COMMUNITY WASTE MANAGEMENT

Implementation of zero waste concept in waste management of Banda

Aceh City

INTRODUCTION
This study aims to find out how far the implementation of the concept of Zero Waste in waste
management in Banda Aceh City. The problem of increasingly complex garbage due to the
increasing amount of waste along with population growth. Waste is transported and disposed
to the Final Processing Place (TPA) so that all garbage piled up in the landfill. Most of the
waste handling is done after the garbage appears so it is difficult to manage it. Handling of
garbage from scratch is still minimal so the TPA becomes full fast.

ZERO WASTE
The concept of Zero Waste is to minimize waste generation so that less waste is wasted to the
landfill. This is so as not to waste resources and prevent environmental damage. Handling of
waste from the beginning of waste avoidance, waste sorting, producer responsibility, waste
levies according to the amount of disposal, waste management by the community and the
provision of incentives and disincentives is the implementation parameter of Zero Waste. This
concept should be integrated into local policy so it becomes an obligation for the government
and the community to implement it.

Connett P 2013 The Zero Waste Solution (Vermont: Chelsea Green Publishing)

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BANDA ACEH AND ZERO WASTE
Banda Aceh as a medium-sized city in Indonesia has integrated a number of Zero Waste
concepts in its local regulations. Some of these concepts are difficult to implement due to a
number of socio-political factors.
Urban waste that can be transported and disposed to the landfill or TPA amounts to between
60% -70% of the total urban trash and the remainder scattered in polluting the environment.
The Government of Indonesia mandates the closure of TPA using the open dumping system
through Law No. 18/2008 on Waste Management as the legal basis. This mandate must be
implemented by the district or city government within a maximum of 5 years (until 2013) since
the law is ratified. Furthermore, it is required to build a new landfill that must use the Sanitary
Landfill system in accordance with applicable standards and regulations. However, the open
dumping landfill rule did not work well because most of the landfill in Indonesia remained in
operation as before, as the research findings conducted.
The percentage of organic waste, paper and plastic produced by Banda Aceh were 89.1%;
2.5%; 0.74%. The weight of garbage produced by Banda Aceh City is 86057,64 ton / month
and produce carbon emission of 83726,6 ton / month. While the amount of waste generated by
the population of the city of Banda Aceh 0.58 kg / person / day with the population of Banda
Aceh as many as 242,943 inhabitants.
Table 2 shows the comparison of structures between the Law of the Republic of Indonesia
Number 18 Year 2008 on Waste Management and Qanun Banda Aceh No. 1 of 2017 on
Waste Management.

TABLE 2
Anonymous 2017 Sri Bebassari, Ratu Sampah Dibalik Lahirnya UU Pengelolaan Sampah di
Indonesia, Pusat Transformasi Kebijakan Publik (Transformasi) Retrieved from
http://www.transformasi.org/id/pusat-kajian/berita/252-tokoh-perubahan/2668-sri-bebassariratu-
sampah-dibalik-lahirnya-uu-pengelolaan-sampah-di-indonesia (Accessed: 18 December
2017)

Waste management is still a big challenge for the government of Banda Aceh. These challenges
include community awareness is still relatively low, especially the people who trading in the
market, the lack of garbage collection facilities, and the limited number of counselling workers
so that the campaign intensity is still relatively low .Several programs in the Banda Aceh Solid
Waste Management Masterplan since 2007 have been implemented, such as the introduction
of recycling of waste, the rehabilitation of the old TPA in KampungJawa, as well as the
construction of a new Sanitary Landfill in Aceh Besar district.

