Eleventh lecture

Gases States

1
Elements that exist as gases at 250C and 1 atmosphere

2
3
Differences between solid, liquid and gas

4
 Physical Characteristics of Gases
• Gases assume the volume and shape of their containers.
• Gases are the most compressible state of matter.
• Gases will mix evenly and completely when confined to the same container.
• Gases have much lower densities than liquids and solids.

5
 Force
Pressure = Area

(force = mass x acceleration)

Units of Pressure

1 pascal (Pa) = 1 N/m2

1 atm = 760 mmHg = 760 torr
1 atm = 101,325 Pa

6
• Boyle’s law: The volume of a given amount of gas held at
constant temperature varies inversely with the applied pressure.

1 atm

2 atm
4 Liters

2 Liters
P α 1/V T = Constant
P x V = constant n = Constant
P1 x V1 = P2 x V2
7
A sample of chlorine gas occupies a volume of 946 mL at a pressure of 726 mmHg.
What is the pressure of the gas (in mmHg) if the volume is reduced at constant
temperature to 154 mL?

P x V = constant
P1 x V1 = P2 x V2
P1 = 726 mmHg P2 = ?
V1 = 946 mL V2 = 154 mL
P1 x V1 726 mmHg x 946 mL
P2 = = = 4460 mmHg
V2 154 mL

8
Charles’s Law: The volume of a given amount of gas held at constant
.
pressure is directly proportional to the Kelvin temperature

VαT
V = constant x T
V1/T1 = V2 /T2

Temperature must be
in Kelvin
T (K) = t (0C) + 273.15

9
Variation in Gas Volume with Temperature at Constant Pressure

As T increases V increases
10
A sample of carbon monoxide gas occupies 3.20 L at 125 0C. At what temperature
will the gas occupy a volume of 1.54 L if the pressure remains constant?

V1 /T1 = V2 /T2

V1 = 3.20 L V2 = 1.54 L
T1 = 398.15 K T2 = ?
T1 = 125 (0C) + 273.15 (K) = 398.15 K

V2 x T1 1.54 L x 398.15 K
T2 = = = 192 K
V1 3.20 L
11
• Gay-Lussac’s Law: The pressure of a given amount of gas held at
constant volume is directly proportional to the Kelvin temperature.
P = a constant P1 P2
or =
T T1 T2
Argon is an inert gas used in lightbulbs to retard the vaporization of the filament.
A certain light bulb containing argon at 1.20 atm and 18 0C is heated to 85 0C at
constant volume. What is the final pressure of argon in the lightbulb (in atm)?

P1 P2 P1 = 1.20 atm P2 = ?
=
T1 T2 T1 = 291 K T2 = 358 K

T2 358 K
P2 = P1 x
T1 = 1.20 atm x 291 K
= 1.48 atm

12
 RELAT- CON-
LAW LAW
IONSHIP STANT

Boyle’s P↑ V↓ P 1 V 1 = P 2 V2 T, n
Charles’ V↑ T↑ V1/T1 = V2/T2 P, n
Gay-
P↑ T↑ P1/T1 = P2/T2 V, n
Lussac’s

13
 Avogadro’s Law
Constant temperature
V α number of moles (n) Constant pressure
V = constant x n
V 1 / n1 = V 2 / n2

14
Ammonia burns in oxygen to form nitric oxide (NO) and water vapor. How many
volumes of NO are obtained from one volume of ammonia at the same temperature
and pressure?

4NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H2O

1 mole NH3 1 mole NO

At constant T and P

1 volume NH3 1 volume NO

15
 Ideal Gas Equation
1
Boyle’s law: P α (at constant n and T)
V
Charles’ law: V α T (at constant n and P)
Avogadro’s law: V α n (at constant P and T)
nT
Vα
P
V = constant x nT = R nT
P P R is the gas constant

PV = nRT

16
The conditions 0 0C and 1 atm are called standard temperature and pressure
(STP).

Experiments show that at STP, 1 mole

of an ideal gas occupies 22.414 L.

