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UNIT – 1

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MS WINDOWS
Microsoft Windows, also called Windows and Windows OS, computer operating
system (OS) developed by Microsoft Corporation to run personal computers (PCs). Featuring
the first graphical user interface (GUI) for IBM-compatible PCs, the Windows OS soon
dominated the PC market. Approximately 90 percent of PCs run some version of Windows.

The first version of Windows, released in 1985, was simply a GUI offered as an extension of
Microsoft’s existing disk operating system, or MS-DOS. Based in part on licensed concepts
that Apple Inc. had used for its Macintosh System Software, Windows for the first time
allowed DOS users to visually navigate a virtual desktop, opening graphical “windows”
displaying the contents of electronic folders and files with the click of a mouse button, rather
than typing commands and directory paths at a text prompt.

Subsequent versions introduced greater functionality, including native Windows File

Manager, Program Manager, and Print Manager programs, and a more dynamic interface.
Microsoft also developed specialized Windows packages, including the networkable
Windows for Workgroups and the high-powered Windows NT, aimed at businesses. The
1995 consumer release Windows 95 fully integrated Windows and DOS and offered built-
in Internet support, including the World Wide Web browser Internet Explorer.

With the 2001 release of Windows XP, Microsoft united its various Windows packages under
a single banner, offering multiple editions for consumers, businesses, multimedia developers,
and others. Windows XP abandoned the long-used Windows 95 kernel (core software code)

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for a more powerful code base and offered a more practical interface and improved
application and memory management. The highly successful XP standard was succeeded in
late 2006 by Windows Vista, which experienced a troubled rollout and met with considerable
marketplace resistance, quickly acquiring a reputation for being a large, slow, and resource-
consuming system. Responding to Vista’s disappointing adoption rate, Microsoft in 2009
released Windows 7, an OS whose interface was similar to that of Vista but was met with
enthusiasm for its noticeable speed improvement and its modest system requirements.

In a nutshell, below is how Microsoft windows evolved over time:

 Windows 1.0 – Nov 1985
 Windows 2.0 – Dec 1987
 Windows 3.0 – May 1990
 Windows 95 – Aug 1995
 Windows 98 – June 1998
 Windows ME – Sep 2000
 Windows XP – Oct 2001
 Windows Vista – Nov 2006
 Windows 7 – July 2009
 Windows 8.0 – Oct 2012
 Windows 8.1 – Oct 2013
 Windows 10 – July 2015

Main Components of Windows

After learning about the Introduction to Windows, we are now going to study about the main
components of Windows. The main components of the Windows Operating System are the
following:
 Configuration and maintenance
 User interface
 Applications and utilities
 Windows Server components
 File systems
 Core components
 Services
 DirectX

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 Networking
 Scripting and command-line
 Kernel
 NET Framework
 Security
 Deprecated components and apps
 APIs

When coming to GUI components, we have the following as the main components:
 Desktop
It is the very first screen that you will see once the windows start. Here you will see “My
Computer”, “My Documents”, “Start Menu”, “Recycle Bin”, and the shortcuts of any
applications that you might have created.
 Popular Course in this category
 Taskbar
At the bottom, you will see a row which is known as the taskbar. It has the currently running
applications, you can also pin applications that you frequently use by using an option Pin to
Taskbar”.
 Start Menu

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This is located in the bottom left corner of Windows OS GUI. This is the place where the
user can search for any setting and for any application for their use. Users can uninstall or
repair applications from the control panel. The user can do a lot of activities just by searching
through the start menu.
 My Computer
When you double click on “My Computer” menu, it will let you navigate between your
different computer drives and the control panel tools. You can see and manage the contents
that are inside your drive.
 Recycle Bin
When you delete an item from any of your drives by making use of “delete” button or even
by simply clicking right clicking and selecting “delete” option, it is not deleted completely,
instead, it is moved to “Recycle Bin” folder of Windows. You can recover your content if
you have deleted it by mistake from here or if you choose to delete the items from here, it
will get deleted permanently. Should you wish to delete the item in first go itself without
moving it to recycle bin, you can use the key “Shift+Del”

Features of Windows
 Windows Search: We can have numerous files and contents located on our system
and sometimes we may run out of memory about the exact location of our file.
Windows Search is a search function included with Windows that allows the user to
search their entire computer
 Windows File Transfer: We may have the need to transfer in or transfer out the files
and contents from our machine to other devices such as other computers or mobiles
and tablets. We can do this by using an Easy Transfer Cable, CDs or DVDs, a USB
flash drive, wireless Bluetooth, a network folder, or an external hard disk.
 Windows Updates: Windows includes an automatic update feature with the intended
purpose of keeping its operating system safe and up-to-date.
 Windows taskbar: At the bottom most part of your windows, you will see a row which
is known as the taskbar. It has the currently running applications, you can also pin
applications that you frequently use by using an option Pin to Taskbar”. The taskbar is
the main navigation tool for Windows
 Remote Desktop Connection: This feature of windows allows you to connect to
another system and work remotely on another system.

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Windows Applications

A program that is written to run under MS operating System is the Windows Application.
Examples of applications that run on Windows OS are the Microsoft Outlook, Internet
Explorer, Remote Desktop Condition, Snipping Tool, and numerous others.
These applications provide great functionality for users to do their day to day activities.
Every application that is developed, for them to launch on windows, should be compatible
with the Windows operating system. That is why when you install a software, you might be
seeing two or three download option, download for Windows, download for Linux and
download for iOS.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Windows

After going through all the components, Features and the wide Introduction to Windows, we
are going to explore the advantages and disadvantages of Windows
Advantages
Let us see some advantages:
 Desktop as well as tablet-friendly OS
 Switch between applications is very easy
 Not much technical knowledge is required to operate windows
 Windows OS is the dominant OS and enjoys more than 90% of Market share
 MS OS have a great support community and it also has the largest number of
applications
 Microsoft provides a powerful set of Enterprise focused Operating System,
Applications and the services making it the most dominant player in the OS market.
 More gaming

Disadvantages
There are privacy and security concerns and incidents and they are widespread. Linux OS is
by far most secure OS ever built.
 Cost for upgrade
 Windows OS attracts a large number of virus programs due to its largest market share
and easy to breach paradigm
 Windows OS is not that much of touch-friendly

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MS OFFICE
Introduction to Microsoft Office Software
• Microsoft Office is a set of computer applications mainly used for
business or office purposes. First introduced in 1990, Office
software is made by the Microsoft Corporation.
• Microsoft has developed multiple versions of Office that can be
supported by different operating systems, including Windows,
Linux, and macOS. Microsoft Office is also offered in 35 different
languages.
• MS Office helps simplify basic office tasks and improve work
productivity. Each application is designed to address specific tasks,
such as word processing, data management, making presentations
and organizing emails.
•
 Features of MS Office
• Simultaneous Collaboration
This feature allows you to collaborate in real time with your colleagues and staff and
is available through Microsoft Word and PowerPoint Presentations. Simultaneous
Collaboration seamlessly shows what each team member is doing on the document. It
is important to note that while PowerPoint is compatible with Simultaneous
Collaboration, real-time typing is not yet available in PowerPoint presentations.

