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Chapter 2.1 - Water Demand

1. Water demand is the total amount of water consumption within a water system, divided into domestic and non-domestic use. Domestic use refers to household purposes while non-domestic includes industrial, commercial, and public uses. 2. Factors affecting domestic water demand include population, per capita consumption rates, service factors like access to water supply, and additional demands from industry and agriculture. 3. Population can be estimated using methods like arithmetic progression, geometric progression, or comparative graphical methods based on past population records and growth patterns of similar cities. Population estimates are used to calculate water demand.

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774 views36 pages

Chapter 2.1 - Water Demand

1. Water demand is the total amount of water consumption within a water system, divided into domestic and non-domestic use. Domestic use refers to household purposes while non-domestic includes industrial, commercial, and public uses. 2. Factors affecting domestic water demand include population, per capita consumption rates, service factors like access to water supply, and additional demands from industry and agriculture. 3. Population can be estimated using methods like arithmetic progression, geometric progression, or comparative graphical methods based on past population records and growth patterns of similar cities. Population estimates are used to calculate water demand.

Uploaded by

MOHAMED ZARIF SHAHREL
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CHAPTER 2

Water Demand
LESSON OUTCOMES

• At the end of this topic, students should be able to:


1. Determine the factors effecting water demand
2. Calculate and estimate the population, water
demand and population equivalent
3. Assess water demand and water consumption
QUESTION : WATER
SECURITY
First principle of National Water Policy is water
security, explain the concepts, dimensions and
elements of water security as pointed out by Asian
Water Development Outlook in 2013.
WATER DEMAND

• Water Demand is the measure of the total amount


of water consumption by the customers within the water system
• Water consumption is divided into domestic and nondomestic.
• Domestic water use refers to water used for indoor and outdoor
household purposes such as drinking, preparing food, bathing,
washing clothes and dishes, brushing your teeth, and watering
the yard and garden.
• Non-domestic consumption refers to industrial, irrigation,
commercial, and public uses of water such as shops, offices,
schools, and hospitals, etc.
• Include demand for fire fighting, losses and waste
WHY CALCULATE WATER DEMAND

TO PROVIDE EXPECTED AVERAGE DAILY, STATED IN TERM OF LCD (I.E.


MAXIMUM DAILY, AND PEAK HOUR LITER/CAPITA/DAY WHERE CAPITA =
WATER DEMAND FOR THE PROPOSED PERSON)
PROJECT DEVELOPMENT.
DOMESTIC WATER DEMAND
Domestic Demand – water used for activities at home.
WATER USER SECTOR
• Anticipated demand for water in Malaysia is 20
billion m3 in 2020 and agriculture is forecasted to
PROJECTIONS
remain the major consumer 43%.
OF WATER
• The focus shift to improving water usage
DEMAND
management rather than water supply
management.
WATER DEMAND
Projected Water Demand for three main sectors
DOMESTIC
WATER DEMAND

• What are the factors affecting


domestic water demand?
ISSUE AND CHALLENGES

• Climate change has altered the availability, quantity and quality of global
water supplies and cycle.
• Flood spoil the quality of water making it unfit for consumption, damages the
infrastructure used to make the water potable
• Draught increase the demand for water
• Pollution burden the treatment facilities
• Major source of water pollution : Fertilizer, manure
and pesticide runoff from farm fields
• Fertilizer runs off into waterways, polluting rivers,
groundwater and oceans.
WATER • Global chemical fertilizer use, 180 million tons in
POLLUTION 2012, has increased 500 percent over the past 50
years, with nitrogen use alone growing by 800
percent.
• The number of hypoxic “dead zones” linked to
fertilizer runoff is called nutrient pollution
Per capita
Involve
consumption
estimation of
i.e. the average
population
(people) who
use the water
amount of
water required
BASIC
per person
WATER
Services factor Additional DEMAND
i.e. percentage
of population
that will
demand from
industry,
agriculture,
ESTIMATION
receive water commercial
supply service etc
WATER DEMAND ESTIMATION

WDn = (Pn x C x F) + Da
Where
WDn = total water demand at the end of year n
Pn = projected population at the end of year n
C = per capita consumption at the end of year n
F = service factor at the end of year n
Da = additional demand at the end of year n
PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION
In lcpd or lpd
SERVICE FACTOR
Percentage in term of water access 99% = 0.99
ADDITIONAL DEMAND ESTIMATION

Industrial Demand
Water Demand = Industrial Area (ha or m2) x Water consumed
• Heavy industry
• Normal consumption: 45 000 L/ha/day
➔Water Demand = Industrial Area x 45 000

• Light industry
• Normal consumption: 22 000 L/ha/day
➔ Water Demand = Industrial Area x 22 000
Max daily demand = 180% of annual
Daily average as 1.8

