𝑗 can be written in terms of 𝑅𝑖𝑗 [GMW]

𝑅෠ ≔⊕𝑖𝑗 𝑅෠𝑖𝑗 𝑒𝑖𝑗 =⊗𝑍𝑖𝑗 ∈ℍ ℤ 1 + 𝑅𝑖𝑗 𝑒𝑖𝑗

phase ordered!

𝑅෠𝑖𝑘 = 𝑅𝑖𝑘 ⊕ 𝑅𝑖𝑗 ⊗ 𝑅𝑗𝑘 ⊕ ⋯

𝑅෠𝑖𝑘 = 𝑅𝑖𝑘 ⊕ 𝑅𝑖𝑗 ⊗ 𝑅𝑗𝑘 ⊕ ⋯
ℍ ∥ 𝑍𝑖𝑗
𝑖
𝑖
∥ 𝑍𝑖𝑘 ⊕
𝑗 ⊕⋯
𝑘 𝑘 ∥ 𝑍𝑗𝑘
Summands correspond to sequences of central
charges 𝑍𝑖,𝑖1 , 𝑍𝑖1,𝑖2 , … , 𝑍𝑖𝑛,𝑘 whose phases are
clockwise ordered in the half plane ℍ
 Naïve Differential On 𝑅෠𝑖𝑘

𝑅෠𝑖𝑘 = 𝑅𝑖𝑘 ⊕ 𝑅𝑖𝑗 ⊗ 𝑅𝑗𝑘 ⊕ ⋯

෠
𝑄 𝑛𝑎𝑖𝑣𝑒 = 𝑄𝑖𝑘 ⊕ 𝑄𝑖𝑗 ⊗ 1 + 1 ⊗ 𝑄𝑗𝑘 ⊕ ⋯

WRONG!

We missed important instanton effects

Domain Wall Junctions: 𝜁 −instanton equation
𝜕 𝜕
+𝑖 𝐼 𝐼𝐽ҧ
𝜙 = 𝑖 𝜁 𝑔 𝛼ത𝐽 ҧ 𝜙 𝜙𝑖𝑗 𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝜏 ∥ 𝑍𝑖𝑗
𝜙 ≅ 𝜙𝑖
∥ 𝑍𝑘𝑖
𝜙𝑘𝑖 𝑥 𝜙 ≅ 𝜙𝑗
``fan of vacua’’

𝜙 ≅ 𝜙𝑘 ∥ 𝑍𝑗𝑘
𝑥+𝑖𝜏 𝜙𝑗𝑘 𝑥
 Explicit examples studied in

S. M. Carroll, S. Hellerman and M. Trodden, “Domain wall junctions are 1/4

- BPS states,” Phys. Rev. D 61, 065001 (2000) [hep-th/9905217].

G. W. Gibbons and P. K. Townsend, “A Bogomolny equation for intersecting

domain walls,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 1727 (1999) [hep-th/9905196].

H. Oda, K. Ito, M. Naganuma and N. Sakai, “An Exact solution of BPS domain
wall junction,” Phys. Lett. B 471, 140 (1999) [hep-th/9910095].
 Interior Amplitude
𝜙𝑖𝑗 ⊗ 𝜙𝑗𝑘 ⊗ 𝜙𝑘𝑖 ∈ 𝑅𝑖𝑗 ⊗ 𝑅𝑗𝑘 ⊗ 𝑅𝑘𝑖
Counting solutions defines an ``interior amplitude’’
𝛽𝑖𝑗𝑘 ∈ 𝑅𝑖𝑗 ⊗ 𝑅𝑗𝑘 ⊗ 𝑅𝑘𝑖

Summing over all such cyclic fans defines an 𝐿∞ −algebra

𝑅𝑐 = ⊕𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑅𝑖1 𝑖2 ⊗ ⋯ ⊗ 𝑅𝑖𝑛𝑖1
𝛽 is a Maurer-Cartan element in an 𝐿∞ algebra.
(generalizes the ``broken flows identity.’’ )
1
Supersymmetric Quantum Mechanics And
Homological Algebra

2 2D N=(2,2) Landau-Ginzburg Models

3 Thimble Branes & Their Local Operators

4 Categorical Wall-Crossing

5 Generalization To Twisted Masses

6 Relation To 3d Indices 50
 Categorical Wall-Crossing (𝛼 = 𝜕𝑊)

IF: 𝑋, 𝑔𝐼𝐽 ҧ, 𝛼, 𝜁 1
∼ 𝑋, 𝑔𝐼𝐽 ҧ, 𝛼, 𝜁 2

THEN: 𝑅෠ 𝑋, 𝑔𝐼𝐽 ҧ, 𝛼, 𝜁 1
∼ 𝑅෠ 𝑋, 𝑔𝐼𝐽 ҧ, 𝛼, 𝜁 2

⇒ how the 𝑅𝑖𝑗 complexes change (up to h.e.)

