ENGINEERING SURVEY

ECG 422
OPEN-ENDED LAB
SEMESTER 2

TITLE OF EXPERIMENT : INTRODUCTION TO SURVEY EQUIPMENT

DATE OF EXPERIMENT : 20/10/2020
NAME & UiTM NO : Syazwani Binti Samingan (2020952439)
Rabiatul Norafizah Binti Raslim (2020967717)
Siti Salsabila Binti Mohamad Saberi (2020968179)
Afza Razan Binti Salleh (2020959587)
Farhana Hidayah Binti Mazlan (2020987843)
CLASS GROUP : 2B3A
LECTURER : NORAZLAN BIN KHALID
LEVEL OF OPENESS : 0

MARKS COMMENTS
INTRODUCTION
BASIC CONCEPTS
METHODOLOGY
RESULTS
DISCUSSION 1 2 3 4 5
CONCLUSION 1 2 3 4 5
ORGANIZATION 1 2 3 4 5

TOTAL MARKS

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TABLE CONTENT

NO CONTENT PAGE

1.0 Introduction 3

1.1 Categories 3

1.2 Branches of surveying 4

2.0 Basic Concept 5

2.1 Objectives of surveying 5

2.2 Principles of surveying 5

2.3 Importance of surveying 6

2.4 Uses of surveying 6

3.0 Basic Equipment And Summary Of Procedure 7

3.1 Measuring Tape 7-9

3.2 Chain 9-10

3.3 Plumb Bob 10-11

3.4 Levelling Staff 11-12

3.5 Prismatic Compass 13-15

3.6 Tripod 15-16

3.7 Theodolite 16-17

3.8 Total Station 18-19

3.9 Automatic Level 19-21

3.10 Ranging Rods 21

4.0 Conclusion 22
5.0 Reference 23

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

Surveying is known to be the oldest profession in the world having traced its roots back to
great civilizations of biblical or ancient times, such as the Babylonians, Greeks, Egyptians,
and the Chaldeans where surveyors were noblemen. These noblemen played an important role
in the economic framework of their societies and were well respected. Many of our early
leaders and explorers were famous surveyors such as James Cook, George Washington,
Thomas Jefferson, and Abraham Lincoln.

Today, Surveying Engineers play a vital role in developing societies. Their primary role is to
determine the position of natural and man-made objects on the earth's surface, and record it
for future planning purposes; to set and reset boundaries both within the country and
internationally. Surveying is the general term, which covers a myriad of disciplines, such as
Geodesy, Photogrammetry, Cartography, GIS, Digital Mapping, Cadastral Surveying, etc.

Surveying is the process of determining the relative position of natural and manmade features
on or under the earth’s surface, the presentation of this information either graphically in the
form of plans or numerically in the form of tables, and the setting out of measurements on the
earth’s surface. It usually involves measurement, calculations, the production of plans, and
the determination of specific locations. The surveyor may be called on to determine heights
and distances; to set out buildings, bridges and roadways; to determine areas and volumes and
to draw plans at a predetermined scale.

1.1 Categories

There are two major categories of surveying:

1. Plane Surveying Plane surveying deals with areas of limited extent and it is assumed that
the earth’s surface is a plane and therefore no corrections necessary for the earth’s curvature.
2. Geodetic Surveying Geodetic surveying is concerned with determining the size and shape
of the earth and it also provides a high-accuracy framework for the control of lower order
surveys. The highest standards of accuracy are necessary. Geodetic surveys cover relatively
large areas (eg a state or country) for which the effects of earth curvature must be considered.

