DETERMINING THE PARTICULATE MATTER 2.

5 THROUGH
AIR QUALITY SENSOR

Alessandra M. Anyayahan
Joncel Iverson R. Atienza
Avegail Delsa C. Adora
Aidan Bien C. Rejuso
Sigrid Gwen M. Idea
Ivan Earl G. Kalaw

A Science Investigatory Project

Submitted to the STE Department
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in
Research IV

Batangas National High School

Batangas City

October 2020

Rowena Delgado
Research Adviser
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ………………………………………………………………… i

TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………………… ii

LIST OF TABLES ………………………………………………………………. iv

LIST OF FIGURES ……………………………………………….…………....... v

ABSTRACT ………………………………………………………………. vi

Chapter I THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Introduction …………………………………......................... 1

Conceptual Framework …………………………………................... 3

Statement of the Problem ……………………………….....……... 4

Hypothesis …………………………………………………………. 4

Scope and Limitations ……………………………...….................... 5

Significance of the Study …………………………………............. 5

Definition of Terms ……………………………………..................... 6

Chapter II RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Related Literature ……………………………………............... 8

 Related Studies ………………………………….................. 11

Chapter III METHODOLOGY

Research Method ………………………………….………….. 15

Materials and Equipment …………………………………............. 15

Procedure ……………………………………..................... 16

Data Gathering Technique ……………………………………........ 16

Flow Chart .................................................................................. 17

Chapter IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ……………………………......... 18

Chapter V SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND

RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary …………………………………………….……. 25

Findings …………………………………………………….... 26

Conclusion ………………………………………………….. 27

Recommendations …..…………...…………………………............ 27

BIBLIOGRAPHY ………………………………………………….. 28

APPENDIX …………………………………………………… 31
 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 Properties of Air Quality Sensor to be used

in Detecting the Particulate Matter 2.5 ……………………………… 18

Table 2 Testing the Features of Air Quality Sensor…………………………. 20

Table 3 Number of Particulate matter 2.5

detected by Air Quality Sensor …………………………………… 22

Table 4 Time Spent in Sending First Warning

about the exceeding level of Particulate Matter 2.5

on Different Sim Cards……………………………………………… 24

 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Paradigm of the Study…..………………......................................... 3

Figure 2: The Process in Making Arduino

Uno Based Air Quality Sensors…………………………………….. 17

 ABSTRACT

This study titled “DETERMINING THE PARTICULATE MATTER IN AIR

THROUGH ARDUINO UNO BASED AIR SENSOR IN BATANGAS CITY”

generally aim to make the Air Quality Sensor that detects the particulate matter 2.5

The researchers conducted an experiment using Arduino Uno based Air Quality

Sensor. This is to know the number of particulate matter 2.5 in the activities that

human do every day. Meanwhile, the researchers found out using C++ program is

more accurate than phyton program. In detecting PM 2.5 on the activities, smoking

cigarettes obtained the greatest amount of PM 2.5 with the average of 21.26

microgram per meter cube. This experiment also focused on the GSM Module that

gives warning in a particular place if it exceeds on the normal level of PM 2.5. GSM

Module Sim 800L EVD and Sim 900A are used for the sensors. The findings

revealed that GSM Module Sim 8OOL EVD sent messages with an average of

28.34 seconds faster than the other one with the average of 29.66 seconds.

Finally, the researchers came up with the product, an Arduino Uno Based Air

Quality Sensor that detects Particulate Matter 2.5 and send information with the

help of GSM Modules.

 1

CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Introduction

Air is an essential element to every living thing in Earth. It is one of the

main reasons that helps sustain the existence of everything that is living on this

planet. One of the major functions of air are to keep supplying oxygen to all living

things and animals alive. It also helps the plants to pollinate. But because of air is

polluted with harmful substances, it becomes contaminated and taint havoc in

human health. One of the main causes of air pollution are factories, petroleum,

power lines, pesticides, radioactive fallout, fertilizer dust, indoor air pollution and

mining operations.

Presently, air pollution has been one of the major challenges that the

world is facing. Air pollution can make a colossal impact that will gravely affect the

lives of living things in this planet earth. Air in most places in the Philippines is

polluted. Due to the natural and anthropogenic or man- made sources, the effects

of air pollution in the country are presumed and irrefutable.