𝑍 𝑍
𝑍𝑖𝑗
𝑍𝑗𝑘

𝑍𝑖𝑘 𝑍𝑖𝑘

𝑍𝑗𝑘 𝑍𝑖𝑗
 Definition: Cones In Homological Algebra
If 𝑓: 𝒞1 → 𝒞2 is a chain map

𝒞1 ≔ 𝑉1 , 𝐹1 , 𝑄1 𝒞2 ≔ 𝑉2 , 𝐹2 , 𝑄2
Then 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑓 is the new chain complex with

𝑄2 𝑓
𝑉 ≔ 𝑉2 ⊕ 𝑉1 −1 𝑄𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑓 =
0 −𝑄1
 Interior Amplitude Induces A Chain Map
𝛽𝑖𝑗𝑘 ∈ 𝑅𝑖𝑗 ⊗ 𝑅𝑗𝑘 ⊗ 𝑅𝑘𝑖

𝐶𝑃𝑇 ⇒ ∃ (deg=-1) contraction: 𝐾: 𝑅𝑖𝑗 ⊗ 𝑅𝑗𝑖 → ℤ

Chain map:

𝑀 𝛽𝑖𝑗𝑘 : 𝑅𝑖𝑘 → 𝑅𝑖𝑗 ⊗ 𝑅𝑗𝑘

෠
Corrects 𝑄 𝑛𝑎𝑖𝑣𝑒
: off-diagonal component of differential on 𝑅෠𝑖𝑘
𝑀 𝛽𝑖𝑗𝑘 = 𝑄෠𝑖𝑘 : 𝑅𝑖𝑘 → 𝑅𝑖𝑗 ⊗ 𝑅𝑗𝑘
 𝑍𝑖𝑗 ∥ 𝑍𝑗𝑘
Defines a chain map Defines a chain map
𝑅 𝑅 𝑅
𝑀 𝐿 𝐿
𝛽𝑖𝑗𝑘 : 𝑅𝑖𝑘 [1] → 𝐿
𝑅𝑖𝑗 ⊗ 𝐿
𝑅𝑗𝑘 𝑀𝑅 𝛽𝑖𝑘𝑗 : 𝑅𝑖𝑗 ⊗ 𝑅𝑗𝑘 → 𝑅𝑖𝑘
Solving Cat. Wall Crossing For 𝛼 = 𝜕𝑊
An elegant way of solving the wall-crossing constraint
𝑅 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
𝑅𝑖𝑘 ∼ 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑀 𝛽𝑖𝑗𝑘 : 𝑅𝑖𝑘 [1] → 𝑅𝑖𝑗 ⊗ 𝑅𝑗𝑘
𝐿 𝑅 𝑅 𝑅 𝑅
𝑅𝑖𝑘 ∼ 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑀 𝛽𝑖𝑘𝑗 : 𝑅𝑖𝑗 ⊗ 𝑅𝑗𝑘 → 𝑅𝑖𝑘
෠ 𝐿 ෠ 𝑅
Conversely, if 𝑅 ∼ 𝑅 then, up to homotopy,
𝐿 𝑅
𝑅𝑖𝑘 and 𝑅𝑖𝑘
are related by cone constructions as above
 𝑅 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
𝑅𝑖𝑘 ∼ 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑀 𝛽𝑖𝑗𝑘 : 𝑅𝑖𝑘 [1] → 𝑅𝑖𝑗 ⊗ 𝑅𝑗𝑘

𝐿 𝑅 𝑅 𝑅 𝑅
𝑅𝑖𝑘 ∼ 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑀 𝛽𝑖𝑘𝑗 : 𝑅𝑖𝑗 ⊗ 𝑅𝑗𝑘 → 𝑅𝑖𝑘

Taking Euler characters gives the Cecotti-Vafa wall-crossing formula:

𝑅 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
𝜇𝑖𝑘 = 𝜇𝑖𝑘 + 𝜇𝑖𝑗 𝜇𝑗𝑘

𝐿 𝑅 𝑅 𝑅
𝜇𝑖𝑘 = 𝜇𝑖𝑘 − 𝜇𝑖𝑗 𝜇𝑗𝑘
 Cecotti-Vafa Cones

How do they generalize to the case with twisted masses?