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1.2 Branches of surveying

Apart from the two main categories, we may also classify surveys according to their different
branches and those disciplines directly associated with surveying:
1. Topographic Surveys are concerned with the measurement and mapping of the physical
features of the earth. These features are all natural and manmade features.
2. Engineering Surveys cover surveys carried out as part of the preparation for, and carrying
out of, engineering works, including roads, railways, pipelines, drainage etc.
3. Cadastral Surveys are concerned with the measurement, definition and mapping and
recording of property boundaries.
4. Hydrographic Surveys are those made for determining the shape of the bottom of lakes,
rivers, harbors and oceans. They also include the measurement of the flow of water in
streams and the estimation of water resources.
5. Aerial Surveys are made from an aeroplane, and for the purpose of mapping the terrain.
The control for such a map is obtained from ground surveys, but the details are obtained
from aerial photographs. This includes making measurements and interpretations from
aerial photographs.
6. Astronomic Surveys are surveys made to determine the latitude, longitude and azimuth
from observations to the stars.
7. Mining Surveys are those made to determine survey control for the development of both
surface and underground mines within the mining industry, and the determination of
volumes in mine production.
8. Computing is a specialized area of surveying where complex computer programs are used
to solve problems within the surveying industry.
9. Consulting is another specialized area of surveying where specialist surveyors are hired for
a short period of time to advise on the requirements for a specific task or to perform the
specific task. The above surveys have a common stem in skills and training. They have
little or nothing in common with marine surveys, public opinion surveys, quantity surveys
etc.

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2.0 BASIC CONCEPT

Surveying is the technique of determining the relative position of different features on, above
or beneath the surface of the earth by means of direct or indirect measurements and finally
representing them on a sheet of paper known as plan or map. Surveying also includes the
technique of establishing points by predetermined angular and linear measurements. From the
plans, sections, and maps prepared by surveying, the area and volume of a particular plot of
land can be calculated. A map represents the horizontal projection of the area surveyed and not
the actual area. But the vertical distance can be represented more correctly by drawing sections.

During a survey, surveyors use various tools to do their job successfully and accurately, such
as total stations, GPS receivers, prisms, 3D scanners, radio communicators, digital levels,
dumpy level and surveying software etc. Surveying is the means of determining the relative
position of points and the relative distances. It is very important in the field of Civil
Engineering. We can find uses of surveying in all civil engineering projects. The objectives of
surveying may depending on the type of project. A surveyor must be clear about the objects of
surveying. The main objectives of surveying are discussed below.

2.1 Objectives of Surveying

 To determine the relative position of any objects or points of the earth.

 To determine the distance and angle between different objects.
 To prepare a map or plan to represent an area on a horizontal plan.
 To develop methods through the knowledge of modern science and the technology and use
them in the field.
 To solve measurement problems in an optimal way.

2.2 Principles of Surveying

Surveying is the process of finding the relative position of various points on the surface of the
earth by measuring distance among them and setting up a map to any reasonable scale. Various
methods of surveying are established on very simple fundamental principles. The surveying
basic principles can be stated under two aspects.
1. To locate the position of a point by measurement from two reference points
2. To work from whole to part

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2.3 Importance of Surveying

The knowledge of surveying is advantageous in many phases of engineering. Surveying is of

vital importance in any engineering project. Some of the basic importance of Surveying is
discussed below.
 The first necessity in surveying is to prepare a plan and a section of an area to be covered
by the project. From these prepared maps and sections the best possible alignment, amount
of earthwork and other necessary details depending upon the nature of the project can be
calculated.
 The planning and design of all Civil Engineering projects such as railways, highways,
tunneling, irrigation, dams, reservoirs, waterworks, sewerage works, airfields, ports,
massive buildings, etc. are based upon surveying measurements.
 During execution of the project of any magnitude is constructed along the lines and points
established by surveying.
 The measurement of land and the fixation of its boundaries cannot be done without
surveying.
 The economic feasibility of the engineering feasibility of a project cannot be properly
ascertained without undertaking a survey work.

2.4 Uses of Surveying

Surveying is the scientific technique to determine the position of points and angles & distances
between them. The process of surveying is used to fulfill various purposes. It is necessary for
making map, planning a project etc. To accomplish all civil engineering works or projects
successfully, surveying is used. Some of the numerous functions of surveying are given below.
 Topographical maps showing hills, rivers, towns, villages, forests etc. are prepared by
surveying.
 For planning and estimating new engineering projects like water supply and irrigation
schemes, mines, railroads, bridges, transmission lines, buildings etc. surveying is required.
 Cadastral Map showing the boundaries a field houses and other properties are prepared by
surveying.
 Engineering map showing the position of engineering works like roads, railways,
buildings, dams, canals etc. are prepared through surveying.
 To set out a work and transfer details from map to ground knowledge of surveying is used.

