MYOLOGY

ANDREA HEINZLMANN

University of Veterinary Medicine

Department of Anatomy and Histology

Course of Human Anatomy

March 12nd. 2020.

 HUMAN MUSCLES

Myology is the specialised study of muscles and muscle tissue

• the bones and the joints represent the passive part of the locomotor system

• the skeletal muscles form the active part of it

 HUMAN MUSCLES

CLASSIFY OF MUSCLES:

1. skeletal

2. cardiac

3. smooth

https://www.coursehero.com/sg/anatomy-and-physiology/function-of-the-muscular-system/
 HUMAN MUSCLES

FUNCTION OF THE MUSCLES:

1. to produce force and cause motion

2. locomotion of the organism itself

3. movement of internal organs

• cardiac and smooth muscle contraction occurs without conscious thought and is necessary for survival

• voluntary contraction of the skeletal muscles is used to move the body and can be finally controlled
 SKELETAL MUSCLE

skeletal muscle is a form of striated muscle tissue existing under control of the somatic nervous system

1. ORIGIN (Origo):

• is a less mobile bone

• at this point there is a muscle head

2. MUSCLE BELLY (VENTER)

Origins
(heads)
3. ATTACHMENT (Insertion):
Tendon
• is a more mobile bone by a tendon Origin

Muscle belly
Muscle
belly
Tendon
Attachment
Insertion
(tendo)

biceps brachi muscle

 FORM OF THE MUSCLES

• the disposition of the muscle fibers in a muscle can be parallel or oblique

I. TYPES OF THE MUSCLES WITH PARALLEL FIBERS (LONG MUSCLES)

1. FUSIFORM MUSCLES

2. FLAT MUSCLES

II. TYPES OF THE MUSCLES WITH OBLIQUE FIBERS

1. UNIPENNATE MUSCLES

2. BIPENNATE MUSCLES

3. MULTIPENNATE MUSCLES
 TYPES OF THE MUSCLES WITH PARALLEL FIBERS (LONG MUSCLES)

FUSIFORM (SPINDLE) MUSCLES

• long fibers

• short tendon

• produce extensive movement

• muscles of the extremities

m. rectus femoris m. quadriceps femoris muscle

 TYPES OF THE MUSCLES WITH PARALLEL FIBERS (LONG MUSCLES)

FLAT MUSCLES

• triangular in shape

• flat tendon or aponeurosis

m. rectus abdominis m. obliqus externus abdominis m. obliqus internus abdominis m. transversus abdominis
 TYPES OF THE MUSCLES WITH PARALLEL FIBERS (LONG MUSCLES)

FLAT MUSCLES

M. trapezius M. latissimus dorsi M. rhomboideus major

M. rhomboideus minor
 TYPES OF THE MUSCLES WITH OBLIQUE FIBERS

UNIPENNATE MUSCLES

• one muscle head

• the muscle fibers are attached to one side of the tendon – like the half of a feather

• long tendon

• origins from the tendon of the other muscles Mm. lumbricales

Mm. interossei palmares Mm. interossei plantares

 TYPES OF THE MUSCLES WITH OBLIQUE FIBERS

BIPENNATE MUSCLES

• the muscle fibers are attached to both sides of the tendon – like a complete feather

• they have long tendons

Mm. interossei dorsales palmares

Mm. interossei dorsales plantares

 TYPES OF THE MUSCLES WITH OBLIQUE FIBERS

MULTIPENNATE MUSCLE:

• consists of many bipennate structures set together on the muscles

1. deltoid muscle:

M. deltoideus dorsal view

• which has three sections: ventral view

a) anterior

b) posterior

c) middle
 TYPES OF THE MUSCLES WITH OBLIQUE FIBERS

CIRCULAR MUSCLES:

• constriction of passage or orifice

M. orbicularis oculi M. orbicularis oris

 FORMS OF THE MUSCLE ORIGIN

ONE - HEADED MUSCLES

 FORMS OF THE MUSCLE ORIGIN

TWO - HEADED MUSCLES (BICEPS)

M. biceps brachii M. biceps caput longum M. briceps caput breve

 FORMS OF THE MUSCLE ORIGIN

THREE - HEADED MUSCLES (TRICEPS)

M. triceps brachi caput longum M. triceps brachi caput laterale M. triceps brachi caput mediale
 FORMS OF THE MUSCLE ORIGIN

FOUR - HEADED MUSCLES (QUADRICEPS)

M. rectus femoris M. vastus laterais M. vastus medialis

M. vastus intermedius
 TYPES OF THE MUSCLES

TWO - BELLY MUSCLES (BIVENTER):

• any muscle with 2 muscle masses separated by fibrotendinous tissue Venter

posterior
Zwischensehne
Venter
anterior

M. digastricus venter ant. tendo M. digastricus venter post.

 TYPES OF THE MUSCLES

MULTI – BELLY MUSCLES:

• any muscle with 4 - 5 muscle masses separated by fibrotendinous tissue

„Six Pack Abs”

M. rectus abdominis Intersectio tendineae

 TYPES OF THE MUSCLES

Classification of the muscle according to the number of joints over which the muscle passes:

1. ONE – JOINT MUSCLES

2. TWO – JOINTS MUSCLES

3. MUTI – JOINTS MUSCLES

one – joint muscles two – joitn muscle multi – joint muscle

m. bracialis m. biceps brachii m. flexor digitorum superficialis
 FORM OF MUSCLES ACCORDING TO THEIR FUNCTIONS

Classification according to the Orientation of line of pull in releation to the joint

FLEXORS (biceps on the shoulder joints) – if the line of pull passes anterior to the joint axis

EXTENSORS (triceps on the shoulder joint) – if the line of pull passes posterior to the joint axis

ADDUCTORS (adductors of the thigh) – if the line of pull passes medial to the joint axis

ABDUCTORS (dorsal interosseal muscles of the hand) – if the line of pull passes lateral to the joint axis
 FORM OF MUSCLES ACCORDING TO THEIR FUNCTIONS

SPINCTERS

• circular muscle

• maintains constriction of a natural body passage or orifice

• relaxes as required by normal physiological functioning

Uterus

Vesica
urinaria
Rectum

M. sphincter
urethrae int.
Urethra
feminina
M. sphincter
urethrae ext.
 FORM OF MUSCLES ACCORDING TO THEIR FUNCTIONS

SPINCTERS

Ampulla
recti

M. sphincter
ani int. M. sphincter
ani ext.
 FORM OF MUSCLES ACCORDING TO THEIR FUNCTIONS

ELEVATORS

• any muscles which lift or rises a bodily part including:

1. the skin

2. the bones

3. the internal organs

M. levator scapulae

M. levator anguli oris

M. levator labii superioris aleque nasi

 FORM OF MUSCLES ACCORDING TO THEIR FUNCTIONS

SYNERGISTIC (AGONIST) MUSCLES

• groups of muscles that contract together to accomplish the same body movement

Example:

• biceps and brachioradialis muscle

• the bicep is the prime mover in elbow joint movement and the brachioradialis acts as a synergistic muscle to stabilize the joint, thus aiding in the motion

https://boneandspine.com/types-of-muscles-and-there-functions/
 FORM OF MUSCLES ACCORDING TO THEIR FUNCTIONS

ANTAGONISTIC MUSCLES

• a muscle that acts in opposition to the specific movement generated by the agonist

• it is responsible for returning a limb to its initial position

example of this kind of muscle pairing is the biceps brachii and triceps brachii

• when the biceps are contracting, the triceps are relaxed, and stretches back to its original position