PV = nRT
PV (1 atm)(22.414L)
R= =
nT (1 mol)(273.15 K)

R = 0.082057 L • atm / (mol • K)

17
What is the volume (in liters) occupied by 49.8 g of HCl at STP?

T = 0 0C = 273.15 K

PV = nRT P = 1 atm
1 mol HCl
nRT n = 49.8 g x = 1.37 mol
V= 36.45 g HCl
P
L•atm
1.37 mol x 0.0821 mol•K
x 273.15 K
V=
1 atm

V = 30.7 L

18
Density (d) Calculations

m PM m is the mass of the gas in g

d= =
V RT M is the molar mass of the gas

Molar Mass (M ) of a Gaseous Substance

dRT
M= d is the density of the gas in g/L
P

19
A 2.10-L vessel contains 4.65 g of a gas at 1.00 atm and 27.0 0C. What is the molar
mass of the gas?

dRT m = 4.65 g g
M= d= = 2.21
P V 2.10 L L

g L•atm
2.21 x 0.0821mol•K x 300.15 K
L
M=
1 atm

M = 54.5 g/mol

20
• Dalton’s law of partial pressures: the total pressure, Ptotal, of a
mixture of gases is the sum of their individual gas partial
pressures V and T are constant

P11 P2 Ptotal = P1+ P2

21
Consider a case in which two gases, A and B, are in a container of volume V.
nART
PA = nA is the number of moles of A
V
nBRT nB is the number of moles of B
PB =
V
nA nB
PT = PA + PB XA = XB =
nA + nB nA + nB

PA = XA PT PB = XB PT

ni
Pi = Xi PT mole fraction (Xi ) =
nT
22
A sample of natural gas contains 8.24 moles of CH4, 0.421 moles of C2H6, and 0.116
moles of C3H8. If the total pressure of the gases is 1.37 atm, what is the partial
pressure of propane (C3H8)?

Pi = Xi PT PT = 1.37 atm

0.116
Xpropane = = 0.0132
8.24 + 0.421 + 0.116

Ppropane = 0.0132 x 1.37 atm = 0.0181 atm

23
 Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
1. A gas is composed of molecules that are separated from each other by
distances far greater than their own dimensions. The molecules can be
considered to be points; that is, they possess mass but have negligible
volume.
2. Gas molecules are in constant motion in random directions, and they
frequently collide with one another. Collisions among molecules are
perfectly elastic.
3. Gas molecules exert neither attractive nor repulsive forces on one
another.
4. The average kinetic energy of the molecules is proportional to the
temperature of the gas in kelvins. Any two gases at the same
temperature will have the same average kinetic energy

KE = ½ mu2

24
Gas diffusion is the gradual mixing of molecules of one gas with molecules of
another by virtue of their kinetic properties.

NH4Cl

NH3 HCl
17 g/mol 36 g/mol

25
 Gas effusion is the is the process by which gas under pressure escapes from one
compartment of a container to another by passing through a small opening.

√
r1 t2 M2
= =
r2 t1 M1

Nickel forms a gaseous compound of the formula Ni(CO)x What is the value of x given that under the
same conditions methane (CH4) effuses 3.3 times faster than the compound?
r1 2
r1 = 3.3 x r2 M2 = (r )2
x M1 = (3.3)2 x 16 = 174.2

M1 = 16 g/mol 58.7 + x • 28 = 174.2 x = 4.1 ~ 4

26
 Diffusion and Effusion

Both are the movement of particles from regions of higher concentration to regions to lower concentration.
But:
Diffusion: the movement is not orderly.
Effusion: the movement is orderly.