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3.0 BASIC EQUIPMENT AND SUMMARY OF PROCEDURE

3.1 Measuring Tape

Measuring tapes are used in surveying to take linear measurements or distance from one point
to another. They are available in marketplaces with different lengths and can be made of
different materials. Tape measures are often designed for specific uses or trades. Tapes may
have different scales, be made of different materials, and be of different lengths depending on
the use it is intended for. Tape measure design is what is called the long tape. These are cased
tape measures with tapes of 25, 50, 75, 100, 200, 300, and even 500 feet in length, designed for
engineers and builders. Because surveying was usually done in rods, surveyors use long tapes
of 33 feet (2 rods), and 66 feet (4 rods). Surveyors also used 49 1⁄2 feet of a 50-foot tape for 3
rods and 99 feet of a 100-foot tape measure for 6 rods. Long tapes instead of being returned by
a spring, were usually returned by hand crank.
There are 5 types of tapes available in surveying for linear measurements such as Linen Tape,
Woven Metallic Tape, Steel Tape, Synthetic Tape and Invar Tape.
1. Linen tape also known as cloth tape is a varnished strip made of closely woven linen. The
width of the strip is about 12 to 16 mm. It is available in different lengths such as 10m,
20m, 30m, and 50m. Both ends of the linen tape are provided with metallic handles and
the whole tape is wounded in leather or metal case.

2. The metallic woven tape is an improved version of linen tape. Brass or copper made wires
are used as reinforcement for the linen material. Hence, it's more durable than normal linen
tape. An opportunity is provided at the top of the tape which is included within the length
of the tape. These tapes are available in different lengths of 2m, 10m, 15m, 20m, 30m, and
50m. These are used for survey works such as topographical survey works where minor
errors are not taken into consideration.

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3. A steel tape is formed of steel or chrome steel. It consists of a steel strip of 6mm to 16mm
wide. It's available in lengths of 1m, 5m, 8m, 10m, 20m, 30m and 50m. Meters, decimeters,
and centimeters are graduated within the steel strip. Steel tapes generally came up with the
metal case with automatic winding device. Steel tapes aren't flexible and are suitable for
measuring leveled surfaces only. These tapes are generally used for standardizing chains
and measurements of constriction works.

4. Synthetic tapes are made of glass fibers coated with PVC. These are light in weight and
flexible. They are available in lengths of 5m, 10m, 20m, 30m, and 50m. They are
convenient for measuring shorts lengths. Synthetic tapes may stretch when subjected to
tension. Hence, these are not suitable for accurate surveying works. However, synthetic
tapes are recommended in place of steel tapes where it is essential to take measurements in
the vicinity of electric fences and railway lines.

5. The invar tape in used for highest precision work. It is made of an alloy of steel (64%) and
nickel (36%). Invar tape contains a 6mm wide strip and is available in different lengths of
30m, 50m, 100m. It is not calibrated through its length but has terminal lines. Each terminal
division has ten 1 mm division. The coefficient of thermal expansion of invar alloy is
extremely low. Hence, these tapes are used for top precision works in surveying like
baseline measurement, triangulation surveys, etc

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Procedure for using measuring tape.
1. Checked the steel bands and examined for full length and defects. Then, pulled the tape
from the first point to the second point and the ranging rod is held about 0.3 m short of the
end.
2. The band is held firmly at the first station and sights the control lines by sighting the first
and the second pole. (Note: Using the signal system e.g. left hand indicates that the pole
must be positioned to the left, right hand indicates that the pole must be positioned to the
right and both hands upwards indicate that the pole is in position.)
3. The band is straightened past the rod by sending gentle ‘snakes’ down the band.
4. Then an arrow is marked at the end of the band indicating that the band is straight into the
control line.
5. Repeat the procedures above until all CPs have been linearly measured.