1
Supersymmetric Quantum Mechanics And
Homological Algebra

2 2D N=(2,2) Landau-Ginzburg Models

3 Thimble Branes & Their Local Operators

4 Categorical Wall-Crossing

5 Generalization To Twisted Masses

6 Relation To 3d Indices 59
 Generalization To Twisted Masses
Work done 2-4 years ago with Ahsan Khan

Definition: A cyclic fan of charges is a cyclically-ordered set

𝛾𝑖0𝑖1 , 𝛾𝑖1𝑖2 , … , 𝛾𝑖𝑛 𝑖0

So that the phases of 𝑍𝛾𝑘,𝑘+1 are monotonically

decreasing (clockwise)

New ingredient: Successive 𝑍𝛾𝑘,𝛾𝑘+1 can be parallel.

 Representations Of (Irreducible) Webs
Irreducible fans: 𝛾𝑖0 𝑖1 , 𝛾𝑖1 𝑖2 , … , 𝛾𝑖𝑛𝑖0 𝑖𝑘 ≠ 𝑖𝑘+1
𝑍𝛾𝑖𝑛𝑖
0
𝑍𝛾𝑖
0 𝑖1
𝑖0
𝑖1
𝑍𝛾𝑖
1 𝑖2
𝑖2
𝑅𝛾𝑖 ⊗ 𝑅𝛾𝑖 ⊗ ⋯ ⊗ 𝑅𝛾𝑖𝑛𝑖
0 𝑖1 1 𝑖2 0

GMW web formalism applies to give 𝐿∞ algebra

structure on the sum over all these pictures
 Vertices For Generalized Webs

𝛾𝑖0 𝑖1 , 𝛾𝑖1 𝑖1 , 𝛾𝑖1 𝑖1 , … , 2𝛾𝑖1 𝑖1 , … 𝛾𝑖1 𝑖2 , … , 𝛾𝑖𝑛 𝑖0

𝑍𝛾𝑖𝑛𝑖 𝑍𝛾𝑖
0 0 𝑖1

𝑖0 𝑖1 𝑍𝛾𝑖 , 𝑍𝛾𝑖 , … , 𝑍2𝛾𝑖 ,…

1 𝑖1 1 𝑖1 1 𝑖1

𝑖1
𝑍𝛾𝑖
1 𝑖2
𝑖2
 Representations Of Generalized Webs
𝛾𝑖0 𝑖1 , 𝛾𝑖1𝑖1 , 𝛾𝑖1𝑖1 , … , 2𝛾𝑖1𝑖1 , … , 𝛾𝑖1𝑖2 , … , 𝛾𝑖𝑛 𝑖0

ℱ𝛾𝑗𝑗 ≔ Graded Fock space on 𝑅𝛾𝑗𝑗

𝑖 ≠ 𝑗 ≠ 𝑘 ≠ 𝑖 ℱ𝛾𝑖𝑗 ,𝛾𝑗𝑘 ≔⊗𝛾𝑖𝑗 <𝛾𝑗𝑗 <𝛾𝑗𝑘 ℱ𝛾𝑗𝑗
𝑖 𝑗
𝑘 𝑗
𝑅𝑐 = ⊕ 𝛾𝑖
0 𝑖1 ,….,𝛾𝑖𝑛 𝑖0 𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑑

ℱ𝛾𝑖𝑛𝑖0 ,𝛾𝑖0𝑖1 ⊗ 𝑅𝛾𝑖0𝑖1 ⊗ ⋯ ⊗ ℱ𝛾𝑖𝑛−1𝑖𝑛 ,𝛾𝑖𝑛𝑖0 ⊗ 𝑅𝛾𝑖𝑛𝑖0

Conjecture: Has a natural

𝐿∞ structure associated
with generalized webs.

Checked in several
special cases.
 𝐴∞ − Category Of Branes

𝑅෠𝑖𝑗 ≔ Sum over all half-plane fans with

Fock spaces of periodic jj solitons
inserted between factors 𝑅𝛾𝑖𝑗 and 𝑅𝛾𝑗𝑘

Conjecture: 𝑅, ෠ 𝑅𝑐 has the structure of an

𝐿𝐴∞ -category (= open closed homotopy category)
 Example: Mirror Of ℂℙ1
𝑡 𝑚
𝜙 ∈ 𝑋 = ℂ∗ 𝛼= 2
+ +𝑡 𝑑𝜙
𝜙 𝜙
Two vacua: 𝜙𝑖 & 𝜙𝑗 & Γ = ℤ𝛾 is rank one.