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Building capacity for community waste management in low- and
middle-income countries

The inaugural Global Waste Management Outlook (GWMO) tells the story of two worlds
(UNEP and ISWA, 2015; Wilson and Velis, 2015). In the Global North, we take for granted a
reliable and high quality solid waste management (SWM) service. To such an extent that it is
seldom recognised for what it is, as one of the essential utility services underpinning modern
society; and sitting alongside water supply and sewerage, electricity and gas, telephone and
broadband Internet, and transport. In the Global South, more than 3 billion people lack this
basic utility service – more than 2 billion have no waste collection service (either formal or
informal), and even wastes that are collected are simply dumped or burned. Without action,
this global waste crisis or emergency will grow – many African cities will double both their
population and their waste generation over the next 15–20 years. The local impacts are
devastating: on child health and development, on flooding and infectious diseases caused by
wastes blocking drains, and on both air pollution from open burning and water pollution from
leachate. But mismanaged solid wastes in developing countries has global consequences as
well, being the major source of plastics entering the oceans (Velis et al., 2017) and
contributing significantly to climate change.
However, it is not enough simply to wait for the international community to work with
national and local governments to solve the problem from the ‘top down’. There is a parallel
approach: Community waste management. We define this as: ‘waste management and
recycling practised by community based organisations, which could be in provincial towns,
villages, remote rural areas, small island communities or parts of cities in low and middle
income countries where there is no, or inadequate, municipal waste management service’
(Lenkiewicz and Webster, 2017). Put simply, the idea is to help communities in the poorest
countries, where the local authority often has no funds to provide a service, to tackle the
problem themselves through the resource value in the wastes. If, for example, food wastes or
plastics are kept separate, they can be turned into new, useful products. With simple tools and
the right knowledge, people can become self-employed recycling entrepreneurs, providing a
very valuable service for the health and wellbeing of their community, and the whole planet –
as well as reducing poverty and creating sustainable livelihoods. The GWMO (UNEP and
ISWA, 2015) showcased early examples of this approach, including work in Cameroon,
Nigeria and Uganda (GWMO, Box 4.27) facilitated by the UK livelihoods non-government
organization, Living Earth Foundation (2015); and Women Initiative The Gambia (GWMO,
Case Study 15), whose work has since been facilitated by the new waste industry charity
WasteAid UK.

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Influence of a community-based waste management system on
people’s behaviour and waste reduction

An investigation was carried out concerning the effects of Community BasedWaste

Management(CBWM) systems on people’s attitude toward waste management within
(Semarang City) Indonesia and the waste flow in areas with CBWM, in order to identify its
benefits and challenges. A questionnaire survey was performed in Bukit Kencana Jaya (BKJ)
where CBWM had been previously implemented, as well as three areas currently practicing
typical waste management: Graha Estetika (S1), Banteng Selatanarea (S2), and Genuk Sari
area (S3). The results indicated less occurrences of inappropriate waste handling behavior such
as backyard burning and throwing waste on the road side or into the river in BKJ, when
compared with other areas employing traditional waste management. The cross correlation
analysis showed a strong relationship between the income levels in areas S1 and S3 and
people’s willingness to separate their waste together with a close correlation between education
and willingness to cooperate in S3. From the waste flow analysis, it was found that a reduction
in the order of 33% could be achieved in household waste transported to landfill sites. In reality,
however, the overall amount of waste delivered to landfill sites has augmented due to increases
in collected waste. Compost market development and improvements in compost production are
necessary to further reduce landfill waste.
In this regard, this study focused on Community Based Waste Management (CBWM) systems
as the alternative approach to the typical MSW management techniques found in developing
countries. At the CBWM level, MSW are generally separated into organic waste and other
recyclable materials by households and the organic waste is composted by the residents group
(Parizeau et al., 2006; Medina, 2010). Many reports have shown the benefits of CBWM.
Typically, the compost generated by the community is considered as the organic fertilizer for
parks and other green areas (Pasang et al., 2007). This contributes to the reduction of organic
matter in landfill sites and to the increasing revenues byselling compost. Rathi (2006) studied
the impact of community participation in waste management in Mumbai and concluded that
the system is economically advantageous due to the separation of waste at source by the
community. Colon and Fawcett (2006) and Mongkolnchaiarunya (2005) reported that the
implementation of CBWM led to environmental improvements in residential areas. Regardless
of these benefits, CBWM is implemented in limited areas. In order to promote CBWM, it is
important for its effects on the community, such as resident’s level of environmental awareness
and their varying behaviors toward waste management and recycling as well as its
disadvantages to be recognized between stakeholders. However, there has been little published
scientific research on the effectiveness of CBWM. This study investigated residents’ level of
environmental awareness and their varying behaviors toward waste management and recycling.
Semarang city, Indonesia, has been chosen as the study area in this context. A questionnaire
survey was conducted in an area with a CBWM system in place and other areas without,to
compare resident behaviors. Influencing factors on people’s willingness to cooperate with
source separation were identified. Further to this, the waste flow in areas with CBWM was
estimated. Finally, the benefits and challenges of CBWM have been discussed to properly
promote CBWM. This study makes recommendations that could promote CBWM in
developing countries.