According to Dockery D.W (2009), pollutants came from the largest

group of air pollutants called the particulate matter (PM) which consists of a

complex mixture of solid and liquid particles of organic and inorganic substances

suspended in air and are identified according to the aerodynamic diameters as PM

2.5
 2

Fine particles, also known as PM 2.5 refers to particles less than or

equal to 2.5 micrometers in diameter. Everyday actions of a human can have

caused the PM 2.5 exceeds on its normal level that has a biggest impact on

respiratory system specifically on lungs and heart that can lead the person

increased the respiratory symptoms, irritation on the airways, coughing and

difficulty breathing.

An air particulate matter can determine by the Air Quality Sensors. This

monitor is a device that measures the level of common air pollutants. Monitors are

available for both indoor and outdoor settings. Sensor based instruments and air

quality monitoring systems are used widely in outdoor ambient applications.

This study aims to determine the air particulate matter 2.5 by making

the Air Quality Sensor by the used of Arduino Uno Kit and Dust Sensors. The

researchers add the GSM Module to send warning on the set of people living in a

particular place if the particulate matter 2.5 reach the level of 35.5 to 55.4 µg/m3

Also, the output of this study helped to propagate information to the residents of

the area in order to protect themselves in air pollution.

 3

Conceptual Framework

The main objective of the researchers is to make an Air Quality Sensor as

a device that determine Air Particulate Matter 2.5 or fine particles. With regards

to the input, the researchers worked out on making a sensor by the used of

Arduino Uno Kit, Dust Sensors, different kinds of GSM Module and alarm. This

input was undergoing to the process by creating the designs, assembling the

materials, programming and testing the effectiveness and it’s features.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Creating the
Arduino Uno Kit
designs

Dust Sensors Air Quality Sensors

Assembling

GSM Module
Programming

Testing

Figure 1

Paradigm of the Study

 4

Statement of the Problem

This study aimed to make an Air Quality Sensor that detects the air

particulate matter 2.5. Specifically, this study seeks to answer the following

questions:

1) What are the properties of Air Quality Sensors in detecting the particulate matter

2.5?

2) How the Air Quality Sensor response in detecting particulate matter 2.5?

3) How many particulate matter 2.5 detect by the air sensors caused by the human

activities?

4) How long that the GSM Module spent time on sending first warning on different

sim cards after exceeding the normal level of PM 2.5?

Research Hypothesis

There are no significant differences in terms of using different programs,

GSM Module and Alarms on detecting and sending the warning to the people

lived in particular place.

 5

Scope and Limitations

This study focused on the programming and kinds of GSM Module in making

the sensors. The experiment was performed at Gulod Labac, Batangas City on

January 2020 to March 2020.This device helped the researchers to determine the

particulate matter 2.5 caused by the activities that the human do every day and

sending warnings.

This study was focused only on how the Air Quality Sensor works and how fast

the GSM Module sent warnings after exceeding the normal range of PM 2.5. No

comparison between the product over the branded sensors. No further tests were

made to determine the causes of the particulate matter 2.5 in the areas.

Significance of the Study

The purpose of the study helped the people by making an Air Quality

Sensor that determines the particulate matter 2.5 caused of human doings every

day.

The results of the study are a great benefit to the people in the way that it

gives them knowledge about the air quality in their respective places. It is also for

them to know and be aware that their places are in the critical level of air quality

because they receive warning from the sensor by the help of GSM Module. The

people who lived in that place will be aware and wear masks as a protection from

incoming diseases that they may face in the future. It also helps the Barangay
 6

officials to have enough knowledge about the air particulate matter and can be

their basis on making relevant projects in barangay. This study also helps the

future researchers to have more knowledge in making the air quality sensors and

can also be their basis in making their own research paper related to the topic.

Definition of Key Terms

To understand more about the words used in this study, the following

terminologies were defined conceptually and operationally. Conceptual

definitions were defined as related concepts and ideas formed in the mind, it tells

what it means in abstract or theoretical term. On the other hand, operational

definitions are definitions that are dependent on how the given word was used as

part of the study.

Air quality refers to the degree to which the ambient air is pollution free,

assessed by measuring several indicators of pollution. In this study, this term refers

specifically to PM that affects human health.

Anthropogenic is defined as relating to, or resulting from the influence of

human beings on nature. In this study, this term defined as man-made activities

such as burning of fossil fuels, i.e., natural gas, coal and oil to power, industrial

processes and automobiles (motor vehicles), and others that led to the

deterioration of the environment.

