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    PN Junction HW and FW

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    SHIVANSH SRIVASTAVA
    The document discusses and compares half-wave and full-wave rectifiers. It provides details on their working principles, characteristics such as ripple factor and efficiency, types, advantages and disadvantages. The half-wave rectifier only uses one half of the AC input cycle, while the full-wave rectifier utilizes both halves but has higher efficiency and lower ripple. Common applications include power supplies, signal demodulation, and welding equipment.

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    PN Junction HW and FW

    Uploaded by

    SHIVANSH SRIVASTAVA
    30 views15 pages
    The document discusses and compares half-wave and full-wave rectifiers. It provides details on their working principles, characteristics such as ripple factor and efficiency, types, advantages and disadvantages. The half-wave rectifier only uses one half of the AC input cycle, while the full-wave rectifier utilizes both halves but has higher efficiency and lower ripple. Common applications include power supplies, signal demodulation, and welding equipment.

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    The document discusses and compares half-wave and full-wave rectifiers. It provides details on their working principles, characteristics such as ripple factor and efficiency, types, advantages and disadvantages. The half-wave rectifier only uses one half of the AC input cycle, while the full-wave rectifier utilizes both halves but has higher efficiency and lower ripple. Common applications include power supplies, signal demodulation, and welding equipment.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    30 views15 pages

    PN Junction HW and FW

    Uploaded by

    SHIVANSH SRIVASTAVA
    The document discusses and compares half-wave and full-wave rectifiers. It provides details on their working principles, characteristics such as ripple factor and efficiency, types, advantages and disadvantages. The half-wave rectifier only uses one half of the AC input cycle, while the full-wave rectifier utilizes both halves but has higher efficiency and lower ripple. Common applications include power supplies, signal demodulation, and welding equipment.

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    of 15

    ARMY PUBLIC SCHOOL, KANPUR

    A.I.S.S.C.E
    2022-23

    PHYSICS (042)-INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

    TOPIC:
    PN JUCTION H/W AND F/W
    SUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED BY
    MR.ANKIT GUPTA ANSHUMAN SHARMA
    (PGT-CHEMISTRY) ROLL NO:9
    CERTIFICATE
    This is to certify that ANSHUMAN SHARMA of
    class XII-A has successfully completed his
    physics project on the topic “PN JUCTION H/W
    AND F/W” under the guidance of Physics
    teacher Mr. Ankit gupta.

    Mr. Ankit gupta Mr. V Muralidharan


    (PGT- physics) (Principal)

    External Examiner
    ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

    I would like to express my special thanks of


    gratitude to my teacher Mr. Ankit gupta as
    well as our principal Mr. V Muralidharan who
    gave me the golden opportunity to do this
    wonderful project on the topic “PN JUCTION
    H/W AND F/W”, which helped me in doing a
    lot of research and Icame to known about so
    many new things Iam really thankful to
    them.
    INDEX
     Half W ave Rectifier
     W orking of Half W ave Rectifier
     Characteristics of Half W ave
    Rectifier
     Advantages of Half W ave Rectifier
     Disadvantages of Half W ave
    Rectifier
     Applications of Half W ave
    Rectifier
     Full W ave Rectifier
     W orking of Full W ave Rectifier
     Characteristics of Full W ave
    Rectifier
     T ypes of Full W ave Rectifier
     Advantages of Full W ave Rectifier
     Disadvantages of Full W ave
    Rectifier
     Applications of Full W ave Rectifier
     Difference
    Diode as a Rectifier:Half
    Wave Rectifier & Full Wave
    Rectifier

    T he main application of p-n junction


    diode is in rectification circuits. T hese
    circuits are used to describe the
    conversion of a.c signals to d.c in power
    supplies. Diode rectifier gives an
    alternating voltage which pulsates in
    accordance with time. T he filter
    smoothes the pulsation in the voltage
    and to produce d.c voltage, a regulator is
    used which removes the ripples.

    T here are two primary methods of diode


    rectification:
     Half W ave Rectifier
     Full W ave Rectifier
     Half Wave Rectifier
    In a half-wave rectifier, one half of each a.c input cycle is
    rectified. When the p-n junction diode is forward biased,
    it gives little resistance and when it is reversed biased it
    provides high resistance. During one-half cycles, the
    diode is forward biased when the input voltage is applied
    and in the opposite half cycle, it is reverse biased. During
    alternate half-cycles, the optimum result can be obtained.

     Working of Half Wave Rectifier


    T he half-wave rectifier has both positive and negative
    cycles. During the positive half of the input, the current
    will flow from positive to negative which will generate
    only a positive half cycle of the a.c supply. When a.c
    supply is applied to the transformer, the voltage will be
    decreasing at the secondary winding of the diode. All the
    variations in the a.c supply will reduce, and we will get
    the pulsating d.c voltage to the load resistor.
    In the second half cycle, the current will flow from
    negative to positive and the diode will be reverse biased.
    T hus, at the output side, there will be no current
    generated, and we cannot get power at the load resistance.
    A small amount of reverse current will flow during
    reverse bias due to minority carriers.