𝑍𝛾 Peacock pattern
ℍ = UHP 𝑍𝛾𝑖𝑗 +𝑛𝛾 𝑍𝛾𝑗𝑖 +𝑚𝛾
𝑍𝛾𝑗𝑖 +2𝛾
𝑍𝛾𝑖𝑗 +𝛾
𝑍𝛾𝑗𝑖 +𝛾
𝑍𝛾𝑖𝑗
 𝑍𝛾
𝑍𝛾𝑖𝑗 +𝑛𝛾 𝑍𝛾𝑗𝑖 +𝑚𝛾
ℍ = UHP 𝑍𝛾𝑗𝑖 +2𝛾
𝑍𝛾𝑖𝑗 +𝛾
𝑍𝛾𝑖𝑗 𝑍𝛾𝑗𝑖 +𝛾

Matrix of Hop spaces of 𝐴∞ - category

ℤ 𝑅𝛾𝑖𝑗 +𝑛𝛾 ℱ 𝑅𝑘𝛾𝑖𝑖 0 ℤ 0
⊗∞𝑛=0 ⊗𝑘≥1 ⊗1𝑛=∞ 𝑅𝛾𝑗𝑖 +𝑛𝛾 ℤ
0 ℤ 0 ℱ 𝑅𝑘𝛾𝑗𝑗

⇒ Explicit categorification of wcf

1
Supersymmetric Quantum Mechanics And
Homological Algebra

2 2D N=(2,2) Landau-Ginzburg Models

3 Thimble Branes & Their Local Operators

4 Categorical Wall-Crossing

5 Generalization To Twisted Masses

6 Relation To Three-Dimensional SQFT 68

RELATION TO 3D INDEX
 Motivation
Recent striking conjecture by Garoufalidis, Gu, and Marino,
``Peacock Patterns And Resurgence In Complex Chern-Simons Theory’’

They observed a relation between the 3d index

1
𝐹 2𝑅+𝑗3
𝐼𝑇 𝑞, 𝑥 = 𝑇𝑟ℋ𝑇 −1 𝑞 𝑥𝑒
𝑇: 3𝑑 SUSY class R theory associated
with a hyperbolic knot complement 𝑇 𝑀𝐾
and Stokes matrices related to
thimbles in complex Chern-Simons theory on 𝑀𝐾
We give it a natural context and state a conjecture
about PDE’s (Kapustin-Witten equations)
which implies the GGM conjecture.

In fact, the conjecture has been stated before by

Victor Mikhaylov (2017) for different reasons.
 𝑇 𝑀3
𝑇 𝑀3 is a theory obtained by reduction of 6d (2,0) on 𝑀3
with topological twist (class R)
[Dimofte, Gaiotto, Gukov; Terashima-Yamazaki]

Consider 𝑇 𝑀3 on 𝒞 × ℝ𝑡

With ``holomorphic-topological twist’’ [Witten; Oh-Yagi]

we can identify the index 𝐼𝑇 𝑞, 𝑥 with the trace over the
Q-cohomology of local operators at the tip of the cigar.
KK Reduction of Cigar ⇒ LG model With A Brane

Get a LG theory on half space with boundary condition 𝔅𝐶𝑖𝑔𝑎𝑟

𝑄 −closed local
Boundary operators for 𝔅𝑐𝑖𝑔𝑎𝑟
operators on 𝒞 × ℝ𝑡

𝐼𝑇 𝑀3 𝑞, 𝑥 = 𝑇𝑟𝐻𝑜𝑝 𝔅𝑐𝑖𝑔𝑎𝑟 ,𝔅𝑐𝑖𝑔𝑎𝑟 −1 𝐹 𝑞 𝐽1 𝑥 𝐽2

 LG Model = CSLG 𝑀3
6𝑑 2,0 / 𝑀3 × 𝒞 × ℝ𝑡
𝑀3 𝑈 1 𝒞

𝑇 𝑀3 / 𝒞 × ℝ𝑡 5𝐷 𝑆𝑌𝑀/ 𝑀3 × ℝ+ × ℝ𝑡
𝑈 1 𝒞 𝑀3
𝐿𝐺/ ℝ+ × ℝ𝑡 ≅ 𝐶𝑆𝐿𝐺 𝑀3 / ℝ+ × ℝ𝑡
𝔅𝑐𝑖𝑔𝑎𝑟 𝔅𝑁𝑎ℎ𝑚
 Relation to KW Equations With Nahm bc’s.
𝑈 1 𝒞
6𝑑 2,0 / 𝑀3 × 𝒞 × ℝ𝑡 5d SYM / 𝑀3 × ℝ+ × ℝ𝑡
𝑑𝑠 2 = 𝑔𝐼𝐽 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝐼 𝑑𝑥 𝐽 + 𝑑𝑦 2 + 𝑑𝑡 2