 7

Arduino is defined as pollution detector which combined a small -sized

minimum - cost sensor to an Arduino micro controller unit. In this study, it will be

the base of the sensor which was programmed to determine the particulate matter

in air.

GSM Module is a device that used to establish communication between

mobile devices and GSM system. In this study this is the module that will sent

information about particulate matter 2.5 in different sim cards.

Particulate matter(PM) refers to a solid or liquid particle in the air, which

are measured in PM10 units and are particles with a diameter of ten micrometers

or less. In this study, the term is defined as an extremely small particle that get into

the air.

PM 2.5 refers to particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than

or equal to 2.5-micronmeters. In this study, the term is defined as extremely small

particles less than 2.5 micrometers that penetrate inside the person’s body

specifically the respiratory system.

 8

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter focuses on the related literature of the study used by the

researcher as basis in conducting this study. It covers the nature of the different

materials used and also explains the significant information about the references

on this specific study.

Related Literature

Air Quality

In local literature, Republic Act No. 8749 of the Philippine Clean Air Act (RA

8749) requires the annual preparation of a National Air Quality Status Reports

(NAQSR) as a basis for evaluation of current programs and formulation of policies

to improve air quality. The Environmental Management Bureau (EMB) is tasked

to prepare the Report which shall contain: A summary of the extent of air pollution

in the country, per type of pollutant and per type of source; An analysis and

evaluation of the current state, trends and projections of air pollution; An

identification of critical areas, activities, or projects which will need closer

monitoring or regulation; Other pertinent qualitative and quantitative information

concerning the extent of air pollution and the air quality performance rating of

industries in the country; Recommendations for necessary executive and

legislative action. In foreign literature, Hopke P.K et al., (2008) provide an overview

of the measurements of concentrations and composition of particulate air pollution

 9

in two size fractions across the participating countries. For many of the large cities

in this region, the measured particulate matter concentrations were greater than

air quality standards or guidelines that have been adopted in developed countries.

Particulate Matter

In local literature, according to Gil (2015), scientists in Asia and the Pacific

have been using nuclear techniques to study and identify the source and level of

pollution in the air. The data that has been collected over the years can now inform

policymaking. Under the decade-long project, scientists received equipment,

training and guidance from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) to

collect, analyze, and classify the airborne particulate matter, which are particles

like dust or smoke that are small enough to be suspended in the atmosphere. In

the case of China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mongolia, and the Philippines, the results

have already influenced decisions to revise and update respective national air

quality regulations. In the Philippines, traffic was found to be a major source of air

pollution. The findings showed that addressing the traffic problem could lead to

less pollution, healthier air and contribute to the mitigation of climate change. In

foreign literature, Ilacqua & Jantunen (2003) analyzed EXPOLIS data on PM2.5

from Athens, Basel and Helsinki, where they incorporated PM2.5 constituents and

some presumed traffic-specific VOGs in the same model. In Athens, where leaded

petrol was still widely used in 1996, these VOGs and black smoke were found with

lead and bromine in the same factor. In Basel, lead in petrol was not completely

phased out, because it was available in the neighboring French City of Mulhouse:
 10

consequently, lead and bromine were still weakly found in the same factor,

dominated by traffic VOGs and black smoke. In Helsinki, where leaded fuel

unavailable, the VOGs and black smoke were still found in one factor, along with

some weakly loaded elements. Each of these elemental markers, however, was

more strongly loaded in some other factor. This meant that, none of the markers

was more specific to traffic. The elemental carbon or black smoke index might be

useful as a marker of PM from traffic, if the contributions of the other local sources

and the regional background are carefully considered

Sensor

The reviewed potential application areas of sensor technologies for air

quality management. The article also provided a critical analysis of commercially

available sensors for gas measurements and emphasized the need for

performance assessment of emerging sensor technologies under real-world

conditions. Finally, the article summarized 24 different air quality management

campaigns based on emerging sensor technologies. In foreign literature, stated

that the efforts relating to the application of this new generation of low-cost sensors

had taken several forms. While much have been invested in the development of

low-cost ambient air quality sensors, research is ongoing to identify appropriate

and purposeful use of sensors and networks as well as to develop data analysis

and visualization tools to process and interpret collected data is ongoing.