27
 Deviations from Ideal Behavior

1 mole of ideal gas

PV = nRT
PV = 1.0
n=
RT

28
Van der Waals equation
Non ideal gas

an 2
( P+ 2
V ) (V – nb) = nRT
}

}
corrected corrected
pressure volume

29
 Difference between Ideal
gas and Real gas
IDEAL GAS REAL GAS

No definite volume Definite volume

Elastic collision of particles Non-elastic collisions between particles

No intermolecular attraction force Intermolecular attraction force

Does not really exists in the environment and is a It really exists in the environment
hypothetical gas

High pressure The pressure is less when compared to Ideal gas

Independent Interacts with others

Obeys PV = nRT Obeys p + ((n2 a )/V2)(V – n b ) = nRT

30
 Questions
1.Which of the following is not a characteristic of substances in the gas 3.A steel tank contains carbon dioxide at a pressure of 13.0 atm when
phase? the temperature is 34oC. What will be the internal gas pressure when
A) Substances in the gas phase have much lower densities the tank and its contents are heated to 100oC.
than the same substances would have in the liquid or solid A) 38.2 atm
phase.
B) A mixture of substances in the gas phase will form a B) 9.40 atm
homogeneous solution, whereas the same mixture might not C) 10.7 atm
form a homogeneous solution in the liquid phase.
C) Substances in the gas phase retain their shapes easily. D) 15.8 atm
D) Substances in the gas phase are compressible. E) None of the above.
2. A sample of gas occupies 2.78 x 103 mL at 25oC and 760 mm Hg. What 4.Calculate the density of nitrogen gas, in grams per liter, at STP.
volume will the gas sample occupy at the same temperature and 475 mm A) 0.625 g/L
Hg?
B) 0.800 g/L
A) 0.130 L
C) 1.25 g/L
B) 1.04 L
D) 2.50 g/L
C) 1.74 L
E) None of the above
D) 4.45 L
E) None of the above

31
 Questions
5. A gas evolved during the fermentation of alcohol had a volume of 19.4 7. A 1.325 g sample of an unknown vapor occupies 368 mL at
L at 17oC and 746 mm Hg. How many moles of gas were collected? 114oC and 946 mm Hg. The empirical formula of the compound is
A) 1.25 mol NO2. What is the molecular formula of the compound?
B) 0.800 mol A) NO2
C) 10.5 mol B) N4O8
D) 13.6 mol C) N3O6
E) 608 mol D) N2O4
E) N5O10.
6. How many grams of carbon dioxide are contained in 550 mL of this gas
at STP? 8.An organic compound was analyzed and found to contain 55.8% C,
A) 0.0245 g 7.03% H, and 37.2% O. A 1.500 g sample of the compound was
vaporized and found to occupy 530 cm3 at 100oC and 740 torr. Which
B) 0.0280 g
of the following is the correct molecular formula of the compound?
C) 1080 g
A) C2H3O
D) 0.560 g
B) C6H4O2
E) 1.1 g
C) C3H2O
D) C4H6O2
E) C2H3O2

32
 Questions
9.What volume of chlorine gas at 646 torr and 32oC would be produced by 11.A steel tank contains carbon dioxide at a pressure of 13.0 atm when
the reaction of 14.75 g of MnO2 according to the following chemical the temperature is 34oC. What will be the internal gas pressure when the
equation? tank and its contents are heated to 100oC.

MnO2(s) + 4 HCl(aq) ----> MnCl2(aq) + Cl2(g) + 2 H2O(l) A) 38.2 atm

A) 5.00 L B) 9.40 atm

B) 0.170 L C) 10.7 atm

C) 2.33 L D) 15.8 atm

D) 0.200 L E) None of the above.