• Simple Sharing
Sharing documents should be easy. Microsoft Office new feature offers
straightforward document sharing with a simple share button. This button is in the
ribbon in Microsoft Word, Excel and PowerPoint. Now your team members can not
only quickly share documents, spreadsheets, and presentations but it also allows you
to access and change permissions. It is essential to note that co-authored files must be
shared through SharePoint or OneDrive.

• Share Large Files As A URL

Large files are no longer a stalling point for businesses. Now if you need to share a
large file you can quickly do so with OneDrive, by sending it as a private URL. This

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saves you a significant amount of time, as you no longer have to wait for the file to
upload. Additionally, the recipient no longer has to wait for the file to download. Any
large files that are attached to an email will automatically convert to a link that the
recipient can then open or download.

• Helpful Versioning
No one is perfect. Sometimes you delete a section of a document, or accidentally
change the formatting, which is where versioning comes into play. You can hastily
revert the document to a previous version by clicking on File > History to view and
select from a list of all prior versions. Additionally, it is beneficial to view various
versions when you are tracking changes in drafts. While this isn’t a new feature, it is
newly improved. Microsoft knows how important this feature is, so they have worked
to ensure that this feature functions more efficiently each time.

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Microsoft Word

Introduction
Microsoft word is an application software developed by Microsoft Inc. Microsoft is an
American multinational technology company. It is word processing software. Microsoft
Word is used to create, edit, print, and share professional-looking documents such as
applications, forms, templates, business cards, letters, paper, reports, and booklets by using
Microsoft Word.
You need to install Microsoft office to use Microsoft Word on PC or you can install it
separately too. Although you can use Microsoft word online for that, you need to create a
Microsoft account on live.in or outlook. After that, you can access Microsoft word online by
choosing the best-suited plan.

You can buy office 365 for official works, in which all the powerful applications are included
such as Microsoft Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Outlook, etc. in one complete package.

Let’s take a look at functional bars in Microsoft Word.

Title Bar: – The title bar is on the top of the window when you open a Microsoft Word
application. The title bar contains opened application name (Microsoft Word in this case), by
default file name (document1) in the centre, control buttons (close, maximize, minimize) on
the right side, and quick access tools (word logo, save, undo-redo function) on the left side.
Menu Bar: – Menu bar contains all the menus such as File, Home, and Insert, Page Layout,
etc. These menus and functions are tools that are used to create all kinds of professional-
looking documents in Microsoft Word.

Standard Formatting Bar (Sub Menu): – These are the category of functions and features
dived under Menus according to their use. Such as under Home Menu, you can find Clip
Board, Font, Paragraph, etc. which are subcategories of Main Menu Bar.

Ruler Bar: – Ruler bar is most important to understand. A rule bar is used to align the
document. You can set margin and paragraph spaces by using it. You can find the left indent,
the right indent in the ruler bar. This is used to align the documents, page margins so when
you print the document it will look professional. There are two rule bars in Microsoft Word,
one is on the top of the white page (typing area) and the second is on the left side.

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Scrolling Bar: – Scrollbar is used to scroll the page up/down and right/left when page zoom is
high or low. There are two scrolling bars. One is the horizontal bar and the second one is the
vertical scrolling bar.

Status Bar: – The Status bar showcase page number, total words, selected words, etc. Its main
work is the display the status of the page. You can find the spelling and grammatical
proofreading option in the right after page number and words. And on the right side of the
status bar, there are page views, zooming options.

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Step 1:- In a blank Microsoft Word document click on the Mailings tab, and in the start Mail
group click start Mail Merge.

Step:- 2 Click step by step mail merge wizard.

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Step:-3 Select your document type; example : letter

Step:- 4 Select the starting document. In this example we will use the current document.
Select use the current document and then click next

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Step:- 5 Select recipients. In this example we will create a new list, so select type a new list
and then click create

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Step:- 6 Write your letter and add custom fields.

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Step:-7 Now click to Preview your Letters

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Microsoft PowerPoint
Introduction
Microsoft PowerPoint is a software product used to perform computer-based presentations.
There are various circumstances in which a presentation is made: teaching a class,
introducing a product to sell, explaining an organizational structure, etc.

There are two main kinds of presentations you can deliver: before an audience or not. The
preparation and the actual delivery of each are quite different. Before getting into the details
of each, we will first take a look at the software and analyze what it has to offer.
Starting Microsoft PowerPoint

To use Microsoft PowerPoint, you must first open it:

One way you can open Microsoft PowerPoint by clicking Start -> (All) Programs ->
Microsoft Office -> Microsoft Office PowerPoint
• Sometimes somebody may send you a Microsoft PowerPoint presentation as an Email
attachment, a file on a floppy disk, or a file on the network, etc. The file is usually
represented by a Microsoft PowerPoint icon. You can double-click the icon to launch
Microsoft PowerPoint and immediately open the presentation.

• You can open Microsoft PowerPoint using a shortcut. If you happen to use the
software on a regular basis, you can create a shortcut on your desktop or on the Quick
Launch area. Many users also take advantage of the Microsoft Office Shortcut Bar.
Sometimes, the icon you need will not be there; in that case you should insert it
manually.

• If you are working on a network of related computers, a presentation may be located

in another computer. Once you locate the computer or the folder on the network and
you see the Microsoft PowerPoint icon, you can double-click it. This would open the
application and the presentation. The network administrator can also create a link or
shortcut to the drive that is hosting the presentation. You can then click or double-
click this link or shortcut to open the presentation and, as a result, launch Microsoft
PowerPoint.

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Using a Microsoft PowerPoint Shortcut

If you use Microsoft PowerPoint on a regular basis, you should have an icon on the desktop
that can lead you to it quickly. This icon is called a shortcut. There are various techniques
used to create a shortcut. Probably the first thing you should find out is where your
application is located. You can find out by doing a search on the computer. You can create a
shortcut from the Programs menu.
By default, the shortcuts for Microsoft Office 2003 applications are located in the C:\Program
Files\Microsoft Office\Office11 folder. The icon for Microsoft PowerPoint 2003 is called
POWERPNT.
To create a shortcut from Windows Explorer or My Computer, you can right-click the
Microsoft PowerPoint icon, position your mouse on Send To and click Desktop (Create
Shortcut).

Basis of Presentation:
Choose a theme
When you start a new presentation PowerPoint, you’ll have the opportunity to choose a
theme or template. A theme is a slide design that contains matching colors, fonts, and special
effects like shadows, reflections, and more.
1. On the File tab, select New, and then, under Available Templates and Themes,
choose Themes.
As you click each theme, PowerPoint shows you a preview on the right side.
2. When you find the one you want, click Create.

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Read more: Use or create themes in PowerPoint

Insert a new slide
 On the Home tab, click the bottom half of New Slide, and pick a slide layout.

Read more: Add, rearrange, and delete slides.

Save your presentation
1. On the File tab, choose Save.
2. In the File name box, type a name for your presentation, and then choose Save.
Tip: Save your work as you go. Press Ctrl+S often.
Read more: Save your presentation file
Add text
Select a text placeholder, and begin typing.