 11

Arduino Uno

Arduino Uno is very valuable addition in the electronics that consists of USB

interface micro controllers. It also supports serial communication using Tx and Rx

pins. There are many versions of Arduino boards introduced in the market like

Arduino Uno, Arduino Due, Arduino Leonordo, Arduino Mega, however most

common versions are Arduino Uno and Arduino Mega.

Arduino Uno id an open - source platform, means the boards and software

are readily available and anyone can modify and optimize the boards for better

functionality. First Arduino was started in Interaction Design Institute Ivrea in

2003 by David Cuartielles and Massimo Banzi with the intention of providing a

cheap and flexible way to students and proffesional for controlling a number of

devices in a real world. Its board is quite similar to othe boards in Arduino family

in terms of use and functionality however, Uno boards don’t come with FTDI USB

to serial driver chip.

Related Studies

The research of Kuznetsov et al., (2014) used ultra-low cost, scalable

approach in monitoring air quality. This research confirmed that the particulate

traps can be assembled by a small group of volunteers with or without prior

knowledge. The sensors consist of paper materials, petroleum jelly, and tape. The

collected particulate matter can then be processed with a single microscope. The

collected particulate data may then be discussed to a wide audience that is

 12

interested in determining the air quality in their area using ultra-low-cost air quality

monitoring.

According to the Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs

(2013), particulate matter is a term used to describe the mixture of solid particles

and liquid droplets in the air. It can be either human-made or naturally occurring.

Some examples include dust, ash, and sea-spray. Particulate matter (including

soot) is emitted during the combustion of solid and liquid fuels, such as for power

generation, domestic heating, and in vehicle engines. Particulate matter varies in

size (i.e. the diameter or width of the particle). PM2.5 means the mass per cubic

meter of air of particles with a size (diameter) generally less than 2.5 micrometers

(µm). PM2.5 is also known as fine particulate matter (2.5 micrometers are one

400th of a millimeter).

Roy (2012) stated that the urban atmosphere is subjected to large inputs of

anthropogenic pollutants arising from various stationary and mobile sources. The

study also mentioned the composition of the air pollutants that can be inorganic,

organic, or a complex mixture of both. Environmental sources of pollutants include

construction and demolition activities, mining and mineral processing, agricultural

activities, sea spray, wind-blown dust, automobiles and transportation related

activities on the road. Among all other pollutants, air borne trace elements is a

major threat to the human health. For the study, they have six monitoring stations

were selected to establish on the predominance of residential, industrial, and

commercial activities existing in the local areas. This also included Industrial
 13

activities consisting of an aluminum smelter plant, three coal fired power stations

and some ancillary industries are dominant in the south and south-east part of the

study area. The objectives of the study were to quantify particulate matter with size

less than 10 μm (PM10), mass concentrations of its chemical composition, and

apportionment of their sources through multivariate statistics. The study revealed

that particulate matter concentration drops substantially with the rise of wind speed

above 1m/s.

The study of Qiqi Zhang (2017) stated that air pollution is a serious concern

all over the world, and there have been numerous studies showing its adverse

effects on health outcomes including disease-specific hospitalization and mortality.

The study attempted to identify association between PM2.5 concentration and

daily mortality due to all-natural causes, cardiovascular diseases, and respiratory

diseases in Hong Kong, a tropical city in Asia, from 2008 to 2011. It also provides

some information to support formulation of air quality control strategies and

policies, and to update air quality standards. Such information includes the overall

and seasonal patterns of air pollutants and mortality in Hong Kong, as well as the

excess risks of mortality associated with increase in PM2.5. Studies with individual

data stratified for subgroups can be conducted in the future to investigate effect

modification of lifestyle factors for the individuals and population.

Jacqueline Caancan (2017), Assistant Director and Officer-in-Charge of

DENR's Environmental Management Bureau, mentioned that experts advised that

particles in PM2.5 could travel deeply into a person's respiratory tract and could
 14

cause short-term health effects or worsen medical conditions of people with

asthma or heart disease.

The study of Calingasan et. al, (2018), assessed the Ambient Air Quality

with regard to PM2.5 and PM10 at the Batangas Port Phase I and its compliance

to the standard set by WHO, USEPA and DENR. The study used Aerotrak Hand

held particulate counter V2 to assess PM2.5 and PM10. The findings of the study

showed that the obtained concentration of PM2.5 failed to the standard set by

WHO while the PM10 concentrations complied to WHO, USEPA and DENR

standards.
 15

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter provides the research method which includes the manner on

how the study was conducted. This chapter also provides the materials and

equipment used in order to conduct the experiment. It also discusses how the

researcher performed the tests and the data gathering technique.

