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Stat 101 (Reviewer)

This document provides an overview of statistical hypothesis testing and inferential statistics concepts covered in a STAT 101 course, including: 1) Hypothesis testing involves making statistical decisions using experimental data by considering the null hypothesis that any observed differences are due to chance and an alternative hypothesis that shows a real effect. 2) Tests for comparing means include the z-test for large samples and t-test for small samples, and involve calculating a test statistic and comparing it to critical values to determine if the null hypothesis can be rejected. 3) T-tests can be used to test differences between independent sample means or dependent/paired sample means within one group. 4) Pearson's correlation coefficient measures the strength and

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100 views5 pages

Stat 101 (Reviewer)

This document provides an overview of statistical hypothesis testing and inferential statistics concepts covered in a STAT 101 course, including: 1) Hypothesis testing involves making statistical decisions using experimental data by considering the null hypothesis that any observed differences are due to chance and an alternative hypothesis that shows a real effect. 2) Tests for comparing means include the z-test for large samples and t-test for small samples, and involve calculating a test statistic and comparing it to critical values to determine if the null hypothesis can be rejected. 3) T-tests can be used to test differences between independent sample means or dependent/paired sample means within one group. 4) Pearson's correlation coefficient measures the strength and

Uploaded by

ninja ni ashley de sagun
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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STAT 101: Statistical Analysis with Software Application

LESSON 4: INTRODUCTION TO INFERENTIAL TESTS ON COMPARISON OF MEANS


STATISTICS – HYPOTHESIS TESTING • Z Test – used when n ≥ 30

z=
√ n(x−μ)
HYPOTHESIS TESTING – statistical method that is used σ
on making statistical decisions using experimental • T Test – used when n < 30 ( df= n-1 )
data. √ n( x−μ)
t=
s
STATISTICAL HYPOTHESIS – a conjecture about the
population parameter
• NULL HYPOTHESIS (HO) – statistical
hypothesis testing that assumes that the
observation is due to a chance factor.
• ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS (HA) – shows that
the observation are the results of a real effect.

LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE (α) – degree of significance in


which one accept or reject the null hypothesis.
• CRITICAL VALUE - value that separates the
critical region from the non-critical region
• CRITICAL/REJECTION REGION - range of
values of the test value that indicates that
there is significant difference

• ONE-TAILED/ONE-SIDED TEST
Ha: μ1 > μ2 or μ1 < μ2
• TWO-TAILED/TWO-SIDED TEST
Ha: μ1 ≠ μ2

• TYPE I ERROR - rejecting Ho when it is true


• TYPE II ERROR - accepting Ho when it is false

STEPS IN HYPOTHESIS
• State the null (Ho) and alternative (Ha)
hypothesis.
• Choose the level of significance (α) and
sample size (n).
• Determine the test statistics.
• State the rejection region and critical value.
• Collect the data and compute the value.
• Make a statistical decision.
• State the conclusion.

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STAT 101: Statistical Analysis with Software Application

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STAT 101: Statistical Analysis with Software Application

LESSON 5: HYPOTHESIS TESTING: T-TEST ON


INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT SAMPLES

T-TEST ON TWO INDEPENDENT SAMPLES


 Determines whether there is a statistically
significant difference between the means in
two unrelated groups.

T-

TEST ON DEPENDENT/PAIRED SAMPLES


 Used when the observations or cases in one
sample are linked with the cases in the other
sample.

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STAT 101: Statistical Analysis with Software Application

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STAT 101: Statistical Analysis with Software Application

LESSON 6: PEARSON PRODUCT CORRELATION

LINEAR CORRELATION
 A correlation is a relationship or association
between two variables.
DIRECT OR POSITIVE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TWO
VARIABLES
 an increase in value of one of the variables
corresponds to increase in the value of the
other variable.
INDIRECT OR NEGATIVE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
TWO VARIABLES
 an increase in value of one of the variables
corresponds to decrease in the value of the
other variable
ZERO RELATIONSHIP EXISTS BETWEEN TWO
VARIABLES
 if an increase in one is not accompanied by
either an increase or decrease in another.

PEARSON PRODUCT CORRELATION COEFFICIENT


 (Pearson’s correlation, for short) is a measure
of the strength and direction of association
that exists between two variables measured
on at least an interval scale.

TESTING FOR THE SIGNIFICANCE OF PEARSON R:

INTERPRETATION OF CORRELATION COEFFICIENT


CORRELATION
INTERPRETATION
COEFFICIENT
±𝟏. 𝟎𝟎 Perfect Correlation
±𝟎. 𝟕𝟔 to ±𝟎. 𝟗𝟗 Very High Correlation
±𝟎. 𝟓𝟏 to ±𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 High Correlation
Moderately Small
±𝟎. 𝟐𝟔 to ±𝟎. 𝟓𝟎
Correlation
±𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 to ±𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 Very Small Correlation
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎 No Correlation

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