Format your text

1. Select the text.
2. Under Drawing Tools, choose Format.

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3. Do one of the following:

 To change the color of your text, choose Text Fill, and then choose a color.
 To change the outline color of your text, choose Text Outline, and then choose a color.
 To apply a shadow, reflection, glow, bevel, 3-D rotation, a transform, choose Text Effects,
and then choose the effect you want.
Read more:
 Change the fonts
 Change the color of text on a slide
 Add bullets or numbers to text
 Format text as superscript or subscript
Add pictures
1. On the Insert tab, choose Picture.
2. Browse for the picture you want, and then choose Insert.
Add shapes
You can add shapes to illustrate your slide. 
1. On the Insert tab, select Shapes, and then select a shape from the menu that appears.
2. In the slide area, click and drag to draw the shape.
3. Select the Drawing Tools Format tab on the ribbon. Open the Shape Styles gallery to quickly
add a color and style (including shading) to the selected shape.

Add speaker notes

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Slides are best when you don’t cram in too much information. You can put helpful facts and
notes in the speaker notes, and refer to them as you present. In Normal view, the Notes pane
is located just below the slide view window.
1. On the View tab, in the Presentation Views group, click Normal.
2. Click inside the Notes pane below the slide, and begin typing your notes.

Give your presentation

On the Slide Show tab, do one of the following:
 To start the presentation at the first slide, in the Start Slide Show group, click From
Beginning.

 If you’re not at the first slide and want to start from where you are, click From Current Slide.
 If you need to present to people who are not where you are, click Broadcast Slide Show to set
up a presentation on the web. To learn more, see Broadcast your PowerPoint presentation to a
remote audience.

Get out of Slide Show view

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To get out of Slide Show view at any time, on the keyboard, press Esc.
Tips for creating an effective presentation
Consider the following tips to keep your audience interested.
Minimize the number of slides
To maintain a clear message and to keep your audience attentive and interested, keep the
number of slides in your presentation to a minimum.
Choose an audience-friendly font size

The audience must be able to read your slides from a distance. Generally speaking, a font size
smaller than 30 might be too difficult for the audience to see.
Keep your slide text simple
You want your audience to listen to you present your information, instead of reading the
screen. Use bullets or short sentences, and try to keep each item to one line.
Some projectors crop slides at the edges, so that long sentences might be cropped.

Use visuals to help express your message

Pictures, charts, graphs, and SmartArt graphics provide visual cues for your audience to
remember. Add meaningful art to complement the text and messaging on your slides.
As with text, however, avoid including too many visual aids on your slide.
Make labels for charts and graphs understandable
Use only enough text to make label elements in a chart or graph comprehensible.
Apply subtle, consistent slide backgrounds

Choose an appealing, consistent template or theme that is not too eye-catching. You don't
want the background or design to detract from your message.

However, you also want to provide a contrast between the background color and text color.
The built-in themes in PowerPoint set the contrast between a light background with dark
colored text or dark background with light colored text.

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MS EXCEL
A software program created by Microsoft that uses spreadsheets to organize numbers and
data with formulas and functions. Excel analysis is ubiquitous around the world and used by
businesses of all sizes to perform financial analysis.
What is Excel used for?
Excel is typically used to organize data and perform financial analysis. It is used across all
business functions and at companies from small to large.
The main uses of Excel include:
• Data entry
• Data management
• Accounting
• Financial analysis
• Charting and graphing
• Programming
• Time management
• Task management
• Financial modelling what is Financial Modelling Financial modelling is performed in
Excel to forecast a company's financial performance. Overview of what is financial
modelling, how & why to build a model.
• Customer relationship management (CRM)
• Almost anything that needs to be organized.

Data functions, formulas, and shortcuts

The Excel software program includes many functions, formulas, and shortcuts that can be
used to enhance its functionality. We have defined the key functions and formulas below in
our Excel guide:
• Free Guide: Excel shortcuts, functions and definitions Excel Shortcuts PC MacExcel
Shortcuts - List of the most important & common MS Excel shortcuts for PC & Mac users,
finance, accounting professions. Keyboard shortcuts speed up your modelling skills
and save time. Learn editing, formatting, navigation, ribbon, paste special, data
manipulation, formula and cell editing, and other shortcuts.

• Excel Shortcuts PC MacExcel Shortcuts - List of the most important & common MS
Excel shortcuts for PC & Mac users, finance, accounting professions. Keyboard

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shortcuts speed up your modelling skills and save time. Learn editing, formatting,
navigation, ribbon, paste special, data manipulation, formula and cell editing, and
other shortcuts.

Financial and accounting uses

Excel is used extensively in finance and accounting functions. In fact, many organizations
run their entire budgeting, forecasting, and accounting functions entirely out of Excel
spreadsheets.
While Excel is defined as a “data” management tool, the data that is most commonly
managed is financial. At CFI, we would define Excel as the ultimate financial software.
While there are other pieces of financial software that are tailored toward performing specific
tasks, the strongest point about Excel is its robustness and openness. Excel models are as
powerful as the analyst wishes them to be.

Excel 2016 Basics

1 Getting Started with ExcelLearn your way around the Excel 2016 environment.
2 Understanding OneDriveLearn all about working with your Microsoft account and
OneDrive.
3 Creating and Opening WorkbooksLearn how to create and open Excel workbooks.

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4 Saving and Sharing WorkbooksLearn how to save and share Excel workbooks. Working
with Cells and Sheets
5 Cell BasicsLearn how to insert and delete cells and cell content, drag and drop cells, use the
fill handle, and use the cut, copy, and paste functions.
6 Modifying Columns, Rows, and CellsLearn how to modify rows, columns, and cells in
Excel.
7 Formatting CellsLearn all about formatting text in Excel.
8 Understanding Number FormatsLearn all about formatting numbers in Excel.
9 Working with Multiple WorksheetsLearn how to add, delete, copy, and move worksheets,
as well as group and ungroup worksheets.
10 Using Find & ReplaceLearn how to use Excel's Find and Replace features to search for
specific data.
11 Checking SpellingLearn how to use Excel's spell check feature.
12 Page Layout and PrintingLearn how to use Excel commands that let you control the way
your content will appear on a printed page.

Formulas and Functions

13 Intro to FormulasLearn how to use cell references to create a simple formula in Excel.
14 Creating More Complex FormulasLearn how to create a complex formula in Excel.
15 Relative and Absolute Cell References Learn all about absolute and relative cell references
and how they're used in Excel.
16 FunctionsLearn the different parts of a function and how to create arguments to calculate
values and cell references.

Working with Data

17 Basic Tips for Working with Data Learn these basic tips for working with data to help you
organize it and find what you need.
18 Freezing Panes and View OptionsLearn how to freeze panes and split your worksheet so
you're only seeing certain parts of your worksheet.
19 Sorting DataLearn how to sort data to better view and organize the contents of your
spreadsheet.
20 Filtering DataLearn how to filter the data in your worksheet to display only the
information you need.

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21 Groups and SubtotalsLearn how to organize data in groups, summarize different groups
using the Subtotal command, and create an outline for your worksheet.
22 TablesLearn how to use styles to format tables in Excel.
23 ChartsLearn how to insert and modify Excel charts to visualize comparisons in your data.
24 Conditional FormattingLearn how to apply, modify, and delete conditional formatting
rules in Excel.