Research Method

This study titled” Determining Particulate Matter 2.5 Through Air Quality

Sensor” used the experimental method to conduct an experiment in making an Air

Quality Sensors. The independent variable is the process of making an Air Quality

Sensors with different kinds of GSM Module and Alarm. The dependent variable is

how fast sensor response on detecting PM 2.5, GSM Module spent time giving

their warnings after reaching the 33.5 µg/m3 above.

Materials and Equipment

Suited materials are used in order to conduct the experiment. Arduino Uno

kit such as Uno Board - CH340, jumper wires, 9V Battery, 1K ohm resistor, Dust

Sensor - GP2Y101010AUUF, Liquid Crystal Display 2C, GSM Module (sim

800L/900A) and 9V battery clip.

 16

General Procedure

A. Preparation of Air Quality Sensor

First, creating the design of sensors on how it looks. Second, the

programming by downloading Arduino software (latest version) and install

CH341SER as its driver after that do the rest of programming. Next is fixing the

physical looks of a sensor if it’s presentable or not. Lastly, testing if the sensor can

detect particulate matter 2.5

B. Testing the Capabilities of Air Quality Sensor

The researchers observed the physical properties of a sensor such as

weight, dimensions and supply voltage. Second is testing the sensor if its loud or

not, heating or not while using and also how fast it responds on detecting the PM

2.5. Third is how fast that the GSM Module can give warning about the exceeding

level of particulate matter on different types of network of a sim card.

Data Gathering Technique

In order to gain the result and conclusion of the study, the researchers

gathered the data by testing the sensor if it’s responsive or not. GSM Modules are

placed and tested on how fast it will give warning after exceeding the normal PM

2.5 level.
 17

FLOWCHART OF THE PROCEDURE OF THE STUDY

Creating a designs
of a sensors

Assemble all the main

materials such as
Arduino Uno kit, dust
sensors, GSM Module
and Alarm

Program the
Arduino in the
computer

Testing the
capabilities of
Sensors

Air Quality
Sensors

Figure 2

The Process in Making Arduino Uno Based Air Quality Sensors

 18

CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter presents the results obtained from testing the hypothesis. Tables

were made for the organization of data gathered.

TABLE 1

Properties of Air Quality Sensor to be used in

Detecting the Particulate Matter 2.5

Sensors Programming Kinds of GSM Observations

Module
Supply Weight Dimensions

Voltage (g) (mm)

1 C++ Sim 800L 5V 103g 10 x 6 x 3

EVB

2 Phyton Sim 900A 5v 5.4g 24 x 24 x 5

 19

Table 1 shows the properties of Arduino Uno Air Quality Sensor. In Sensor

1, the program used is C++ and the Kinds of GSM Module used is Sim 800L EVB

with the supply voltage of five, weight of 103 g and dimensions of 10 x 6 x 3 mm.

In Sensor 2, the program used is C++ and the kinds of GSM Module used is Sim

900A with the supply voltage of 5, weight of 5.4 grams and dimensions of 24 x 24

x 5mm.
 20

TABLE 2

Testing the Features of Air Quality Sensor

Observations

Temperature while Using

(hot / cold)
Sensors Noise Response time in

After After After Detecting the Particulate

Matter
30 45 60

minutes minutes (estimated time)

minutes

1 no sound Cold hot too hot It takes 10 to 15 seconds

before detecting pm

2 no sound cold hot too hot It takes 12 to 20 seconds

before detecting pm

Table 2 shows the features of Air Quality Sensor after testing on how its

response in detecting PM 2.5. In Sensor 1, it has no sound while using and the

temperature of the sensor after 30 minutes is cold, after 45 minutes is hot and after

60 minutes it is too hot. It takes 10 to 15 seconds to detect the PM 2.5. In Sensor

 21

2, it has no sound while using and its temperature after 30 minutes of using is cold,

after 45 minutes is hot and after 60 minutes it is too hot. It takes 12 to 20 seconds

to detect PM 2.5
 22

TABLE 3

Number of Particulate Matter 2.5

detected by Air Quality Sensor

Number of Particulate Matter 2.5 detected by Different Sensors

Activities (µg/m³)