3.2 Chain

The chain survey is the simplest method of surveying. In the chain survey, only measurements
are taken in the field, and the rest work, such as plotting calculation are done in the office. Here
only linear measurements are made and no angular measurements are made. This is most
suitably adapted to small plane areas with very few details. If carefully done, it gives quite
accurate results. The chains are made of tempered steel wire, 8 or 10 SWG, and were made up
of links that measure 200 mm from center to center of each middle connecting ring. Swivelling
brass handles were fitted at each end, and the total length was measured over the handles. It is
normally 20 m or 30 m long. Tally markers made of plastic, were attached at every whole meter
position and those giving 5 m positions were of a different color. Chain survey is suitable in the
area to be surveyed is comparatively small, the ground is fairly level and details to be filled up
are simple and less. The necessary requirements for fieldwork are chain, tape, ranging-rod,
arrows and cross staff.

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Procedure for using chain survey.
1. The preliminary inspection of the area to be surveyed is called reconnaissance. The
surveyor inspects the area to be survey, surveyor prepares index sketch or key plan.
2. Marking Station-The surveyor fixes up the required no stations at places from where
maximum possible stations are possible. Some of the methods used for marking are fixing
ranging poles, driving pegs, marking across if the ground is hard or digging and fixing a
stone.
3. After marking the station should be reference located by measurement called ties taken
from 3 permanent points which are easily identified such as corner of building. Then he
selects the way for passing the mainline, which should be horizontal and clean as possible
and should pass approximately through the center of work.
4. Then ranging roads are fixed on the stations. After fixing the stations, chaining could be
started from base line and carried throughout all the line of the framework continuously.
So chain is laid and kept lying, offset are taken to locate the nearby details.
5. Make ranging wherever necessary. Measure the change and offset. Then, enter in the field
books

3.3 Plumb bob

A plumb-bob or a plummet is a weight with a pointed tip on the bottom that is suspended from
a string and used as a vertical reference line. This instrument has been used since the time of
the ancient Egyptians by bricklayers, masons, and carpenters to ensure that their constructions
are "plumb", or perfectly upright. It may also be used in surveying to sight a point on the ground
that is not readily visible. Small plumb bobs are often included in the kits of various instruments
such as levels and theodolites. They are used to set the instrument exactly over a fixed datum
marker, prior to taking fresh readings. In conjunction with the line-level they can also be used
to assist the horizontal measurement on slopes.

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Procedures using the plumb bob:
1. Measure two to three few inches away from the top of the wall, and make a mark.
2. Set a nail in the mark.
3. Hang the plumb bob on the nail, letting gravity draw a vertical reference line for you.
When the plumb bob is done oscillating, measure the distance from the wall. If it matches the

3.4 Levelling staff

Leveling Staff is an instrument used to determine the difference in height between two points.
Levelling Staff is known as the staff rod, Levelling rod, and self-reading staff, as the staff
readings may be taken directly by the instrument man from the levelling instrument. The new
levelling staff (in the metric system) is 4 meter long and made into two pieces of 2 meter length
each. This is light, more convenient to handle and facilitates taking readings with greater
accuracy than the telescopic type.
The width and thickness of the Level staff are 75 mm and 18 mm respectively. The staff is made
of well-seasoned cypress, blue pine or deodar wood free from defects such as knots, cracks,
shakes, insect attacks, etc. Levelling staff is also available in aluminum. Regarding quality,
Aluminum staff is considered the best and accurate one-measurement at the top of the wall,
your wall is plumb.

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The staff readings are taken as follows:
1. The instrument is set up and carefully leveled.
2. The staff is held vertically over the staff station.
To hold the staff vertically, the staff man stands behind the levelling staff with his heels
together and the bottom of the staff in between his toes and holds the staff in between the
palms at the height of his face. The staff is moved till the bubble at the back is at the center.
3. The telescope is directed towards the staff by the instrument man, and it is focused by using
the focusing screw. The telescope is moved till the staff is exactly between the vertical hairs
of the diaphragm.
4. If the bubble on the telescope is not at the center, the same is centered by using the foot
screws. The readings may now be taken. The staff reading is the reading on the staff at which
the horizontal hair appears to cut the staff.
A staff reading consists of 4 digits. The first digit represents the whole number of meters,
the second digit represents decimeters, and the third, and fourth digits represent millimeters.