E) None of the above

12.Which of the following correctly identifies Boyle's law?
10. A mixture of neon, argon, and xenon had a total pressure of 1560 mm Hg at
298 K. The mixture was found to contain 1.50 mol Ne, 2.65 mol Ar, and 1.75 mol A) PV=k1
Xe. What is the partial pressure of Xe?
B) V=k2T
A) 701 mm Hg

B) 658 mm Hg 13.The magnitude of one Kelvin, one Celsius degree, and one degree on
the absolute temperature scale is the same.
C) 396 mm Hg
A) True
D) 463 mm Hg
B) False
E) None of the above

33
 Questions
14.The Kelvin temperature scale is useful when comparing: 16. A sample of CO2(g) has a volume of 2L at pressure P and temperature
T. If the pressure becomes triple the original value, at the same absolute
A) various gas samples at different densities temperature, the volume of CO2 will be

B) volume of a gas sample with temperature at constant A) L

pressure
B) 2/3 L
C) pressure of gas samples at different volumes and constant
temperature C) 6L

D) various liquids at constant pressure D) 2L

17. Using the van der Waals equation, calculate the pressure exerted
15. Which of the following is not an assumption of the kinetic
by 15.0 mol of carbon dioxide confined to a 3.00-L vessel at 56.0 oC.
theory of gases? Note: Values for a and b in the van der Waals equation: a = 3.59
A) Elasticity refers to the molecules random interactions L2.atm/mol, and b = 0.0427 L/mol.
resulting in no net energy change. A) 23.2 atm
B) Gas molecules are viewed as points due to large distances B) 2.16 atm
between them.
C) 81.9 atm
C) Gas molecules can attract other gas molecules.
D) 81.9 atm
D) Temperature in Kelvin and average kinetic energy are
proportional.

34
Twelveth lecture

Liquid States

1
 Liquids
If the particles of a substance have enough energy to partially overcome intermolecular
interactions, then the particles can move about each other while remaining in contact. This
describes the liquid state.
In a liquid, the particles are still in close contact, so liquids have a definite volume. However,
because the particles can move about each other rather freely, a liquid has no definite shape
and takes a shape dictated by its container.

2
 physical properties of liquids
• Liquids are relatively incompressible fluids; they have a definite volume but have no definite
shape.
• Both vapor pressure and boiling point are important properties of a liquid.
• Two additional properties are surface tension and viscosity.

3
 Vapor Pressure
Liquids, and even some solids, are continuously vaporizing. If a liquid is in a closed vessel with space above it, a
partial pressure of the vapor state builds up in this space.
The vapor pressure of a liquid is the partial pressure of the vapor over the liquid, measured at equilibrium at a
given temperature.
• The vapor pressure of a liquid depends on its temperature. – As the temperature increases, the kinetic energy
of the molecular motion becomes greater, and vapor pressure increases.
• Some of the molecules in the vapor collide with the liquid surface and stick; that is, the vapor condenses to
liquid.
• The rate of condensation steadily increases as the number of molecules in the volume of vapor increases, until
the rate at which molecules are condensing on the liquid equals the rate at which molecules are vaporizing.

4
• Liquids and solids with relatively high vapor pressure at normal temperatures are said to be volatile.
• Chloroform and carbon tetrachloride are volatile liquids.
• Naphthalene, C10H8, and para-dichlorobenzene, C6H4Cl2, are volatile solids: they have appreciable vapor
pressures at room temperature. Both are used to make mothballs.

5
 Boiling Point
• The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the pressure exerted on the liquid is called the
boiling point of the liquid.
• As the temperature of a liquid increases, the vapor pressure increases until it reaches atmospheric pressure.
At this point, stable bubbles of vapor form within the liquid. This process is called boiling.

6
• Once boiling starts, the temperature of the liquid remains at the boiling point (as long as sufficient heat is
supplied). Because the pressure exerted on a liquid can vary, the boiling point of a liquid can vary. For instance,
at 1.00 atm (the average atmospheric pressure at sea level), the boiling point of water is 100C. But at 0.83 atm
the boiling point of water is 95C. The normal boiling point of a liquid is the boiling point at 1 atm.