Doing More with Excel

25 Track Changes and CommentsLearn how to use Excel's track changes and comments
features when proofreading workbooks.
26 Inspecting and Protecting WorkbooksLearn how to inspect and protect your Excel
workbook.
27 Intro to PivotTablesLearn how to use PivotTables in Excel for stronger data analysis.
28 Doing More with PivotTablesLearn how to do more with PivotTables in Excel to better
summarize data.
29 What-if AnalysisLearn how to use what-if analysis to answer different types of questions.

Extras
30 Buying Office 2016If you're considering purchasing Office 2016, learn about some
important changes you should know about.
31 New Features in Office 2016Discover some of the new features in Office 2016.
32 What are Reference Styles?Learn all about using reference styles in Excel.
33 More ResourcesThese free resources can help you better work with and manipulate data in
Excel.

Accountants, investment bankers, analysts, and people in all types of financial career paths
rely on excel to perform their daily job functions.

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UNIT – 2

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INTERNET
Internet is a system that interconnects the different computer systems across the world. It
uses the Internet protocol suite to link devices located in different corners of the world.
The Internet system carries an extensive range of information resources and services
including World Wide Web (WWW), telephony, electronic mail, etc. It uses standard
internet protocols, such as TCP/IP and HTTP, etc.

An internal web comprises of all Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) nodes on a private
network; for example, an organization’s LAN or WAN.
Features of Internet
Let us now discuss the features of Internet. The features are described below −
Accessibility
An Internet is a global service and accessible to all. Today, people located in a remote part
of an island or interior of Africa can also use Internet.
Easy to Use
The software, which is used to access the Internet (web browser), is designed very simple;
therefore, it can be easily learned and used. It is easy to develop.
Interaction with Other Media
Internet service has a high degree of interaction with other media. For example, News and
other magazine, publishing houses have extended their business with the help of Internet
services.
Low Cost
The development and maintenance cost of Internet service are comparatively low.
Extension of Existing IT Technology
This facilitates the sharing of IT technology by multiple users in organizations and even
facilitates other trading partners to use.
Flexibility of Communication
Communication through Internet is flexible enough. It facilitates communication through
text, voice, and video too. These services can be availed at both organizational and
individual levels.
Security
Last but not the least, Internet facility has to a certain extent helped the security system both
at the individual and national level with components such as CCTV camera, etc.

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Internet Software
Internet Software comprises of all the tools needed for networking through computer.
Following are a few important components of the Internet Software −
 Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
 Dialer Software
 Interment Browser
Internet Applications
Internet applications are server-based applications. Following are a few Internet
Applications −
 World Wide Web (WWW)
 Electronic mail (e-mail)
 File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
 Telnet (i.e., log-in to the computer located remotely)
 Internet Relay Chat (IRC) (Real time video chatting)

The Internet is a worldwide network of computers. It is an interconnection of large and small

networks around the globe. The internet is one of the most powerful communications tools. It
empowers its users with instantaneous access to a huge pool of data, tools and the
information to accomplish many different tasks. The Internet is used for business and
pleasure alike. Here, we discuss the main defining characteristics of the internet.
An intranet is a computer network that uses Internet Protocol technology to share
information, operational systems, or computing services within an organization. The term is
used in contrast to the internet, a network between organizations, and instead refers to a

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network within an organization. The objective is to organize each individual’s desktop with
minimal cost, time and effort to be more productive, cost-efficient, timely, and competitive.
It is a large computer network linking smaller computer networks worldwide. This network
allows information to be transferred between computers and allows anyone with access to the
Internet to find information from millions of different sources around the world. The Internet
is a vast source of information that is constantly changing and expanding.
Major Features of the Internet:
 Internet is a network of networks
There are several layers and modes of communications among the layers. Hence, some
standards have been raised to allow a proper level of communication across networks.
However, these standards do not restrict the access of information to a particular location.
The information flows freely across the networks in a standardized manner.
 Flexibility
Another remarkable feature of the Internet is Flexibility on the transfer of the data. Internet is
basically a network that carries information in digital form in the majority of the’ cases
instead of voice information in analog form.
 Ubiquitous
Internet connections are not fixed from point to point for the duration of the Data sent over
the internet is in the form of packets. It transmits a small part of the data, verifies it is correct
and then sends more information toward the destination. Internet does not require all of the
information to be delivered through the same path at the same time. Available everywhere at
any time. Reduces transaction cost. Shopping can be done easily.
 Client-server architecture
The internet follows a client-server architecture. A server is a computer loaded with a
software package that provides requested information to clients. A client is a software
program that contacts a server and requests information.
 Readily accessible customers
When it comes to affiliate marketing, this is one of the most admired business models.
Affiliate marketing entails selling a product or service developed by one person or entity by
third parties. The other parties engaged in the sale of these goods or services earn a share of
profit in this. The business owner provides marketing collateral such as banners, affiliate
links, sales letters, etc.
 Internet marketing tools

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Internet marketing tools are necessary for any online business. These tools include enormous
features that will not only take your marketing techniques to a diverse level but also make the
supervision of sites and simple procedure which will ultimately lead to high search Engine
rankings. These dissimilar tools that can be of use include SEO (Search Engine
Optimization), email marketing, SEM (Search Engine Marketing) and another medium as
banner advertisements, etc.
Major Features of the Internet:
1. The world wide web.
2. E-mail.
3. News
4. Telnet
5. File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
6. Internet Relay Chat (IRC)
The World Wide Web
 The World wide web is a part of the internet, which supports hypertext documents,
allowing users to view and nevigate different types of data.
 A web page is a document encoded with hypertext markup language (HTML) tags.
 HTML allows designers to link content together via hyperlinks.
 Every web page has an address ,a uniform resource locator (URL).
E-mail
 Electronic mail (e-mail) is the most popular reason people use the Internet.
 To create, send, and receive e-mail messages you need an e-mail program and an
account on an Internet mail server with a domain name.
 To use e-mail, a user must have an e-mail address, which you create by adding your
user name to the e-mail create by adding your user name to the e-mail server’s
domain name, as in [email protected].
News.
 One Internet based service called news, includes tens of thousands of newsgroups.
 Each newsgroup hosts discussions on a specific topic. A newsgroups a some indicated
its users special topic of interest, such as alt.food.cake.
 To participate in a newsgroup, you need a news-reader program hat.left you read
articles that have been posted on a news server. You can post articles for others to
read and respond to.
Telnet

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 Telnet is a specialized service that lets you use one computer to access the contents of
another computer a telnet host.
 A telnet program creates a “ Window” into the host so you can access files, issue
commands, and exchange data.
 Telnet is widely used by libraries to allow visitors to look up information, find articles
and so on.
File transfer protocol
 File Transfer protocol (FTP) is the internet tool used to copy files from one computer
to another.
 Using a special FTP program or a web browser, you can log into an ETP host
Computer over the internet and copy files on to your computer.
 FTP is handy for finding and copying software files, articles and other types of data.
Universities and software companies use FTP servers to provide visitors with access
to data.
Internet Relay chat (IRC)
 Internet Relay chat (IRC) is a service that allows users to communicate in real time by
typing text in a special window.
 Like news, there are hundreds of IRC “channel” each devoted to a subject or user
group.
 You can use a special IRC program to participate in chat room discussions but many
chat rooms are set up in web sites, enabling visitors to chat directly in their browser
window.