Thus if we say that a staff reading is 2.175, it means up to the division at which the horizontal
cross-hair appear to cut the staff, 2 meters, 1 decimeter, and 75 mm have passed (75 mm means
15 spaces on the staff). When the staff is seen through the telescope, it appears inverted.
Therefore, the staff when held on the ground should be read from above downwards (and not
from below upwards).

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3.5 Prismatic Compass

Prismatic compass is a portable magnetic compass which can be either used as a hand
instrument or can be fitted on a tripod. It contains a prism which is used for accurate
measurement of readings. The greatest advantage of this compass is both sighting and reading
can be done simultaneously without changing the position.

Major parts of a Prismatic Compass are:

 Magnetic needle
 Graduated ring
 Adjustable mirror
 Sliding arrangement for mirror
 Object vane
 Eye vane
 Metal box
 Glass cover
 Horse hair

Procedure for undertaking prismatic compass

1. Collect a Prismatic Compass, a Sighting Pole and possibly a Chain for the Fieldwork. Try
not to wear too many jewellery or rings as the metals can interfere with the compass readings.

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2. Remember that Compass readings are made along straight segments of a boundary. Irregular
paths (or boundaries) should therefore be first divided into straight segments before readings
are taken.

3. To begin, pick the prismatic compass and locate the Starting Point (station 1). Let your
partner move to station 2 with the sighting pole. Your partner must then hold the pole upright
from the position marked station 2. Take a reading from your location (marked station 1)
onto the sighting pole at station 2 and record the azimuth (angles) you get.

4. To verify whether the forward azimuth reading you made is correct, exchange positions with
your partner (or preferably let your partner take a back azimuth onto the sighting pole now
located at station 1). As a rule, if the forward azimuth is greater than 180o, you should
subtract 180 from the forward azimuth to get the back azimuth but if the forward azimuth is
less than 180o you should add 180 to it to get the back azimuth. With the rule, make a quick
check of the forward azimuth you made and record it if it is right. If it is wrong, redo the
reading all over.

5. Record the forward azimuth you read earlier.

6. Measure the segment of the boundary between station 1 and station 2 and record your answer
beside the azimuth reading for this segment. You may use a chain or a tape and remember
to take the measurement in feet. In the absence of a chain or a tape, you may take the
measurements by pacing along the boundary and counting the number of paces you make.
Generally, a pace taken in a relaxed mood (not running) is about a yard (three feet) for many
people. If you will use this method, you should first determine the length of your pace by
marking three feet segments on the floor and walk along them for some time.

7. Walk along the boundary segment between station 1 and station 2 and make any other
required readings such as resection or intersection then record such measurements on the
page you have already opened. Make some sketches if necessary, to portray the features and
positions you find in the field.

8. Now go to station 2 and let your partner move with the sighting pole to station 3. Take the
forward and backward azimuths as explained above and record only the forward azimuth in

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 your survey book. Check to make any required chain and compass readings along the
segment between stations 2 and 3 and then move on to the next segment. Continue with the
process in the same manner as described until all stations (or segments) are measured and
the measurements recorded in your notebook.

9. Keep your note book entries for you shall use it to plot the shape of land you measure in the
field. You will also hand in your note book entries for grading.

3.6 Tripod

A surveyor's tripod is a tool wont to support anyone of variety of surveying instruments such
as total stations, transits, theodolites or levels. Many modern tripods are constructed of
aluminum, though wood remains used for legs. The feet are either aluminum tipped with a steel
or steel point. The mounting screw is usually brass or brass and plastic. The mounting screw is
hollow and has two lateral holes to connect a plumb bob to center the instrument over a corner
or other mark on the bottom.

Procedure using tripod

1. The tripod is placed within the location where it's needed.
2. The surveyor will move on the leg platforms to securely anchor the legs in soil or to force
the feet to an occasional position on uneven, pock-marked pavement.
3. Leg lengths are adjusted to bring the tripod head to a convenient height and make it
roughly level.
4. Once the tripod is positioned and secure, the instrument is placed on the top.
5. The mounting screw is pushed up under the instrument to have interaction the
instrument's base and screwed tight when the instrument is within the correct position.

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 6. Positioning the tripod and instrument precisely over an indicated mark on the bottom or
benchmark requires intricate techniques.