7
 Surface Tension
• A molecule within the body of a liquid tends to be attracted equally in all directions, so that it experiences no
net force.
• On the other hand, a molecule at the surface of a liquid experiences a net attraction by other molecules
toward the interior of the liquid.
• As a result, there is a tendency for the surface area of a liquid to be reduced as much as possible.
• This explains why falling raindrops are nearly spherical. Surface tension is the energy required to increase the
surface area of a liquid by a unit amount.

8
 Viscosity
• Viscosity is the ability of a liquid to flow. Or it is resistance of a liquid for a pressure forcing it
to move and flow.
• The viscosity of liquids decreases with increase the temperature.
• The viscosity of gases increases with the increase the temperature.

9
 Solution formation
When sodium chloride dissolves in water, the resulting uniform dispersion of ions in water is called a solution. In
general, a solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances, consisting of ions or molecules.

Types of solutions
Solutions may exist in any of the three states of matter; that is, they may be gases, liquids, or solids. Some
examples are listed in Table. The terms solute and solvent refer to the components of a solution.
The solute, in the case of a solution of a gas or solid dissolved in a liquid, is the gas or solid; in other cases, the
solute is the component in smaller amount.

10
Solute: a substance that is being dissolved (smaller amount).
The solvent, in a solution of a gas or solid dissolved in a liquid, is the liquid; in other cases, the solvent is the
component in greater amount. Thus, when sodium chloride is dissolved in water, sodium chloride is the solute
and water is the solvent.
Solvent: a substance which dissolves a solute (larger amount).

11
Gaseous Solutions:
In general, nonreactive gases or vapors can mix in all proportions to give a gaseous mixture. Fluids that mix with or
dissolve in each other in all proportions are said to be miscible fluids. Gases are thus miscible. (If two fluids do not
mix but, rather, form two layers, they are said to be immiscible.) Air, which is a mixture of oxygen, nitrogen, and
smaller amounts of other gases, is an example of a gaseous solution.

12
Liquid Solutions:
Most liquid solutions are obtained by dissolving a gas, liquid, or solid in some liquid. Soda water, for example,
consists of a solution of carbon dioxide gas in water. Acetone, C3H6O, in water is an example of a liquid–liquid
solution. (Immiscible and miscible liquids are shown below.). Brine is water with sodium chloride (a solid)
dissolved in it.

13
Solid Solutions:
Solid solutions are also possible. Gold–silver alloys. Dental-filling alloy is a solution of mercury (a liquid) in silver
(a solid), with small amounts of other metals.

14
 Colligative properties
Colligative properties of solutions are properties that depend on the concentration of solute
molecules or ions in solution but not on the chemical identity of the solute (whether it is
ethylene glycol or urea, for instance).

15
 Concentrations
The concentration of a solution is the amount of solute
present in a given quantity of a solvent or solution.

Concentrations

Molar Percentages
concentrations

Mole
Molarity Molality Normality
fraction
v/v w/w w/v

16
 Molarity
The number of moles of solute dissolved in one liter of
solution.

What is the unit of molarity?

What is the relationship between weight and molarity?

17
 Example
A solution has a volume of 2.5 L and contains 36.0 g of
glucose (C6H12O6). If the molar mass of glucose is 180
g/mol, what is the molarity of the solution?

No. of mol of glucose = wt (g) / Mw (g/mol) = 36.0 g /180 g/mol

= 0.2 mol

M = n (mol) / V (L) = 0.2 mol /2.5 L = 0.08 mol/L

18
 Molality
The number of moles of solute dissolved in one kilogram of solvent

Molality (m) Molarity (M)

moles of solute moles of solute
m = M =
mass of solvent (kg) liters of solution

19
 Example
What is the molality of a 5.86 M ethanol (C2H5OH) solution
whose density is 0.927 g/mL?
moles of solute
m =
mass of solvent (kg)
Assume 1 L of solution:
5.86 moles ethanol = 270 g ethanol
927 g of solution (1000 mL x 0.927 g/mL)
mass of solvent = mass of solution – mass of solute
= 927 g – 270 g = 657 g = 0.657 kg

moles of solute 5.86 moles C2H5OH

m = = = 8.92 m
mass of solvent (kg) 0.657 kg solvent

20
 Mole Fraction
Mole fraction X is the ratio of moles of one substance in a mixture to
the total number of moles of all substances.