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The demographic compositions of respondents in each study area are shown in Table 2. The
number of answers collected in each area was thirty (collection rate is 60%), twenty six (52%),
twenty seven (54%) and thirty seven (74%) from BKJ, S1, S2 and S3 respectively. The average
number of family members was 4.53 per house, and the average age of respondents was 35.3
years (compared with the median age in Indonesia of 28.4 years). From the chi-square test of
independence, age distribution, as well as education and income levels were found to vary
between study areas. The results showed that S1, S2 and S3 are regarded as upper class, middle
class and lower class neighbourhoods respectively, according to the level of education and
income. In BKJ, income values were distributed across a wider spectrum when compared to
the other areas. In terms of the education level, approximately 40% of respondents in BKJ
completed tertiary education which is comparable to 37% of respondents in S2. 3.1.2.
Awareness of environmental and solid waste management issues In order to assess the varying
levels of environmental awareness between respondents from the different study areas,
respondents were asked to choose the top five environmental issues from a possible twelve,
and to score each one from 1 to 5 (with 5 rating the highest in importance). The score averages
for each issue were calculated and are shown in Fig. 2. Overall, the average score was 3.2. The
most important issue was identified to be global warming. There was no significant relationship
between the study areas. It was found that the high level of concern about global warming in
all of the study areas was due to recent TV programs on this subject. Air pollution was also one
of the main concerns in all study areas with an average score of 3.0. Concerns regarding waste
management scored third in all areas except BKJ. Similar to the level of concern relating to
global warming, no significant relationships were found between the areas and the scores. The
overall score average was 2.0. Although respondents in BKJ seemed to have less concerns with
regard to solid waste issues than those from other areas, no significant difference was detected
between BKJ and the other areas according to a t-test, which indicated a 5% statistical
significance.

Waste Management Model in Improving Local Economy

The aim of this study is to explain waste management model through waste bank and explain
how households increase their welfare through this model. The findings from this study can be
an alternative for other cities in other countries especially developing countries in overcoming
waste problems. This research is a descriptive qualitative research with the purpose to get an
explanation through in depth interview from stakeholders, households and waste bank
managers. The data is analysed using Huberman and Miles models and the process including
data reduction, data display, and verification. The result reveal that waste bank management
model not only beneficial in making a clean environment but also has an impact on local
economy by increasing the income of housewives around the waste bank. The community
expected more support from the government to improve the mechanism of waste bank and a
better pricing model for the waste.