3.7 Theodolite

Theodolite is a measurement instrument utilized in surveying to determine horizontal and

vertical angles with the tiny low telescope that may move within the horizontal and vertical
planes.

It is an electronic machine which looks sort of a tiny telescope. It is extensively used for the
measurement of vertical and horizontal angles for scaling functions and within the housing
industry. The accuracy with that these angles may be measured ranges from 5mins to 0.1 secs.
It is utilized in triangulation networks.

Theodolites are employed everyplace from construction sites to main road points. It measures
angles using age-old principles of pure mathematics and assists surveyors in establishing
precise locations.

Theodolite uses for many purposes, but mainly it is used for measuring angles, scaling points
of constructional works. For example, to determine highway points, huge buildings’ escalating
edges theodolites are used. Depending on the job nature and the accuracy required, theodolite
produces more curved of readings, using paradoxical faces and swings or different positions
for perfect measuring survey.

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 Followings are the major uses of theodolite:

 Measuring horizontal and vertical angles

 Locating points on a line

 Finding the difference in the level

 Prolonging survey lines

Procedure how to use theodolite

1. Mark the point at which the theodolite will be set up with a surveyor’s nail or a stake. This
point is the basis for measuring angles and distances.
2. Set up the tripod. Make sure the height of the tripod allows the instrument (the theodolite)
to be eye-level. The centered hole of the mounting plate should be over the nail or stake.
3. Drive the tripod legs into the ground using the brackets on the sides of each leg.
4. Mount the theodolite by placing it atop the tripod, and screw it in place with the mounting
knob.
5. Measure the height between the ground and the instrument. This will be used a reference
to other stations.
6. Level the theodolite by adjusting the tripod legs and using the bulls-eye level. You can
make slight tunings with the leveling knobs to get it just right.
7. Adjust the small sight (the vertical plummet) found on the bottom of the theodolite. The
vertical plummet allows you to do ensure the instrument remains over the nail or stake.
Adjust the plummet using the knobs on the bottom.
8. Aim the crosshairs in the main scope at the point to be measured. Use the locking knobs
on the side of the theodolite to keep it aimed on the point. Record the horizontal and vertical
angles using the viewing scope found on the theodolite’s side.

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3.8 Total station

A total station (TS) or total station theodolite (TST) is an electronic or optical instrument used
for building construction and surveying. It is an electronic transit theodolite integrated
with electronic distance measurement (EDM) to measure both horizontal and vertical angles
and the slope distance from the instrument to a particular point and an on-board computer to
collect data and perform triangulation calculations.

Procedure on using total station

1. Place a total station on the tripod.

2. Secure with centering screw while bracing the instrument with the opposite hand.

3. Insert battery in total station before leveling and then focus the optical plummet on the
survey point.

4. Adjust the leveling foot screws to center the survey point within the optical plummet
reticle.

5. Center the bubble within the circular level by adjusting the tripod legs.

6. Loosen the horizontal clamp and switch instrument until plate level is parallel to the
leveling foot screws.

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 7. Center the bubble using the leveling screws until the bubble moves toward the screw
that is turned clockwise.

8. Rotate the instrument 90 degrees and level using the leveling screw.

9. Observe the survey point within the optical plummet and center the purpose by
loosening the centering screw and sliding the whole instrument.

10. After re-tightening the centering screw, so check the bubble to form sure the plate level
bubble is level in several directions.

11. Turn on the instrument by pressing and holding the “on” button. Then select the
function.

12. Adjust the foot level screws to precisely center the electronic “bubble”

13. Release the horizontal and vertical clamps and also point telescope to a featureless light
background

14. Adjust the reticle focus adjustment until reticle image is sharply focused.

15. Point telescope to focus on and adjust the main target ring until the target is targeted.
Move the head from side-to-side to check for image shift.

3.9 Automatic level

Also called an auto level, an automatic level is a professional leveling tool that is often used by
land surveyors, builders, contractors, and engineers. And it’s best known for its ability to
provide consistent level accuracy more quickly than many other leveling instruments. It’s
usually placed on a tripod, where it’s calibrated to a level position with leveling screws. The
person operating the device then looks through the telescope that’s attached to the instrument,
while a second person holds a graduated staff or tape measure at the position that needs to be
measured.