Sensor 1 Sensor 2

Burning

Papers
16.40 10.25

Smoking

Cigarettes 24.20 18.32

Cooking

Food 19.00 12.15

Table 3 shows the number of Particulate Matter 2.5 detected by the sensors

in doing the activities that may affect the air quality. In Sensor 1, 16.40 microgram

per meter cube are detected by burning papers, 24.20 microgram per meter cube

are detected by smoking cigarettes and 19.00 microgram per meter cube are

detected by cooking food. In Sensor 2, 10.25 microgram per meter cube are

detected by burning papers, 18.32 microgram per meter cube are detected by
 23

smoking cigarettes and 12.15 microgram per meter cube are detected by cooking

food,
 24

TABLE 4

Time Spent in Sending First Warning about the exceeding level of

Particulate Matter 2.5 on Different Sim Cards.

Number of seconds spent on

Sensors sending warning on different sim cards

Globe TM Smart

1 24 33 28.002

2 19.002 40.99 28.998

Table 4 shows the number of seconds spent on sending information about the

particulate matter 2.5 in different sim cards. In Sensor 1, it takes 24 seconds to

sent information in globe, 33 seconds in TM and 28.002 seconds in smart. In

Sensor 2, it takes 19.002 seconds to sent information in globe, 40.99 seconds in

TM and 28.998 seconds in smart.

 25

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION

This chapter presents the summary of the research work undertaken, the

conclusions drawn, and the recommendations made as an outgrowth of this study.

Some limitations have been identified.

Summary

This study aimed to make an Air Quality Sensor that detects the Air

Particulate Matter 2.5. Specifically, this study seeks to answer the following

questions:

1) What are the properties of Air Quality Sensors in detecting the particulate

matter 2.5?

2) How can the Air Quality Sensor response in detecting particulate matter

2.5?

3) How many particulate matter 2.5 detect by the air sensors caused by the

human activities?

4) How long that the GSM Module spent time on sending warning on different

sim cards after exceeding the normal level of PM 2.5?

The experimental research was conducted by making an Air Quality

Sensors to detect particulate matter 2.5 and GSM Module to send information

about the number of PM 2.5 calculated by the sensor if it exceeds of the normal
 26

level or not. The target area sampling for this research is at Gulod Labac, Batangas

City.

Findings

The following significant findings were revealed in the study after analyzing

the gathered data.

1.Testing the Capabilities of Air Quality Sensor

Based on the gathered data, sensors are almost the same in features

they only differ in the time spent on detecting PM 2.5. Sensor 1 takes 10 to 15

seconds while Sensor 2 take 12 to 20 seconds.

2. Calculating Particulate Matter 2.5 by activities human do everyday

In Sensor 1, the average of Particulate Matter 2.5 is 19.87 microgram per

meter cube with the program of C++.In Sensor 2, the average of Particulate

Matter 2.5 is 13.57 with the program of phyton.

3. Time Spent in sending information to different Networks.

In Sensor 1 with the GSM Module of Sim 800L EVB, the calculated

average of time spent in sending information is 28.34 seconds while in Sensor 2,

the calculated average is 29.66 seconds.

 27

Conclusions

Based on the findings of the study, the researchers arrived at the

following conclusions:

1) C++ Program is more accurate than Phyton Program because there are errors

in phyton and sometimes it is not responsive.

2) In terms of activities, smoking cigarettes obtain the greatest number of PM 2.5

detected by sensors with the average of 21.26 microgram per meter cube.

3) GSM Module Sim 800L EVB is fastest to send information than GSM Module

Sim 900 A

Recommendations

Based on the findings and conclusions, the following recommendations are

offered by the proponents:

1.) Make an app dashboard that contain the present number of PM 2.5 and the

situation of a particular place if it is safe or not

2.) Use Alarm as a warning, it benefits for the people who don’t have their own

cellphone.

3) Longer Experimentation Period is highly recommended to research out the

most accurate program and modules to detect and send information about PM 2.5
 28

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APPENDIX
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Plate 1
Assembling and Programming the Sensors

Plate 2
Activities to be Detect by the Sensors
 33

Plate 3
Detecting Particulate Matter 2.5
 34

Plate 4
Information Sent from Sensors to Cellphones