For a mixture of two substances, A and B, the mole fractions of each would be written as follows:

moles of A moles of B
XA= XB=
Mole of A+ mole of B Mole of A+ mole of B

21
 Example
Calculate the mole fractions of 35.7 g of KBr in 16.2 g of water?

moles of A moles of B
XA= XB=
Mole of A+ mole of B Mole of A+ mole of B

35.7 16.2
0.3 2 0.9
119 / 18 /

0.3 0.9
0.25 0.75
1.2 1.2

22
 Learning check

What is the concentration of a solution in mol/L when 80 g

of calcium carbonate, CaCO3, is dissolved in 2.5 L of
solution?

How many liters of 0.25 M NaCl solution must be measured

to obtain 0.1 mol of NaCl?

Calculate the molality of 15.00 M HCl with a density of

1.0745 g/cm3

23
 Teamwork

An aqueous solution is prepared by diluting 3.30 mL acetone (d = 0.789 g/mL)

with water to a final volume of 75.0 mL. The density of the solution is 0.993
g/mL. What is the molarity, molality and mole fraction of acetone in this solution?

Calculate the mole fraction, molarity and molality of NH3 if it is in a solution

composed of 30.6 g NH3 in 81.3 g of H2O. The density of the solution is 0.982
g/mL and the density of water is 1.00 g/mL.

24
Fourteenth lecture

Acid and Bases

1
 Acids & Bases
Definition of acids and bases

Arrhenius Brønsted-Lowry
concept concept

Lewis
concept
2
 1- Arrhenius Concept
An acid is a compound that releases H+ ions in water
A base is a compound that releases OH- in water.

HCl (aq) H+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

NaOH (aq) Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq)

Limitations: Some bases do not contain OH-

3
 2- Brønsted-Lowry Concept
An acid is any molecule or ion that can donate a proton
H+. A base is any molecule or ion can accept a proton.

•proton-transfer reaction

4
 3- Lewis Concept
An acid as an electron pair acceptor and a base as an
electron pair donor.
:

:
:F : H :F : H
: :

: :
:F B + :N H :F B N H
:F : H :F : H
:

:
Another examples: hydration of AlCl3, BCl3, OH-

5
 Strength of Acids and Bases
A strong acid or base ionizes completely in water
A weak acid or base ionize partially in water

7
 Acid or Base Ionization Constant
It is a measure of the strength of acid or base.
The ionization constant has the same equilibrium expression.

CH3COOH + H2O CH3COO- + H3O+

[ CH 3 COO − ] [ H 3 O + ]
Ka =
[ CH 3 COOH ]
NH3 + H2O NH4+ + HO-
+
[ NH 4 ] [ HO − ]
Kb =
[ NH 3 ]

8
 Self-ionization of water
K w = [ H + ][OH − ]
K w = 1.0 × 10 −14 at 25 o C
[ H + ] = [OH − ] = 1.0 × 10 −14 = 1.0 × 10 −7
At 25°C, you observe the following conditions.

an acidic solution, [H+] > [OH-]

a neutral solution, [H+] = [OH-]
a basic solution, [H+] < [OH-]

9
 pH of Solutions
The pH of a solution is defined as the negative logarithm of the
molar hydrogen-ion concentration

pH = − log[ H + ]

pH + pOH = 14.00
In a neutral solution, whose hydrogen-ion
concentration is 1.0 x 10-7, the pH = 7.00