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An auto level can be used in many different applications, which can include but may not be
limited to:

 Structural framework.

 Establishing proper drainage systems.

 Determining the correct elevation of floors.

 Establishing the proper height for doors and windows.

 Developing suspended ceilings.

Procedure using the automatic level

1. Place the instrument on a tripod, while pointing it at the collimator.

2. Turn the leveling screws to make sure they can move freely.

3. Look at the bubble vial to make sure the bubble isn’t larger than the circle.

4. Move the bubble to the center of the circle by using two of the three leveling screws.

5. Make sure the bubble stays center at 90, 180, 270, and 360 degrees.

6. Rotate the eyepiece focusing knob to both extremes, while focusing on the instrument’s
cross hair (or reticle).

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 7. Rotate the focus knob so it’s first on close up and then on infinity to make sure the
movement is smooth and even.

8. With the focus set to infinity, check the cross hair of the instrument to make sure it
matches with the reticle on the collimator.

9. Use the adjusting screw next to the eyepiece to move the cross hair up and down until it
matches with the collimator.

3.10 Ranging rods

A ranging rod (or range rod) is a surveying instrument used for marking the position of
stations, and for sightings of those stations, as well as for ranging straight lines. Initially
these were made of light, thin and straight bamboo, or of well-seasoned wood such as teak,
pine or deodar. They were shod with iron at the bottom and surmounted with a flag about
250 mm square in size.

Nowadays they are made of wood, metal or fiberglass. The rods are usually about 30 mm in
diameter and 2 m or 3 m long, painted with alternating bands, such as red and white, red and
yellow, or black and white, in lengths of 200 mm (i.e. one link length of metric chain), 500
mm, or one foot. These colors are used so that the rod can be properly sighted in case of
long distance or bad weather. Ranging rods of greater length, e.g. 3 to 6 m, are called
ranging or range poles, and are used for very long survey lines. Another type of ranging rod
is known as an offset rod, which has no flag at the top. It is used for measuring small offsets
from the survey line when the work is of an ordinary nature.

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4.0 CONCLUSION

The planning and design of all civil engineering projects such as construction of highways,
bridges, tunnels, dams are based upon surveying measurements. Moreover, during execution,
project of any magnitude is constructed along the lines and points established by surveying.

Engineering surveys establish control points by traverse, baseline or other methods to obtain
information required for engineering designs and to set out construction from design drawings
by use of these control points. Topographic surveys and the maps produced by them provide
horizontal location information and elevation needed for the design of structures such as
building, dams, canals, highways, transmission lines and sewers.

There also some equipment used in surveying project such as measuring tape, chain, plumb
bob, levelling staff, prismatic compass, tripod, theodolite, total station, automatic level and
ranging rods. From this report we know the important of the equipment in surveying and the
also the procedure of using that equipment. The function of the equipment is important before
we start surveying to avoid any problems occur.

In this conducted fieldwork, the surveyors conclude that this fieldwork was conducted for us
civil engineering students, learn how construct geometric design of simple circular curves
connected from known points in known directions. The surveyors concluded too that having
the idea on how to measure the elements of simple curve and having the knowledge about the
chord-deflection angle method will help a lot to those civil engineering students and to those
civil engineers especially when they are assigned in highways, to design and layout a simple
circular curves easily

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5.0 REFERENCES

1. Fundamentals of Surveying: Sample Examination,George M. Cole PE PLS (Author)

2. Basic Surveying,Raymond E Paul (Author), Walter Whyte (Author)
3. Electronic vs. Conventional Surveys,R. Dixon(Author)
4. Jamal, b. H. (07 April 2018). SURVEYING AND LEVELLING. Chain Survey

5. Nuwan, b. (13 january 2020). Quantity Surveyor4u. type of measuring tape in surveying

6. Manual, l. N. (n.d.). SURVEYING EQUIPMENT AND LEVEL SET-UP.

7. Station, S. S. (n.d.). TOTAL STATION SETUP AND OPERATION.
8. Wikipedia. (29 January 2019). TRIPOD (SURVEYING). Survey

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