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Fundamentals of Biomedical Instrumentation

Fundamentals of medical instrumentation systems, sensors and biochemical signalling processing. The document discusses the fundamentals of biomedical instrumentation which involves measuring bio-signals in the human body using sensors, processing the signals using signal conditioners, and displaying or storing the data. It describes the key components of biomedical instrumentation systems including the measurand, sensors, signal conditioners, displays, and data storage and transmission. It also outlines the stages of biomedical signal processing including data acquisition, signal conditioning, feature extraction, and decision making.

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Abdullah Abdullah
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262 views17 pages

Fundamentals of Biomedical Instrumentation

Fundamentals of medical instrumentation systems, sensors and biochemical signalling processing. The document discusses the fundamentals of biomedical instrumentation which involves measuring bio-signals in the human body using sensors, processing the signals using signal conditioners, and displaying or storing the data. It describes the key components of biomedical instrumentation systems including the measurand, sensors, signal conditioners, displays, and data storage and transmission. It also outlines the stages of biomedical signal processing including data acquisition, signal conditioning, feature extraction, and decision making.

Uploaded by

Abdullah Abdullah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Fundamentals of medical instrumentation

systems, sensors and biochemical signalling


processing

Presented by ;
Shahzeb Hussain
Biomedical instrumentation

• Biomedical instrumentation and engineering is the application of knowledge and


technologies to solve problems related to living biological systems. It involves
diagnosis, treatment and prevention of disease in human.
Fundamentals :

Components :

1.Measurand :

The measurand is the physical quantity, and the instrumentation systems measure it.
Human body acts as the source for measurand, and it generates bio-signals. Example:
body surface or blood pressure in the heart
Components;

• 2.Sensor/transducer;
• The transducer converts one form of energy to another form usually electrical
energy. For example, the piezoelectric signal which converts mechanical
vibrations into the electrical signal.
• 3.signal conditioner;
• Signal conditioning circuits are used to convert the output from the transducer
into an electrical value. The instrument system sends this quantity to the
display or recording system. Generally, signal conditioning process includes
amplification, filtering, analogue to digital and Digital to analogue conversions.
Signal conditioning improves the sensitivity of instruments.
Components

• Display;
• : It is used to provide a visual representation of the measured parameter or quantity.
Example: Chart recorder, Cathode Ray oscilloscope (CRO). Sometimes alarms are used
to hear the audio signals. Example: Signals generated in Doppler Ultrasound Scanner
used for Fetal Monitoring.

• Data storage and data transmission;

• Data storage is used to store the data and can be used for future reference. Recent
days Electronic Health records are utilized in hospitals. Data transmission is used in
Telemetric systems, where data can be transmitted from one location to another
remotely.
Working;
Signals convey information

• A signal
• is a function of one or several variables that carries useful
information. A signal is said to be biological if it is recorded
from a living system, and conveys information about the state
or behavior of that system.
• For example, the temperature record of a patient, the
voltage recorded by an electrode placed on the scalp, and
the spatial pattern of X-ray absorption obtained from a CT
scan are biological signals
• Signals can be either one-dimensional, if they
depend on a single variable such as time,

• or multidimensional if they depend on several


variables such as spatial coordinates (eye, head
etc)
• The purpose of signal processing
is to
selectively eliminate irrelevant information from a
signal so as to make the information of interest more
easily accessible to a human observer or a computer
system. The reason for this negative definition is that it
is never possible to add information to a given signal,
only to eliminate it.
Stages in biomedical signal processing

• In a typical biomedical application, signal


processing may include four stages
• data acquisition,
• signal conditioning,
• feature extraction,
• decision making.
• The goal of data acquisition
• is to capture the signal and encode in a form suitable for
computer processing. At this stage, the main concern is to
avoid losing information about the signal.
The goal of signal conditioning
• is to eliminate or reduce extraneous components such as
noise from the signal. Often, this done using linear filters,
• sometimes in combination with nonlinear operators
• Feature extraction; means identifying and measuring a small
number of parameters or features that best characterize the
information of interest in a signal. The distinction between
feature extraction and signal conditioning is not a rigid one in
that both selectively eliminate irrelevant information.
Examples
feature extraction techniques covered in
these notes are analysis of speech by linear prediction
and edge detection in image processing
• decision making,

• hypothesis testing is particularly important in clinical


applications where a course of action has to be taken.
• It aims at answering questions such as ”
• Does the patient have a tumor based on a brain scan?” or ”
Does patient show a specific pathology in heart beats based on
the electrocardiogram?”

• In these notes, we will briefly introduce some general statistical


techniques for making such decisions as reliably as possible.
The Nature of Biomedical Signals
• The living organism made up of many component system
and each system is made up of several subsystems that carry
on many physiological processes.
• Most physiological processes are accompanied by or
manifest themselves as signals that reflect their
nature and activities.

• Signals: biochemical, electrical, physical


The Nature of Biomedical Signals
Diseases or defects in a biological system cause
alteration its normal physiological processes,
leading to pathological processes. A pathological
process is typically associated with signals that are
different in some respects from the corresponding
normal signals
• Sensing of Biological Signals
• The signals can be sensed by
qualitative or quantitative • discrete
manner. • continuous
• Measurement • digital
• Multivariant vector
• Scalar
• Function of time
Objectives of Biomedical Signal Analysis
• Information gathering
• measurement of phenomena to interpret a system
• Diagnosis
• detection of malfunction, pathology, or
abnormality
• Monitoring
• obtaining continuous or periodic information
about a system

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