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Community-based waste management approach is based on the concept of cooperatives. The
purpose of this approach is to make changes in the communal waste management, in terms of
source segregation, recovery of recyclable materials, and storage before collection
(Visvanathan, 2006). Under this approach, a community project can create a sense of belonging
and involve all members of the community to participate. In many projects, community
organizations have been established in the form of cooperatives (Singhirunnusorn et al., 2012).
Suryani (2014) defines community-based waste management as an approach to waste
management that is based on the active participation of the community. Government and other
agencies are just as motivator and facilitator. Douglas et al. (1994) stated that environmental
management requires facilitation and implementation of community-based efforts as a strategy
to empower and increase their access to environmental resources are important, especially land,
infrastructure, and services. Community-based waste management is very important because
the activities are performed by members of the community itself. They make decisions related
to their own lives. It would be more effective if tailored to local needs and priorities and their
capacity.
The approach in this study is a qualitative approach and describes the waste bank as a model
of managing waste to improve community economics. The survey consists of in-depth
interview and questionnaires while the observational method includes the close observation on
the object of research. The location of this research is in Malang Waste Bank. Samples are
taken at Malang Waste Bank and Diamond Waste Bank, Malang. We took samples in Malang
Waste Bank because it is the central waste bank in Malang, while the sampling took in
Diamond Waste Bank in Malang Regency with the rational that this place is currently initiated
waste bank. Interviews conducted directly with the respondent (manager of waste bank, the
customers and also the government) indepth interview about the phenomenon of research
assessed. we also distribute questionnaires to the respondents directly to determine the extent
of the application of the waste bank from the customer/community. The qualitative analysis of
data models used in this research is the analysis of the data developed by Miles and Huberman
(1984) performed with interactive models through the process of data reduction, display data,
and verification.
People get many benefit from the presence of this waste bank, in addition to make them earn
additional income, they are more excited about cleaning up the environment so that it has the
impact on the environment. Currently, waste is no longer something that is ugly and harmful
but has become something valuable that has economic value for local residents. Residents hope
that waste bank will continue to develop various mechanisms that is more favorable and expect
a better service and hope that the price of waste continue to rise or follow market prices so that
the spirit of the local people to continue to collect trash and maintain environmental hygiene
can be maintained or even increased rapidly. Socialization of waste bank is also expected to
continue to encourage more citizens to participate in collecting garbage and earn income from
the waste bank. Additional income is very important for the housewives mainly to help the
family economy because most local residents have a mediocre income and just enough to meet
their daily needs.
Waste Bank is an alternative model for waste management in an effort to reduce the waste
problem and improve the local economy. This management model involves the role of the
community/society in the joint participation in creating better local economy. Waste
management model emphasizes the active role of the community, both as a customer, waste

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bank managers and also driving community in improving the local economy. Public perception
of the Waste Bank management model is an alternative model to overcome the problems of
garbage and community empowerment. The majority of people benefit from this waste banks
though not too large but their impact is felt directly and their surroundings become clean and
green. The impact that obtained in the presence of waste bank is realized in synergy between
communities, waste banks and governments in realizing the government’s program and
community empowerment. With the synergy effect obtained by increasing the local economy,
a clean environment, and community empowerment through specific communities through a
craft that has an economic value.

References:
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Sampah di Indonesia, Pusat Transformasi Kebijakan Publik (Transformasi) Retrieved
from http://www.transformasi.org/id/pusat-kajian/berita/252-tokoh-perubahan/2668-sri-
bebassariratu-sampah-dibalik-lahirnya-uu-pengelolaan-sampah-di-indonesia (Accessed:
18 December 2017).
3. Africa PS 2010 Solid Waste Management in the World’s Cities in Solid Waste
Management in the World’s Cities: Water and Sanitation in the World’s Cities 2010 p 30
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andpermissions:sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav
5. Wulandari, Dwi & Utomo, Sugeng & Narmaditya, Bagus. (2017). Waste Bank: Waste
Management Model in Improving Local Economy. International Journal of Energy
Economics and Policy. 7. 36-41.
6. Agamuthu P, Fauziah SH, Khidzir KM, Noorazamimah AA. Sustainable waste
management– Asian perspectives. In: Proceedings of the international conference on
sustainable solid waste management; 2007. p. 15–26.

Report By:
Mahendra Singh Rawat(1RV20ME060)
Anay Halwasiya(1RV20ME018)
Abhishek Singh(1RV20ME004)

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