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Classification Modes of Computers:

We see many Computers nearby, But they all are different from each other. In this article, we
are going to know about the basics and classification of computers which included all the
different types of computers.

There are different classes of computer technology available these days. The functionality
and data processing of each type of computer is different and output results as well.

However, the methods or techniques, Size, capacity, characteristics, and data handling of the
data of each computer may be different too. Let’s Get to Know the “What are the
Classifications of Computers System“:-

Classification of Computers
We can classify the computers into the following 3 categories:
Classifications of Computers System:-
On the Basis of Size and Capacity, [Supercomputer, Mainframe, Mini, and Micro Computer].
On the Basis of Purposes, [General and Special Purpose].
On the Basis of Hardware Design and Type [Analog, Digital, and Hybrid Computer]. 

Computers on the Basis of Size and Capacity

1. Super Computer
2. Mainframe Computer
3. Mini Computer
4. Micro Computer

Computers on the Basis Purpose

1. General Purpose
2. Special Purpose

Computers on the Basis of Hardware Design and Data Handling.

1. Analog Computer
2. Digital Computer
3. Hybrid Computer

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Computers on the Basis of Size and Capacity

1. SuperComputer
A Supercomputer is the very fastest and powerful, and expensive type of computer for
processing data. Supercomputers’ size and storage capacity are also huge (can occupy huge
premises) designed to process vast amounts of data in a short time with high productivity.

These are specially made to perform multi-specific tasks. Therefore, many CPUs work in
parallel order on these supercomputers. This function of a Supercomputer is called
Multiprocessing or Parallel Processing.

A supercomputer’s design is complicated, like it can be heterogeneous, combining computers

of different architectures, is significantly surpassed most existing personal computers. This
made this machine an ultra-high-performance supercomputer.

Each part of a supercomputer is responsible for its own specific task, such as structuring and
solving the most complex problems requiring an incredible amount of calculations.

Applications: The uses of supercomputers are dedicated to –

In research and study of energy and nuclear weapons and designing the aircraft, airplanes,
and flight simulators.
Climate research and Weather Forecasting and Prediction of Natural Disasters.
Spaceship and Satellite Launching.
Used in scientific research laboratories.
Used in Chemical and Biological research and for highly calculation complex tasks.
Examples: IBM Roadburner, IBM Blue Gene, Intel ASI Red. PARAM-1000, and CRAY-
XMP-14.
Good to Know ~ World’s first supercomputer is the Control Data Corporation (CDC)
6600 invented by Seymour Cray.
2. Mainframe Computer
Mainframe computers are multi-programming, high-performance computers, and multi-user,
which means it can handle the workload of more than 100 users at a time on the computer.
The storage capacity of the mainframe is enormous, with a high-speed data process as well.
As well as handling hundreds of input and output devices at a time.

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The mainframe is a highly efficient computer capable of simultaneously solving complex

calculations and continuously for a long time. These computers have several microprocessors
that have the ability to function the data at too high performance and speed.

The mainframe is ahead of our conventional modern Personal computers in almost every
metric. The possibility of their “hot” replacement in the mainframe computer ensures
continuity of operation. And the standard amount of processor utilization effortlessly exceeds
85% of the total power.

Somehow mainframes can be more powerful than supercomputers because the mainframe
supports many processes simultaneously. On the other hand, supercomputers can run a single
program but faster than a mainframe. In the past, Mainframes requires entire rooms or even
floors of whole buildings for set up.
In today, IBM company is leading the production of mainframe computers.
Mainframe reliability is increased with development in the past 60 years. These computers
can fix most of the hardware and software bugs.

Applications: Uses of Mainframe Computer –

Mainframe computers are mainly used by departmental and commercial organizations like
Banks, Companies, Scientific research centers, and governmental departments like railways.
These computers can work for 24 hours. Hundreds of users can work on these computations
simultaneously.

Using the mainframe completes the tasks, Such as keeping details of payments, research
centers, advertising, sending bills and notices, paying employees, ticket booking, maintaining
details of purchases by users, keeping detailed tax details, etc.
Examples: IBM Es000 series, ICL39 Series, and CDC 6600.

3. Mini Computer
Minicomputer is a digital and multi-user computer system with the connection of more than
one CPU. Thus, many people can work on these computers simultaneously instead of a single
person. Also, it can process with other accessories like a printer, plotter, etc.

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Minicomputers are the medium type of computers that have more functionality power and are
expensive than microcomputers. On the other hand, the size, storage, and speed of
minicomputers are large but less than the mainframe and supercomputers.

Minicomputers are made for performing multiple computing tasks at a single point of time,
instead of assigning many microcomputers for a single task, which will be time-consuming
and expensive.

In general, a minicomputer is a multi-threaded system (several processes at a time) capable of

supporting from one to up to 200 users simultaneously: these computers are currently used
to store large databases, multi-user applications, and the automation industry.

Applications: The uses of Minicomputers –

The minicomputers are used as real-time applications in Industries, bookings, and Research
Centres. Banks also use minicomputers for preparing payroll for employees’ salaries, records,
tracking of financial accounts, etc. As well as in the field of Higher Education and
Engineering.
Examples: PDP 11 and IBM (8000 Series).

Good to Know ~ PDP-1 was the world’s first minicomputer, small and interactive, introduced

in 1960 by the Digital Equipment Corporation.

4. Micro Computer
Today we are using many computers at home is also the most common microcomputer. With
this invention of the microprocessors in the year 1970, it became possible to use computers
for people personally at a low cost and reasonable price known as Digital Personal Computer.

The design of microcomputers is minimal in size and storage capacity. These computers
consist of many parts like Input and Output devices, Software, operating systems, networks,
and Servers all these need to connect to form a complete Personal Digital Computer.

There is not only a PC or laptop are examples of microcomputers. Other examples of the

microcomputer are smartphone, Tablet, PDA, server, palmtop, and workstation.
This can be installed in any work area or even at home for personal use.

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The primary purpose of microcomputers is to keep and process everyday tasks and needs of
the people. Only one person can work on a single PC at a time, but its operating system
is multitasking. The PC can be connected to the Internet to take benefits and enhance the user
experience.

The development of multimedia, small equipment, optimized energy consumption, and

the LAN made the microcomputers increase in demand for every field.

The increase in the demand and need for microcomputers between the people leads to
the tremendous development of each part related to the microcomputers.

Applications: The uses of MicroComputer –
PC is being widely used in many fields like home, office, data collection, business, education,
entertainment, publishing, etc.
It keeps the details and prepares letters for correspondence in small businesses, creating bills,
accounting, word processing, and operation of the filing systems in a large company.
Some of the major PC manufacturers are IBM, Lenovo, Apple, HCL, HP, etc.
Examples: Desktops, tablets, smartphones, and Laptops.

The fast development of microcomputers with technology. As a result, today,

microcomputers coming in the form of a book, a phone, and even a clock in the name of a
digital clock.
The above is the classification of computers according to Size and Capacity!

Computers on the Basis Purpose

 1. General Purpose
General computers can do various everyday tasks such as writing a word processing letter,
Document preparation, recording, financial analysis, Printing documents, creating databases,
and calculations with accuracy and consistency.

