Table of Contents

Group Theory.............................................................................................................................2
Properties of Group Theory.......................................................................................................2
Closure:......................................................................................................................................2
Associativity:..............................................................................................................................2
Inevitability:................................................................................................................................2
Identity:......................................................................................................................................3
Applications of Group Theory....................................................................................................3
Group Theory Examples.............................................................................................................3
Example 1:..................................................................................................................................3
Solution:.....................................................................................................................................4
Example 2:..................................................................................................................................4
Solution:.....................................................................................................................................4
For Example................................................................................................................................6
Properties of Group Theory.......................................................................................................6
 Closure:...............................................................................................................................6
 Associativity:.......................................................................................................................6
 Inevitability:........................................................................................................................6
 Identity:...............................................................................................................................6
Applications of Group Theory....................................................................................6
 Group Theory
Group theory in mathematics refers to the study of a set of different
elements present in a group. A group is said to be a collection of several
elements or objects which are consolidated together for performing some
operation on them. Inset theory, you have been familiar with the topic of sets.
If any two of the elements of a set are combined through an operation for
producing a third element that belongs to the same set and that meets the four
hypotheses that are the closure, the associativity, the inevitability, and the
identity, they are referred to as group axioms. A group of integers is performed
under the multiplication operation. Geometric group theory according to the
branch of mathematics refers to the study of the groups which are finitely
produced by using the research of the relationships between the different
algebraic properties of these groups and the topological and the geometric
properties of space. In this article, we will learn about what group theory is,
what are the applications of group theory in mathematics and look at some
group theory examples.

Properties of Group Theory

Let us learn about group theory math properties.

Consider dot (.) to be an operation and G to be a group. The axioms of the

group theory are defined in the following manner:

Closure: If x and y are two different elements in group G then x.y will also be
a part of group G.

Associativity: If x, y, and z are the elements that are present in group G,

then you get x. (y. z) = (x . y) . z.

Inevitability: For every element x in the group G, there exists some y in the
group G in a way that; x. y = y . x.
Identity:  For any given element x in group G, there exists another element
called I in group G in a way that x. I = I. x, wherein I refer to the identity
element of group G.

applications of group theory

Let us now look at what are the applications of group theory in mathematics. 

In Mathematics and abstract algebra , group theory studies the algebraic

structures that are called groups. The concept of the group is a center to
abstract algebra. The other well-known algebraic structures like the rings,
fields and vector spaces are all seen as the groups that are endowed with the
additional operations and axioms. Groups recur throughout when it comes to
mathematics, and the methods of group theory have influenced several parts
of algebra. The linear algebraic groups and the Lie groups are the two
branches of group theory that have experienced advances and are the subject
areas in their own ways.

Several physical systems like the crystals and the hydrogen atom can be
modeled by the symmetry groups. Hence the group theory and the closely
related theory called the representation theory to have several important
applications in the fields of physics, material science, and chemistry. The
group theory is also the center of public-key cryptography.

Group Theory Examples

Let us look at some of the group theory examples.

Example 1: Let G be a group. Prove that the element e ∈

 G is unique. Also, prove that each of the elements x ∈
 G consists of a unique inverse which is denoted by x−1
Solution: 
Consider e and e’ to be the identities. 

According to the definition, you get e' = e * e' = e.

Similarly, consider y and y' to be the inverses of x. 

Then, you would get

y = y * e 

= y * (x * y’) 

= (y * x) * y’

= e * y’

= y’

Example 2: Consider x, y ∈ G having the inverses x−1 and y−1 respectively.
Determine the inverse of xy.

Solution:  The inverse of the product of x and y is given as follows:

x * y = x−1 * y−1

You have (x * y) * (x−1 * y−1) = x (y * y−1) x−1 = xex−1 = e

Similarly, 

(x−1 * y-1) * (x * y) = e

Therefore, (xy)−1

 = x−1

  Y−1

Before learning group theory, one should have a clear knowledge of what a
group is and how to define groups in sets. This will be helpful to understand
the ideas of group theory in maths. A group is a collection of similar elements
or objects that are combined together to perform specific operations. If any
two objects are combined to produce a third element of the same set to meet
four hypotheses namely closure, associativity, inevitability, and identity, they
are called group axioms. Here is the definition, properties, and application of
group theory.

The study of a set of elements present in a group is called a group theory in

Maths. Its concept is the basic to abstract algebra. Algebraic structures like
rings, fields, and vector spaces can be recognized as groups with axioms. The
concepts and hypotheses of Groups are influenced throughout mathematics.
For Example, a group of numbers which are performed under multiplication
operation. 

Properties of Group Theory 

If Dot(.) is an operation and G is a group, then the axioms of group theory is
defined as;

 Closure: If x, y are elements in a group, G, then x.y is also an element

of G.

 Associativity: If x, y and z are in group G, then x . (y . z) = (x . y) . z.

 Inevitability: For every x in G, there is some y in G, such that; x. y =
y. x.

 Identity: For any element x in G, there is an element I in G, such that:

x. I = I. x, where I am the identity of G.



The common example that satisfies these axioms is the addition of two
integers, which is an integer. Hence, satisfies the closure property. The
associative property is satisfied by the addition of integers. There is a zero
identity in the group, which when added to any number, gives the original
number. For every integer, there is an inverse, similarly, when added gives the
result as zero. Hence, all the group axioms are satisfied in the addition
operation of two integers.

Applications of Group Theory

The following are some of the important applications of Group Theory 
 If an object or a system property is invariant under the transformation,
the object can be analyzed using group theory, because group theory is
the study of symmetry.
 Rubik’s cube can be solved using the algorithm of group theory.
 Modeling of the crystals and the hydrogen atom are done using
symmetry groups
 Many fundamental laws of nature in Physics, Chemistry, and Material
science use symmetry.
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