     Characteristics of Half Wave


    Rectifier
    Following are the characteristics of half-wave rectifier:

    Ripple Factor
    Ripples are the oscillations that are obtained in DC
    which are corrected by using filters such as inductors and
    capacitors. T hese ripples are measured with the help of
    the ripple factor and are denoted by γ. Ripple factor tells
    us the number of ripples presents in the output DC.
    Higher the ripple factor, more is the oscillation at the
    output DC and lower is the ripple factor, less is the
    oscillation at the output DC.
    Ripple factor is the ratio of RM S value of the AC
    component of the output voltage to the DC
    component of the output voltage.

    γ=(V rmsV DC)2−1


    DC Current
    DC current is given as:

    IDC= Imaxπ

    Where,
     Imax is the maximum DC load current

    DC Output Voltage


    T he output DC voltage appears at the load resistor
    RL which is obtained by multiplying output DC voltage
    with the load resistor RL. T he output DC voltage is given
    as:

    VDC=VSmaxπ
    Where,

     VSmax is the maximum secondary voltage

    Form Factor
    T he form factor is the ratio of RM S value to the DC
    value. For a half-wave rectifier, the form factor is 1 .57.

    Rectifier Efficiency
    Rectifier efficiency is the ratio of output DC power to the
    input AC power. For a half-wave rectifier, rectifier
    efficiency is 40.6% .
     Advantages of Half Wave Rectifier
     Affordable
     Simple connections
     Easy to use as the connections are simple
     Number of components used are less

     Disadvantages of Half Wave


    Rectifier
     Ripple production is more
     Harmonics are generated
     Utilization of the transformer is very low
     T he efficiency of rectification is low

     Applications of Half Wave


    Rectifier
    Following are the uses of half-wave rectification:
     Power rectification: Half wave rectifier is used
    along with a transformer for power rectification as
    powering equipment.
     Signal demodulation: Half wave rectifiers are used
    for demodulating the AM signals.
     Signal peak detector: Half wave rectifier is used for
    detecting the peak of the incoming waveform.
     Full Wave Rectifier
    Full-wave rectifier circuits are used for producing an
    output voltage or output current which is purely DC. T he
    main advantage of a full-wave rectifier over half-wave
    rectifier is that such as the average output voltage is
    higher in full-wave rectifier, there is less ripple produced
    in full-wave rectifier when compared to the half-wave
    rectifier.

     Working of Full Wave Rectifier


    T he full-wave rectifier utilizes both halves of each a.c
    input. When the p-n junction is forward biased, the diode
    offers low resistance and when it is reverse biased it
    gives high resistance. T he circuit is designed in such a
    manner that in the first half cycle if the diode is forward
    biased then in the second half cycle it is reverse biased
    and so on.
     Characteristics of Full Wave
    Rectifier
    Following are the characteristics of full-wave rectifier:

    Ripple Factor
    Ripple factor for a full-wave rectifier is given as:

    γ=(VrmsVDC)2−1

    DC Current
    Currents from both the diodes D1 and D2 are in the same
    direction when they flow towards load resistor RL. T he
    current produced by both the diodes is the ratio of
    Imax to π, therefore the DC current is given as:

    IDC=2Imaxπ
    Where,
     Imax is the maximum DC load current

    DC Output Voltage


    DC output voltage is obtained at the load resistor RL and
    is given as:

    VDC=2Vmaxπ
    Where,
     V max is the maximum secondary voltage
    Form Factor
    T he form factor is the ratio of RM S value of current to
    the output DC voltage. T he form factor of a full-wave
    rectifier is given as 1 .1 1

    Rectifier Efficiency
    Rectifier efficiency is used as a parameter to determine
    the efficiency of the rectifier to convert AC into DC. It is
    the ratio of DC output power to the AC input power. T he
    rectifier efficiency of a full-wave rectifier is 81 .2% .

     Types of Full Wave Rectifier


    T here are two main types of full-wave rectifiers, and they
    are:
     T wo diodes full-wave rectifier circuit (requires a
    center-tapped transformer and is used in vacuum
    tubes)
     Bridge rectifier circuit (doesn’ t require a centre-
    tapped transformer and is used along with
    transformers for efficient usage)

     Advantages of Full Wave Rectifier


     T he rectifier efficiency of a full-wave rectifier is
    high
     T he power loss is very low
     Number of ripples generated are less
     Disadvantages of Full Wave
    Rectifier
     V ery expensive

     Applications of Full Wave Rectifier


    Following are the uses of full-wave rectifier:
     Full-wave rectifiers are used for supplying polarized
    voltage in welding and for this bridge rectifiers are
    used.
     Full-wave rectifiers are used for detecting the
    amplitude of modulated radio signals.
     Difference between Half Wave
    Rectifier and Full Wave Rectifier
    Parameter Half W ave Rectifier Full W ave Rectifier

    A full-wave
    T he half-wave rectifier is rectifier is a
    a rectifier which is used rectifier which is
    Definition for converting the one- used for converting
    half cycle of AC input to both the half cycles
    DC output of AC input into
    DC output

    2 or 4 depending on
    No. of diodes used 1
    the type of circuit

    Form factor 1 .57 1 .1 1

    Rectifier efficiency 40.6% 81 .2%

    Ripple factor of a
    Ripple factor of a half-
    Ripple factor full-wave rectifier is
    wave rectifier is more
    less
    BIBLIOGRAPHY

     PHYSICS NCERT Book


     www.google.com
     Wikipedia
     www.researchgate.com

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