The size, storage capacity, and cost of such computers are mainly less. The ability of these
computers is limited in performing specialized tasks. Still, it has versatility and useful for
serving people’s basic needs at home or in the workplace in the environment.
Examples:

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Desktops, laptops, smartphones, and tablets are used on daily basis for general purposes.
2. Special Purpose
These computers are designed to perform a particular or specialized task. The size, storage
capacity, and cost of such computers mainly depend on the nature and size of the work. The
function of these computers is consistent with any particular task.
The special computer needs specific processors and input and devices to conduct work
efficiently.
These computers are used for special purposes in weather forecasting, space research,
agriculture, engineering, meteorology, satellite operation, traffic control, and research in
chemical sciences.

 Automatic teller machines (ATM),

 Washing machines,
 Surveillance equipment,
 Weather-forecasting simulators,
 Traffic-control computers,
 Defense-oriented applications,
 Oil-exploration systems,
 Military planes controlling computers.

Computers on the Basis of Hardware Design and Data Handling.

1. Analog Computer
An analog computer performs tasks using continuous data (the physical amount that changes
continuously). Analog computers are used primarily to measure physical units like voltage,
pressure, electric current, temperature, and convert them into digits.

It is also used to measure and perform arithmetic calculations of numbers, the length of an
object, or the amount of voltage that passes through a point in an electrical circuit. Analog
computers obtain all their data from some measurement way.

Analog computers are mainly used in the fields of science and engineering. Analog
computers are slow and equipped to measure things rather than countable or check.

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The efficiency of this computer increases when we get the result of the data in graphs, etc.
Analog Computers cannot store statistics.

They are used in the fields of technology, science, research, engineering, etc. Because
quantities like voltage, pressure, electric current, temperature are used more in these areas,
these types of computers give only approximate estimates.

Examples:
An analog computer installed on a petrol pump measures the amount of petrol coming out of
the pump and appears in liters. And calculates its value. These quantities vary continuously
while measuring the amount, such as the temperature of a human body changes consistently.
A simple clock, the vehicle’s speedometer, Voltmeter, etc. are examples of analog
computing.

2. Digital Computer
As its name suggests, a digital computer represents the digital computer’s letters, numerical
values, or any other special symbols. This computer is the computer that calculates the
number for processing the data.
They run on electronic signs, and the binary numeral method Binary System 0 or 1 is used for
calculation. Their speed is fast.
It can perform arithmetic operations such as addition, occurrence, subtraction, multiplication,
or division and all types of logical(mathematical) operations. Today, most of the computers
available in the market are digital computers.

Digital computers are built to bring the solution of equations to an almost unlimited
precision, but in a bit slow manner compared to analog computers. To some extent, they all
have similar components for receiving, processing, sorting, and transmitting data and use a
relatively small number of essential functions to perform their tasks.

Digital computers use discrete electrical signals for operation rather than continuous
electrical signals as analog computers have, making them the most common form of
computers today because of their versatility, speed, and power.
The desktop or Laptop at our home is one the common and best example of a digital
computer.

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Other Examples of Digital Computers

Personal Desktop Computers,
Calculators,
Laptops, Smartphones, and Tablets,
Digital watch,
Accounting machines,
Workstations,
Digital clock, etc.
» Recommended: Complete Difference Between Analog and Digital Computer.
3. Hybrid Computer
A hybrid computer is a combined complex computer unit built using both analog and
digital properties and united by a single control system. The purpose of designing hybrid
computers is to provide functions and features that can be found on both analog and digital
devices.

The aim behind creating a hybrid computer is to create a kind of work unit that offers the best
of both types of computers. Hybrid computers are extremely fast when driving equations,
even when those calculations are incredibly complex.

As both the properties of a computer consist in the form of a single hybrid computer made
possible to solve too complex calculations or problems, at the same time, these devices are
not only too expensive but also able to solve complex issues a bit fastly.

Incorporating the properties of both(analog and digital) computers into hybrid computers
makes it possible to resolve more difficult equations immediately. The analog computer
systems solve the equation process immediately. But it is not necessary that those solutions
would be completely accurate.

Here, the digital computer system gives 100 % percent correct solutions, but it takes a bit of
time in the calculation. Therefore, Hybrid computers are made to overcome the flaws of both
these analog and digital systems.

Applications of hybrid Computer:

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Hybrid computers are most commonly used in vast industries, research centers, organizations,
and manufacturing firms (where many equations need to be solved).
Also, the solutions and uses of hybrid computers have proved to be much more detailed,
accurate, and useful. Hybrid computers are used in scientific calculations, for nations’
defense and radar systems as well.

Examples:
Auto Gasoline pump is the example of a hybrid computer, this device is installed on a petrol
pump do not only to measure the amount of petrol but also to calculates its value, in this way
It is capable of both functions i.e hybrid function.

The above is the classification of computers according to type and hardware design!
The above is the classification of computers according to size, capacity, purpose, and
functionality. Share the above-given knowledge of the classification of computers to all
friends.

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Smart Classroom:
Digital transformation is at its peak this year. According to a study done by Fujitsu in 2018,
68% of the responders believe that the future will involve people and artificial intelligence
working collaboratively. A common misconception about digital transformation is that
technology plays a key role. Yes, it is true that technology plays a role in digital
transformation, but the fundamental of it is how one is implementing technology to
transform.

Smart Classrooms
A smart classroom is a digitally equipped classroom with a huge variety of teaching and
learning methods using technology. It could be something as simple as incorporating audio
and visual components to a lesson, which many classrooms are doing these days (and have
done so in the past as well). It could also be something as advanced as performing a practice
medical surgery using virtual reality. Additionally, a smart classroom helps the teacher
through technology as well. There are apps that have been designed to assist the teacher in
lesson planning or even giving them the ability to save an online taught class for future
reference.

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What are the Advantages of a Smart Classroom?

Having a smart classroom can have its pros and cons. The biggest pro is remote learning,
which is a big ask for the current world scenario. We are already at the threshold of smart
education with the online classes we have going on today. Pre-COVID, we saw some uses
such as pre-recorded classes for students with clashing timetables, or some forms of
interactive learning.
Some universities also use artificial simulations for engineering subjects such as automotive
or aerospace. Students can use artificial intelligence to simulate their models of various
automotive components, allowing them to test out motor parts without actually having to
build them. Once the simulation passes a test, they can go ahead and build a prototype. This
saves them time and resources, making the learning process far more efficient.

Are there any Disadvantages of Smart Classrooms?

Many parents and university students may be worried about the collaborative and social
aspect of smart classrooms. With most of the communication being dependent on technology,
there could be a barrier in communications. However, some experts suggest that working in
an environment that involves interactive learning through technology actually encourages
collaboration through discussion and group projects.

The one major disadvantage of smart classrooms or technology taking over the education
sector is limited internet access for students living in rural areas. There are many challenges
that are present in providing internet to rural areas such as physical barriers (for example,
hills) or limited growth and resources.

However, there is a solution to this problem. CBRS – Citizens Broadband Radio Service –
and Private LTE offer customization options so that you can adapt your network deployments
to your needs. CBRS allows cost-efficient coverage to rural areas. Educational institutes can
leverage CBRS to provide high-speed wireless services across campus infrastructure and
even for remote students by placing CBRS-certified CPE. This can specifically turn out to
be an advantage for schools and universities as CBRS sharing rules allow them to reserve
their own dedicated spectrum to deploy LTE networks.