10
At 25°C, you observe the following conditions

In an acidic solution, [H+] > 1.0 x 10-7 M, pH<7

In a neutral solution, [H+] = 1.0 x 10-7 M, pH=7

In a basic solution, [H+] < 1.0 x 10-7 M, pH>7

11
 Example
For a solution in which the hydrogen-ion concentration
is 1.0 x 10-3, the pH is:
−3
pH = − log(1.0 ×10 ) = 3.00
Note that the number of decimal places
in the pH equals the number of
significant figures in the hydrogen-ion
concentration

12
 Examples
The hydrogen ion concentration of a fruit juice is
3.3 x 10-2 M. What is the pH of the juice? Is it
acidic or basic?
pH = − log( 3.3 × 10 −2 ) = − ( −1.48) = 1.48 (acidic)
If a solution has pH of 5.50, calculate its [OH-]
14 = pH + pOH
pOH = 14.00 − 5.50 = 8.50
pOH = − log[OH − ]
log[OH − ] = −8.50

13
 pH of Strong Acids and Bases
Dissociation of a strong base:

NaOH Na+ + OH-

complete dissociation of a base
and no base in the form of NaOH will be left in solution

pOH = -log[OH-]

pH = 14 - pOH = 14 + log [OH-]

14
 Example
An ammonia solution has a hydroxide-ion concentration
of 1.9 x 10-3 M. What is the pH of the solution?
You first calculate the pOH:
−3
pOH = − log(1.9 × 10 ) = 2.72
Then the pH is:

pH = 14.00 − 2.72 = 11 .28

15
 Questions
Question 1 Question 4
The solution with the lowest pH is According to the Bronsted-Lowry theory, a base is
A. 1.0M HF a(n)
B. 1.0M HCN A. proton donor
C. 1.0M HCOOH B. proton acceptor
D. 1.0M CH3COOH C. electron donor
D. electron acceptor
Question 2
As the [H3O+] in a solution decreases, the [OH-] Question 5
A. increases and the pH increases What is the pOH of 0.1 M NaOH?
B. increases and the pH decreases A. 1
C. decreases and the pH increases B. 0.0032
D. decreases and the pH decreases C. 0.40
D. 13.60
Question 3
The ionization of water at room temperature is Question 6
represented by The pH of a solution for which [OH–] = 1.0 x 10–6 is
A. H2O = 2H+ + O2- A. 1.00
B. 2H2O = 2H2 + O2 B. 8.00
C. 2H2O = H2 + 2OH- C. 6.00
D. 2H2O = H3O+ + OH- D. –6.00

16
 Questions
Question 7 Question 10
Addition of HCl to water causes In the equation: HF + H2O H3O+ + F-
A. both [H3O+] and [OH-] to increase (a) H2O is a base and HF is its conjugate acid.
B. both [H3O+] and [OH-] to decrease (b) H2O is an acid and HF is the conjugate base.
C. [H3O+] to increase and [OH-] to decrease (c) HF is an acid and F- is its conjugate base.
D. [H3O+] to decrease and [OH-] to increase (d) HF is a base and H3O+ is its conjugate acid.
(e) HF is a base and F- is its conjugate acid.
Question 8 Question 11
Which of the following statements concerning
Arrhenius acids and Arrhenius bases is correct?
A. In the pure state, Arrhenius acids are
covalent compounds.
B. In the pure state, Arrhenius bases are ionic
compounds
C. Dissociation is the process by which
Arrhenius acids produce H+ ions in solution
D. Arrhenius bases are also called hydroxide
bases

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 Teamwork

A) Identify the conjugate acid–base pairs in each equilibrium:

1.HSO4(aq)+H2O(l)⇌SO4(aq)+H3O

2.HF(aq)+H2O(l)⇌H3O(aq)+F(aq)

B) Write an expression for the ionization constant Kb for each reaction:

1.OCH3(aq)+H2O(l)⇌HOCH3(aq)+OH(aq)

2.NH2(aq)+H2O(l)⇌NH3(aq)+OH(aq)