• the opposite happens when the triceps contract

 AXILLARY FEATURES OF THE MUSCLES
FASCIA

• connective tissue that surrounds muscles, blood vessels, and nerves

• binding those structures together in much the same manner as a plastic wrap

• passive structures - transmit mechanical tension generated by muscular activities or external forces throughout the body reduce friction

• minimize the reduction of muscular force

Musculus

trapezius
Fascia pectoralis

Musculus Fascia
latissimus
lata
dorsi

Fascia
thoraco-
lumbalis
 THE FACIAL MUSCLES

• group of striated skeletal muscles

• innervated by the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII)

• control facial expression (mimicry)

 THE FACIAL MUSCLES
Occipitofrontal muscle (epicranius muscle):

• covers parts of the skull

consists of two parts or bellies:

1. the occipital belly

2. the frontal belly

- moves the galea aponeurotica

scalp (galea aponeurotica)
- wrinkles the forehead https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/galea-aponeurotica

M. occipitofrontalis
M. occipitofrontalis M. frontalis

https://thejns.org/view/journals/j-
M. occipitofrontalis M. occipitalis neurosurg/125/2/article-p419.xml
 THE FACIAL MUSCLES
Corrugator supercilii muscle:

• draws the eyebrow downward and medially producing the vertical wrinkles of the forehead

• principal muscle in the expression of suffering

Depressor supercilii muscle

Orbicularis oculi muscle:

• to close the eye

M. orbicularis oculi
 THE FACIAL MUSCLES
Procerus muscle

• contribute to an expression of anger

Nasalis muscle

• responsible for "flaring" of the nostrils

Depressor septi nasi muscle

• drawing the ala of the nose downward constricting the aperture of the nares

M. procerus
Mm. nasales
 THE FACIAL MUSCLES
Zygomaticus major muscle

• arises the corners of the mouth when a person smiles

Zygomaticus minor muscle

• referred to as the "zygomatic head" of the levator labii superioris muscle

Levator labii superioris

• to retract (depress) and/or evert upper lip (sadness) M. zygomaticus minor

M. zygomaticus major

Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscle

• the "lifter” of both the upper lip and of the wing of the nose

Levator anguli oris

M. levator labii superioris

M. levator labii superioris aleque nasi
 THE FACIAL MUSCLES

Buccinator muscle:

• pull back the angle of the mouth and to flatten the cheek area, which aids in holding the cheek to the teeth during chewing

• in neonates it is used to suckle

Orbicularis oris muscle

• closur of the mounth

M. buccinator

https://nullahategy.hu/a-tapsbol-sok-minden-
megtudhato-interju-elek-istvan-szaxofonmuvesszel/

https://www.babanet.hu/gyerek/szoptatas/a-szoptatas-
technikaja-gyakorisaga-mennyisege-gyakorlati-tanacsok/

M. orbicularis oris
 THE FACIAL MUSCLES

Risorius muscle:

• retracts the angle of the mouth to produce a smile

Risus sardonicus or rictus grin - abnormal, sustained spasm of the facial muscles that appears to produce grinning

- caused by tetanus Risus sardonicus = „rictus grin”

http://img.xatakaciencia.com/
2007/07/sardonica.jpg

M. risorius
 THE FACIAL MUSCLES
Depressor anguli oris muscle

• depresses the corner of the mouth which is associated with frowning

Depressor labii inferioris muscle

• depresses the lower lip

Mentalis muscle:

• allows the lips to "pout" externally

• its contraction causes wrinkling of the chin skin

M. depressor anguli oris M. depressor labii inferioris
• used in expressions of doubt or displeasure
 THE FACIAL MUSCLES

Auricular muscles

1. anterior

2. superior

3. posterior

• in humans these muscles possess very little action

a) the auricularis anterior draws the auricula forward and upward

b) the auricularis superior slightly raises the auricula

c) the auricularis posterior draws it backward

 THE MASTICATION
1. the masseter

2. the temporalis

3. the medial pterygoid

4. the lateral pterygoid

• in humans, the mandible is connected to the temporal bone via the temporomandibular joint which permits movement in all planes