Educational institutions require a massive capacity, which requires high-speed internet that is
cost-effective. A product that addresses bringing the massive capacity required by education

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institutes and LTE speeds together is BLINQ Network’s FW-300i. It is a solution for rural
broadband which is cost-effective, seamless, and dynamic, which is specifically designed to
meet dense urban broadband connectivity needs.
We are growing digitally and when we are able to tackle the problem of internet access for
remote places, smart classrooms can certainly be the future of education. Although we are
looking at remote education right now, it is not necessarily the future of education. Smart
classrooms can also be incorporated while students are present in the classroom through
augmented reality, artificial intelligence, and virtual reality.

It is important to note that smart classrooms can be implemented without these advanced
technologies as well. Circling back to the beginning of this discussion, digital transformation
happens depending on how we use technology. Some players in the education sector use
technology that is easily available to them, such as computers, to create simulation software
on desktops and teach students through that, which is also a form of a smart classroom. It all
comes down to what technological resources we have in hand and how we can use to them to
make a smart environment. With the evolution of technology, different sectors will continue
to transform and become “smart” in their own ways, including the education sector.

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UNIT – 3

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ROLE OF TEACHER IN TEACHING LEARNING PROCESS

In teaching and learning work, the teacher has a rather important role in creating
the sciences that are taught to be accepted by existing students.

Not only does it play a role in educating the sciences, but there also is not a little role for the
teacher in the learning process. Well, this time will be discussed further about the role of the
teacher in the process of teaching and learning activities.

1. Teacher As Educator
Teachers are educators, leaders, role models and identifications for the students in their
students and their environment. Therefore, indeed being a teacher must have specific
standards and qualities that must be met. As a teacher, it is mandatory to have a sense of
responsibility, independence, authority, and discipline that can be used as examples for
students.

2. Teacher As Teacher
Train learning activities will be provoked by various factors in it, ranging from maturity,
motivation, relationships between students and teachers, the level of freedom, verbal skills,
teaching skills in communication, and security. If this factor can be fulfilled, the work of
learning to train can be carried out well. The teacher must be able to create something clear to
the students, even skilled to solve various problems.

3. Teachers as Learning Resources

The role of the teacher as a learning resource will be very related to the skills of the teacher to
master the existing training material. So when students ask something, the teacher can swiftly
and responsively reply to student questions by using language that is easier to understand.

4. Teacher as Facilitator
The role of a teacher as a facilitator is in submitting services so students can quickly receive
and know the subject matter. So that later the learning process will become more effective
and efficient.

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5. Teachers as Counselors
The teacher can be mentioned as a travel guide, which is based on his knowledge and
experience and has a sense of responsibility in the smooth running of the journey. This
journey is not only physical but also a more residential and deep mental, creative, moral,
emotional and spiritual journey.

6. Teacher as Demonstrator
The teacher has a role as a demonstrator is to have a role which can indicate attitudes that can
inspire students to do the same things can be even better.

7. The teacher as manager

In the process of teaching and learning work, the teacher has a role in holding control of the
climate contained in the state of the learning process. It can be likened if the teacher becomes
the captain who holds the steering wheel and takes the boat on a comfortable and safe
journey. A teacher must be able to make the atmosphere of the learning room conducive and
comfortable.

8. Teacher As Advisor
The teacher has the role of being an advisor to his students as well as to the parents, even
though the teacher does not have specialized training to be an advisor. Students will always
be faced with the need to make a decision, and in the process, it requires teacher help. For the
teacher to know well his role as an advisor and a more profound belief person, the teacher
should examine the psychology of personality.

9. Teacher as an Innovator
The teacher translates empirically in the future into a more meaningful life for his students.
Because the age of the teacher and student is probably too far away, then surely the teacher
has more experience than the students. The teacher’s job is to translate valuable empirical and
intelligence into more sophisticated languages which students can accept.

10. Teachers As Motivators

The process of learning work will be successful if the students inside are highly motivated.
The teacher has a crucial role in growing motivation and motivation in students in learning.

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11. Teacher As Coach

The process of education and learning certainly requires skills lessons, whether it’s
intellectual or motoric. In this matter, the teacher will act as a trainer to develop these skills.
This is more emphasized in the 2004 curriculum which has a competency basis. Without the
lessons, surely a teacher will not be able to indicate mastery of basic competencies and not be
proficient in skills that match the standard lessons.

12. Teachers as elevators

After the learning process takes place, surely a teacher must assess the results that have been
carried out during the learning work. This evaluation is not merely to evaluate the success of
students to reach goals in teaching and learning work. But it also becomes an evaluation for
the success of the teacher in the implementation of teaching and learning work.

13. Teachers as Helping Hand

A leader in a school is a person who takes on extra tasks such as leading the PTA meetings
and even helping setup a gym for a big event. Teachers who are active in the school will
often have more jobs than just the one they were hired to perform. Often, the goals of the
teacher will match the direction that the school is taking.

14. Teachers as Learner

One last important role a teacher must fill is that of a learner. Anyone who has been involved
in a profession long enough knows that there is always something new to learn. A learner is a
person who is always growing in life and will never claim that they know it all. A teacher
will be challenged every day with a new task that will help them grow into a better person.

A teacher is a person who will have to fill many roles. They are people with educational
leadership skills and they must continue to grow and develop as professionals. Anyone
seeking to be a teacher should take advantage of any chance they get to grow as a person and
as a teacher.

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LESSON PLAN FORMAT COMMERCE :

XYZ HIGH SCHOOL

CLASS : XI PERIOD : 3rd

SUBJECT : Commerce DURATION : 30 to 45 Minutes

TOPIC : Human Activities DATE : 12/08/2021

Content Analysis : Meaning of Human Activities

Types of Human Activities
Example of Human Activities

General Objectives :
1. To develop the students to habitat to understand the
importance of nature.
2. To develop the students knowledge about various business
practices and procedure.
3. To develop the student interest in commerce stream.
4. To develop the logic power among the students.
5. To develop the student to increase their selfconfidence.

Instructional Aids : Chalk, Duster, Pointer, Roller board, Chart etc.

Instructional:

PUPIL TEACHER ACTIVITY PUPIL ACTIVITY

What are the things which satisfy our
Good & Service
need?
By producing selling goods and
How do we get goods & services?
services.
What does process of producing
Activities done by human being.
selling called?
What is called? Problematic Questions.

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Announcement of The Topic : Well student, Today we will study about the
various human activities done by the human beings.

Presentation:

Teaching Pupil Black board

Pupil Teacher Activity
Points Activity summary
Human activities are those Human activities are
Meaning of Students
activities which are those activities
human listen
performed by the human those are performed
activity carefully
being for their livelihood. by human
Define What is Business? Listen &
Business Note down
It is concerned with the carefully.
production and sale of
goods & services.

What is the main aim To earn

behind all business activity? profit.

If a teacher teaching in Economic

school this is which activity.
activity?
Non-
If a teacher teaching his
economic
own son at home?
activity
Profession Profession is an economic Profession:
activities that required  Lawyer
special knowledge & skills  Doctor
to be applied by individual  C.A
for earning their profit.

e.g. Lawyer, Doctor etc.