Witten: BPS equations = KW equations for 𝒜 on 𝑀3 × ℝ+

𝑎
𝑒
𝑦→0 𝐼𝑚(𝒜𝑎 ) = +𝒪 1 𝑅𝑒 𝒜𝑎 = 𝜔𝑎 + 𝒪 𝑦
𝑦
𝑎
𝑒 ,𝜔 𝑎 ∶ Dreibein and spin connection
for Riemannian metric on 𝑀3 & 𝐺𝑐 = 𝑆𝐿 2, ℂ
 Nahm = ∑ Chan-Paton × Lefshetz

Vacua of CS𝐿𝐺[𝑀3 ] : Flat connections 𝜎𝑖

𝔅𝑁𝑎ℎ𝑚 ≅ ෍ ℰ𝜎𝑖 𝔗𝜎𝑖

𝑖
KW equations with 𝒜𝑦 = 0 are the 𝜁 −soliton
equations for CS𝐿𝐺[𝑀3 ]
Chan-Paton complex ℰ𝜎𝑖 𝔅𝑁𝑎ℎ𝑚 is MSW for
KW & Nahm bc’s @ 𝑦 → 0 & 𝒜 → 𝜎𝑖 @ 𝑦 → ∞
 𝐹 𝐽1 𝐽2
𝒪 = −1 𝑞 𝑥

𝑇𝑟𝐻𝑜𝑝 𝔅𝑁𝑎ℎ𝑚 ,𝔅𝑁𝑎ℎ𝑚 𝒪

= ෍ 𝑇𝑟ℰ𝜎 𝒪 × 𝑇𝑟𝐻𝑜𝑝 𝔗𝜎𝑖 ,𝔗𝜎𝑗
𝒪 × 𝑇𝑟ℰ𝜎 𝒪
𝑖 𝑗
𝑖

𝑇𝑟𝐻𝑜𝑝 𝒪 = 𝑆𝜎𝑖 ,𝜎𝑗 𝑞, 𝑥 Stokes matrices for

𝔗𝜎𝑖 ,𝔗𝜎𝑗
Chern-Simons thimbles
 Specialize to Hyperbolic Knot Complement
𝑀3 = 𝑀𝐾 knot complement in 𝑆 3 of a hyperbolic knot K.

Among flat 𝑆𝐿 2, ℂ connections on 𝑀𝐾 there is a distinguished one: 𝜎1

𝜎1 : corresponds to the complete hyperbolic metric. 𝒜 = 𝜔 + 𝑖 𝑒

ℤ 𝜎𝑖 = 𝜎1
Conjecture: ℰ𝜎𝑖 𝔅𝑁𝑎ℎ𝑚 ≅
0 Else
Equivalent to Mikhaylov’s conjecture.
 Interesting Generalization

𝐿: Colored (by reps of SL(2) ) link in 𝑀3

Witten: Modify Nahm boundary condition

in 5d SYM with ‘t Hooft line L

Corresponds to a brane 𝔅 𝐿 in CSLG M3

Up to homotopy equivalence,
it only depends on isotopy class of 𝐿 ⊂ 𝑀3
 Potentially New Knot Invariants
Conjecture:

𝑎. ) The h.e. class of the 𝐴∞ −category of 𝔅𝔯 𝐶𝑆𝐿𝐺 𝑀3

is a 3-manifold invariant

b.) The h.e. class of 𝐴∞ - algebras 𝐻𝑜𝑝 𝔅 𝐿 , 𝔅 𝐿

are (new?) colored link invariants.
 Conclusion
Using the framework of GMW we derived a
categorified version of the Cecotti-Vafa WCF

The framework can be extended to the case with twisted

masses. Here there are qualitatively new features
involving Fock spaces of periodic solitons.

This circle of ideas applied to CSLG[𝑀3 ] gives a natural

framework for interpreting a recent striking conjecture of GGM,
and moreover suggests potentially new colored link invariants.