• the muscles of mastication originate on the skull and insert into the mandible allowing for jaw movements during contraction

• during mastication, three muscles of mastication (musculi masticatorii) are responsible for adduction of the jaw

• the lateral pterygoid helps to abduct it

M. masseter M. temporalis M. pterygoideus medialis M. pterygoideus lateralis

MUSCULUS STERNOCLEIDOMASTOIDEUS

M. sternocleidomastoideus (SCM)
 MUSCLES OF THE UPPER LIMB

1. MUSCLES OF THE ARM (BRACHIUM)

2. MUSCLES OF THE FOREARM (ANTEBRACHIUM)

3. MUSCLES OF THE PALM

 MUSCLES OF THE UPPER LIMB

MUSCLES OF THE ARM (BRACHIUM)

FLEXOR GROUP:

• anteriorly

M. biceps brachii M. coracobrachialis

M. brachialis
 BRIEF MUSCLES OF THE UPPER LIMB

MUSCLES OF THE ARM (BRACHIUM)

EXTENSOR GROUP:

• posteriorly

M. triceps brachii
M. anconeus
 MUSCLES OF THE UPPER LIMB

MUSCLES OF THE FOREARM (ANTEBRACHIUM)

FLEXOR MUSCLES SUPERFICIAL LAYER:

https://www.handsurgeryresource.com/muscle-test-pl

• anteriorly

M. pronator teres M. flexor carpi radialis M. palmaris longus M. flexor digitorum superficialis M. flexor carpi ulnaris
 MUSCLES OF THE UPPER LIMB

MUSCLES OF THE FOREARM (ANTEBRACHIUM)

FLEXOR MUSCLES DEEP LAYER:

• anteriorly

M. flexor digitorum profundus M. flexor pollicis longus M. pronator quadratus

 BRIEF MUSCLES OF THE UPPER LIMB

MUSCLES OF THE FOREARM (ANTEBRACHIUM)

EXTENSOR MUSCLES, RADIAL GROUP

M. brachioradialis M. extensor carpi radialis longus M. extensor carpi radialis brevis

 BRIEF MUSCLES OF THE UPPER LIMB

MUSCLES OF THE FOREARM (ANTEBRACHIUM)

EXTENSOR MUSCLES SUPERFICIAL LAYER:

• dorsally

M. extensor carpi ulnaris M. extensor digitorum M. extensor digiti minimi

 BRIEF MUSCLES OF THE UPPER LIMB

MUSCLES OF THE FOREARM (ANTEBRACHIUM)

EXTENSOR MUSCLES DEEP LAYER:

• dorsally

M. extensor pollicis brevis M. extensor pollicis longus M. abductor pollicis longus M. extensor indicis M. supinator
 APONEUROSIS PALMARIS

• the central portion occupies the middle of the palm

• is triangular in shape

• great strength and thickness

covers:
Aponeurosis
• the superficial volar arch
palmaris

• the tendons of the flexor muscles

• the branches of the median and ulnar nerves

• on either side it gives off a septum - which is continuous with the interosseous aponeurosis

• separates the intermediate from the collateral groups of muscles

 SUPERFICIAL AND DEEP PALMAR ARCH

Arcus palmaris superficialis

https://pictures.doccheck.com/com/photo/28783-anatomy-of-the-hand

Arcus palmaris profundus

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/curricula/first-year-medical-curriculum/sequence http://www.meiwoscience.com/vascular-system/deep-palmar-arch-plastinated-specimens.html
-8-musculoskeletal/session-19-wrist-hand-and-foot/lablink
 MEDIAN AND ULNAR NERVE

http://www.bioblog.it/2007/01/02/videogiochi-pericolosi-per-i-tendini/2007600
CANALIS CARPI (CARPAL TUNNEL)
 CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROM

- medical condition due to compression of the median nerve as it travels through the wrist at the carpal tunnel

- risk factors include obesity, repetitive wrist work, pregnancy, genetics, and rheumatoid arthritis

symptoms:

a. pain

b. numbness

c. tingling in the thumb, index finger, middle finger and the thumb side of the ring finger.

d. symptomes start gradually and during the night

http://www.columbianeurology.org/neurology/staywell/document.php?id=33270

https://iythealth.com/know-carpal-tunnel-syndrome/
 MUSCLES OF THE UPPER LIMB

MUSCLES OF THE HAND

THENAR MUSCLES:

M. abductor pollicis brevis M. opponens pollicis M. flexor pollicis brevis M. adductor pollicis
 BRIEF MUSCLES OF THE UPPER LIMB

MUSCLES OF THE HAND

MESOTHENAR (METACARPAL) MUSCLES

M. interossei dorsales

M. interossei palmares
M. lumbricales
 BRIEF MUSCLES OF THE UPPER LIMB

MUSCLES OF THE HAND

HYPOTHENAR MUSCLES

Aponeurosis
palmaris

M. abductor digiti minimi M. flexor digiti minimi brevis M. opponens digit minimi M. palmaris brevis
 MUSCLES OF THE HIP

In human anatomy, the muscles of the hip joint are those muscles that cause movement in the hip

divided into four groups according to their orientation around the hip joint:

1. the gluteal group

2. the lateral rotator group

3. the adductor group

4. the iliopsoas group

 MUSCLES OF THE HIP

GLUTEAL GROUP:

• cover the lateral surface of the ilium

• the gluteus maximus, which forms most of the muscle of the buttocks

M. gluteus maximus M.gluteus medius M. gluteus minimus M. tensor fasciae latae

 m. gemellus sup.
MUSCLES OF THE HIP
m. obturator int. ína
LATERAL GROUP
m. gemellus inf.

„Austrian flag”

Musculus piriformis M. gemellus inferior tendon

M. quadratus femoris
et of the
M. gemellus superior M. obturator internus
 MUSCLES OF THE HIP

ILIOPSOAS GROUP

M. psoas minor

M. psoas major
M. iliacus

M. psoas major
 MUSCLES OF THE LOWER LIMB

• the lower limb is commonly called as the leg, this term strickly refers to the region between the knee and the foot

• above the knee there is the thight

MUSCLES OF THE THIGHT:

1. Anterior or Extensors

2. Posterior or Flexors

3. Medial or Adductors
 MUCLES OF THE THIGHT

I. EXTENSORS:

• laying anteriorly

• extens the knee

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Overview-of-
the-quadriceps-muscle-group-including-the-newly-
discovered-fifth-component_fig1_309686546

M. rectus femoris M. vastus laterais M. vastus medialis M. vastus intermedius

M. sartorius
 MUCLES OF THE THIGHT
II. ADDUCTORS:

• laying medially

• adduct the thight

m.
gracilis

M. adductor brevis M. adductor longus M. adductor magnus M. gracilis

M. pectineus
 MUCLES OF THE THIGHT

III. FLEXORS:

• laying posteriorly

• extend the hip joint

• flex the knee joint

M. biceps femoris M. biceps femoris M. semimembranosus M. semitendinosus

Caput longum Caput breve
MUCLES OF THE LEG

1. Anterior or Extensors

2. Posterior or Flexors

3. Lateral or Peroneal
 MUCLES OF THE LEG

I. EXTENSORS:

• dorsalflexion

M. tibialis anterior M. extensor digitorum longus M. extensor hallucis longus M. fibularis tertius
 MUCLES OF THE LEG

II. PERONEAL GROUP:

• plantar flexion

• pronation
 MUCLES OF THE LEG
III. FLEXORS:

SUPERFICIAL GROUP:

M. triceps surae (calves):

1. M. gastrocnemius med. et lat.

2. M. soleus
• Achilles tendon

calcaneal tendon

Achilles
tendon

https://noijam.com/2017/05/10/the-sural-
nerve-the-appendix-of-the-nervous-system/
https://lermagazine.com/cover_story/battl
es-of-achilles-how-the-debate-is-
informing-clinical-practice
M. triceps surae Musculus soleus Musculus plantaris
Mm. gastrocnemii
 MUSCLES OF THE LEG

acute rupture of Achilles – tendon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simmonds%27_test

Achilles
in

M. triceps surae
Mm. gastrocnemii
https://www.footdoctorpodiatristnyc.com/procedures/achilles-tendon-surgery/
 MUCLES OF THE LEG
III. FLEXORS:
DEEP GROUP:

• plantar flexion

• supination

M. tibialis posterior M. flexor hallucis longus M. popliteus

M. flexor digitorum longus
 MUSCLES OF THE FOOT

the muscles of the foot have two primary functions:

1. they are responsible for the movement which is made during walking

2. help to maintain the arches of the foot

 ARCHES OF THE FOOT

• arranged both longitudinally and transversely

caused primarily:

1. by the conformation of the bones of the foot

2. by the ligaments which bind them together

caused secondarily:

1. by the muscles which act upon the bones

 ARCHES OF THE FOOT

MEDIAL LONGITUDINAL ARCH:

• is higher on the medial side

• it forms the instep as can be seen on a foot-print

• is made up of the 1st three digits and their metatarsals, the cuneiforms, the navicular bone and the talus

LATERAL LONGITUDINAL ARCH:

• is made up of digits 4 and 5 and their metatarsals, the cuboid and the calcaneum

• much shallower than the medial arch

TRANSVERSE ARCH:

• formed by the 5 metatarsal bones

A - C = Inner Arch / Medial Longitudinal Arch

B - C = Outer Arch / Lateral Longitudinal Arch
A - B = Front Arch / Anterior Transverse Arch
 CLINICAL RELEVANCE OF ARCHES OF THE FOOT

1. Pes Cavus (high Arches):a foot condition characterised by an unusually high medial longitudinal arch

2. Pes Planus (flat Footed): the longitudinal arches have been lost. Arches do not develop until about 2-3 years of age, meaning flat feet during infancy is
normal
Pes cavus

normal

Pes planus

https://www.canstockphoto.co.kr/%EB%B0%9C-%EB%B3%80%ED%98%95-52026035.html
 MUSCLES OF THE FOOT

PLANTAR APONEUROSIS (FASCIA):

• is a very dense organized layer of deep fascia

• runs down the middle of the sole

• helps maintain the medial longitudinal arch of the foot

Plantar
aponeurosis
 MUSCLES OF THE FOOT
On the sole the muscles are divided into:

1. THENAR

2. MESOTHNAR

3. HYPOTHENAR

• plantarflexion
 MUSCLES OF THE FOOT

THENAR MUSCLES:

M. abductor hallucis M. flexor hallucis brevis M. adductor hallucis

 MUSCLES OF THE FOOT

MESOTHENAR MUSCLES:

Mm. interossei dorsales

Mm. lumbricales M. flexor digitorum brevis M. quadratus plantae Mm. interossei plantares
 MUSCLES OF THE FOOT

HYPOTHENAR MUSCLES

• Opponens digiti minimi muscle

M. abductor digiti minimi M. flexor digiti minimi brevis

 THANK YOU
FOR
YOUR ATTENTION!
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Gray’s Anatomy

Keith L. Moor: Clinically Oriented Anatomy

R.M.H.McMinn: Last’s Anatomy Regional and Applied

Sobotta Atlas of Human Anatomy, Vol. 2.

Werner Platzer: Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, Vol. 1. Locomotor System

http://wikipedia.com

http://plasticsurgerykey.com/forehead/

http://www.wesnorman.com

http://www.custommadeorthotics.com.au
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

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