Employment It is an economic activity in
which people work for
others and get
remuneration. e.g. Clerk,
Peon, Salesman.

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Evaluation :

Q.1. What is human activity?

Q.2. What are the different types of human activity?
Q.3. What are the types of economic activity?

Fillups :

1. Business is the key of economic activity.

2. Social welfare is an non-economic activity.
3. The main aim of economic activity is earn profit.

Homework:

1. Make a list of economic activity.

2. What do you mean by human activity? What are its types?
3. Make list of non-economic activities.

Reference: The topic is taken from text book of Business studies of Class XI by
V. Wason (S. Chand).

Signature : _______________

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LESSON PLAN FORMAT ECONOMICS :

XYZ HIGH SCHOOL

CLASS : XI PERIOD : 5th

SUBJECT : Economics DURATION : 30 to 45 Minutes

TOPIC : Law of Demand DATE : 13/08/2021

Content Analysis : Law of Demand

Limitations & Explanations Exceptions

Normal and Inferior goods

General Objectives:

1. Pupil can understand what demand is.

2. What is extension and contraction of demand?

Specific Objectives:

Knowledge
1. Pupil get aware about demand and its functions.
2. Pupil get aware about its extension and contraction.

Understanding
1. Pupil can define demand and its various aspects.
2. Pupil understand the relation between price & supply.

Application
1. Pupil can apply the law of demand.
2. Pupil can demand intelligently after knowing law of demand.

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Skills
1. Pupil get aware about his / her own demands and changes in
demand.

Instructional Material to be used:

General Material : Chalk, Duster, Pointer.

Specific Material : Text book, charts.

Previous knowledge:

PUPIL TEACHER ACTIVITY PUPIL ACTIVITY

What is demand? Some requirements.

What is the law of demand? No reply

What are the limitations or
No response
exceptions?
What are normal and inferior goods? Problematic

Announcement of The Topic : After finding the students unable to answer the
questions. The P.T. will says, well student today we will read what is demand.

Presentation:

Teaching Pupil
Pupil Teacher Activity Black board summary
Points Activity
It is a very important law of Law of demand tells
Law of economy. Law of demand tells the Listening the inverse
Demand inverse relationship between price carefully relationship between
and demand. price and demand
Limitation 1. Necessary Goods : The All pupil
or commodity which are necessary listening
Exception for the life, their demand not carefully
decrease after the increase in and
their price. note

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2. Fear of shortage of goods : When down in

we have fear of shortage. We by their
the commodity, at a high price note
3. Griffin Goods : The demand does books
not decreases after the increase in
price.
4. Ignorance of consumer : Some
ignorant consumers believe that
the commodity which has high
price must be good and cheap
commodity is not good.
5. Article of Distributions : The
commodity which has snob
appeal, that law doesn’t apply on
that. E.g. Diamonds, Schendillors
etc. because only rich people can
buy it.
Normal Normal Goods : The demand which All pupil
and has increased demand. When the listening
Inferior salary increases, it calls normal carefully
Goods goods. and
note
Inferior Goods : The commodity, down in
which has less demand when the their
salary increases and when the salary note
decreases its demand increases. books
Substitutes : Which a commodity
can be used at the place of another
commodity.

Evaluation :

Q.1. What is the law of demand?

Q.2. What are the causes of operation of the law of demand?
Q.3. Why does demand curve slope downwards?

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Homework:

Q.1. What are the limitations or exception?

Q.2. What are the extension of demand?
Q.3. What is the contraction of demand?

Reference:-

1. This topic ‘Law of Demand’ is taken from introduction Micro.

Signature : _______________

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Small Presentations On

Economics (22 pages)

And

Commerce (75 pages)

on MS-PowerPoint

But I took the screenshots some of them here:-

ECONOMICS - XI

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BUSINESS STUDIES

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Result Preparation (MS-Word):

LOGO
Of XYZ HIGH SCHOOL
Affiliated to CBSE, Delhi upto 10+2 level
SCHOOL
ADDRESS of SCHOOL
Contact No. : 1111111111
PERFORMANCE PROFILE ( SESSION : 2020 - 2021 )
CERTIFICATE OF CONTINUOUS AND COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION
GURLEEN KAUR Father's Name : Mr. Raghuvir Singh
Student's Name:
Mother's Name: Mrs. Amarjeet Kaur Class : VI - A
PART - I ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE : SCHOLASTIC AREAS
TERM - I TERM - II FA-01 + SA-01
SUBJECTS FA- FA-
SA-01 Total
FA- FA-
SA-02 Total
02 + 03 +
01 02 03 04 + 04 SA-02
ENGLISH B2 B2 B2 B2 B1 B1 A2 A2 B1 B1
HINDI B2 B2 C1 C1 A2 B1 B1 B1 B1 B2
SANSKRIT /
A2 B2 B1 B1 B1 A1 B1 A2 A2 B1
PUNJABI
MATHEMATICS C1 C1 B2 B2 B2 A2 B2 B1 B2 B2
SCIENCE C1 D D C2 B1 B2 B2 B2 C1 C2
SOCIAL SCIENCE B2 B2 C1 C1 B2 A1 A1 A1 B1 B1
GENERAL
B2 C1
KNOWLEDGE OVERALL
ART and CRAFT A A1
GRADE
COMPUTER C1 D
No. of No. of
Student's Student's
working days working days
ATTENDANCE ( TERM-I )
Attendance
( TERM-II )
Attendance
B2
109 103 220 205

RESULT : QUALIFIED
Scholastic Areas Part – I (A)
Marks Range Grade Marks Range Grade
91-100 A1 41-50 C2
81-90 A2 33-40 D
71-80 B1 21-32 E1
20 and
61-70 B2 E2
below
51-60 C1 *** ***

CLASS TEACHER'S SIGNATURE PRINCIPAL'S SIGNATURE

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PART - II CO-SCHOLASTIC AREAS

AREAS
2(A) LIFE SKILLS
Self Awareness

Problem Solving

Decision Making

Critical Thinking

Creative Thinking

Interpersonal Relationships

Effective Communication

Empathy

Managing Emotions

Dealing with Stress

HEALTH STATUS
HEIGHT IN CM WEIGHT IN KG.
149.27 34

Co-Scholastic Areas / Activities

Grade Grade Point Range
A 4.1 – 5.0
B 3.1 – 4.0
C 2.1 – 3.0
D 1.1 – 2.0
E 0.1 -1.0

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PART - II & III CO-SCHOLASTIC AREAS & ACTIVITIES

AREAS
2(B) WORK
EDUCATION
2(C) VISUAL and PERFORMING ARTS
Visual Arts

Performing Arts

2(D) ATTITUDES
Attitude towards Teachers

Attitude towards School-

Mates
Attitude towards School
Programmes and Environment

Value Systems

3(A) CO-CURRICULAR ACTIVITIES

Literary and Creative Skills

Scientific Skills

3(B) HEALTH AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES

SPORTS - Yoga

Gardening

Co-Scholastic Areas / Activities

Grade Grade Point Range
A 4.1 – 5.0
B 3.1 – 4.0
C 2.1 – 3.0
D 1.1 – 2.0
E 0.1 -1.0

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