Max weekly demand = 148% of annual


Weekly average as 1.48
PEAK FLOW
FACTOR Max monthly demand = 128% of annual
Monthly average as 1.28

Max hourly demand (peak hour rate) =


Hourly 150% of max daily demand as 1.5
F = required flow in gal/min (L/min  3.78)

C = coefficient related to the type of construction

A = total floor area in ft (m2 x 10.76) excluding basement

FIRE DEMAND C = 1.5 for wood construction

= 1.0 for ordinary construction

= 0.8 for noncombustible construction

= 0.6 for fire resistive construction


EXAMPLE 1

In 2010, the population of a city was 50,000 people with average daily demand of 350
lcd. The community lived in 2 blocks of buildings with ordinary construction. Each floor
has an area of 1000 m2 and a height of 6 storeys. By applying suitable coefficient and 6
hours fire flow duration, estimate the maximum water demand. Assume that maximum
domestic flow is 1.8 times the average flow.
SOLUTION 1

1. Maximum daily demand 3. For 6 hours fire flow


= (1.8) x 350 lcd = 630 lcd = 3.53 x 107 ld x (6/24)
= 630 lcd x 50,000 people = 0.883 x 107 ld for 6 hours
= 3.15 x 107 ld 4. To maintain for 6 hours water usage
during fire, maximum water demand
2. Fire flow
= (3.15 x 107 ld) + (0.883 x 107 ld)
= 18(1) x (2 x 6 x 1000 x 10.76)0.5
= 4.033 x 107 ld
= 6468 gal/min
= 3.53 x 107 ld
POPULATION ESTIMATION

1. Arithmetic Increase Method What are the factors that affect


population growth?
2. Geometric Increase Method
3. Incremental Increase Method
4. Decreasing Rate of Increase Method
5. Graphical Method
6. Comparison Graphical Method
1. ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION

Population is assumed to increase at a constant rate, suit for short term estimation (1-5
years), suitable for old large city, with constant growth rate.
Pn = Pi + nI
Where;
Pn = number of population in year n
Pi = number of current population
n = number of year per decade (10 years)
I = average population growth rate per decade
2. GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION

Assume percentage population increased from decade to decade is constant, give high
value (overestimate), suit for new city with rapid development
Pn = Pi (1 + i/100)n
Where;
Pn = number of population on the n year
Pi = number of current population
i = average percentage of population growth per decade
3. INCREMENTAL INCREASE

Combination of arithmetic and geometric method


Pn = Pi + n(I + m)
Where;
Pn = number of population on the n year
Pi = number of current population
n = number of decade
I = average population growth per decade
m = average increment growth per decade
4. DECREASING RATE OF INCREASE

Assumed that rate of percentage increase has decreased, and the average decrease in the
rate of growth is calculated. Applicable only where the rate of growth decreased.

Where ;
Pn = number of population on the n year
Pi = number of current population
N = number of decade
I = percentage population increased or decreased
k = decrease rate of increase per decade
5. GRAPHICAL
METHOD

• The past populations records


are plotted to a suitable scale
on graph.

• The curve is extended smoothly


to forecast future population.

• Must be done carefully, proper


experience and good
judgment.

• The best result is by comparing


the curve with similar cities
having the same growth patern.
6. COMPARATIVE
GRAPHICAL
METHOD
Known as ratio method

Based on assumption that the ratio


change of the population of a city
being forecasted to that of the large
nearby cities, are in the same
manner.

E.g. To forecast city X

• City X vs City A,B,C,D

• Plot population on same graph

• Obtain average population city


ABCD and plot.

• Extend the plot city X align with


the average population ABCD.
EXAMPLE 2
SOLUTION EXAMPLE 2
POPULATION
EQUIVALENT
• Is used to estimate number of people in a unit of
building or premise
➔ E.g. 1-unit of residential house is equivalent to 5
population (PE)
• Developer may use Table 1.1 in Malaysian Sewerage
Industry Guideline (SPAN) to estimate number of
population in developing area.
➔ E.g. to develop 1000-unit houses with 2000 daily school
= (1000*5) + (2000*0.2) = 5400 PE
ESTIMATED WATER DEMAND
RATE FOR PLANNING OF
EXTERNAL WATER
RETICULATION SYSTEM

Developer may use table in Uniform Technical


Guidelines (SPAN) to estimate average daily
water demand for planning external water
reticulation system.

E.g. to develop 1000-unit low cost flat, 500-unit


bungalows, 500-unit rooms hotel.
Estimated water demand = (1000*1100) +
(500*2000) + (500*1500) = ___ ld
ESTIMATED WATER DEMAND
RATE FOR PLANNING OF
EXTERNAL WATER
RETICULATION SYSTEM

Developer may use table in Uniform


Technical Guidelines (SPAN) to
estimate average daily water demand
for planning external water reticulation
system.
THE END
EXERCISE 1
EXERCISE 2

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