Complex Number

- combination of real and imaginary numbers

- can be expressed in the form of z= x+ jy

x- Real component or real part of z

jy- imaginary component or imaginary part of z.

Imaginary Number

- the imaginary unit satisfying the equation j2 = -1 or j = √( -1)

Successive integral powers of j:

J=j j3= j2 x j = -j

j2 = -1 j4 = j2 x j2 = 1

In General:

jm = (j2)m/2 = ± 1; where m is even powers of j

jm = j(m-1) x j = ± j; where m is odd powers of j1

A more convenient way of obtaining an imaginary number j m is by dividing its exponent

by 4. If when divided by 4, the resulting remainders are 1,2 and 3, then the simplified

from one j, -1, -j respectively when there is no remainder, meaning m is divisible by 4,

then jm is equal to 1.

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Forms of Complex Numbers

1. Rectangular form

Z= x +jy

2. Polar form r - magnitude

Z=∠ r ϴ ϴ - displacement in degrees

3. Trigonometry Form

Z= r cosϴ r – magnitude

Z= r (cosϴ ± jsinϴ) ϴ - displacement in degrees

4. Exponential Form

Z= re±jϴ r – magnitude

ϴ - displacement in radians

Geometric Representation ( Argand’s Diagram)

y = Imaginary axis

jy

x = Real axis

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Example: 1. Convert 6-j3 to polar form

X=6

r y=-3

Solution:

since r is common

r = √( x2 + y2) ϴ = tan-1 (3/6)

r = √(62 + (-3)2 ) ϴ = -26. 5651o

r = 6.7082 Polar Form = 6.7082 -26.5651o

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Operations of Complex Numbers:

1. Addition and Subtraction

- To add or subtract two or more Complex Number in rectangular form, add or

subtract real to real part and imaginary to imaginary part.

Example 1

Add: (5−2i) + (7+3i)

Solution:

Add the real parts and then add the imaginary parts.

(5−2i) + (7+3i) = 5+7−2i+3i

= 12+i

Answer: 12+i

Example 2

Subtract: (10−7i)−(9+5i)

Solution:

Distribute the negative sign and then combine like terms.

(10−7i)−(9+5i) =10−9−7i−5i

=1−12i

Answer: 1−12i

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Problem Set No.1- Operation of Complex Number- Addition & Subtraction

1.(3+5i) + (7−4i)

2. (−8−3i) + (5+2i)

3. (3+4i) + (1-8i)

4. (5+2i) − (8−3i)

5. (−9−5i) − (8+12i)

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2. Multiplication

- The product of two or more Complex Number in Polar form is equal to the

product or their magnitude of the sum of their displacements.

Example 1 (Polar Form)

Multiply: (5+3i) x (6∟ 30°)

Solution:

(5.8310 ∟ 30.9638°) x ( 6 ∟ 30°)

Answer: 34. 986 ∟36. 9638°

Example 2 (Rectangular Form)

Z1Z2 = ( x1x2 + y1y2) + i( x2y1 - x1y2)

.(2+i)(1−i) = (2 x1 + 1x1) + i(1x1 - 2x1)

= (2+1) + i(1-2)

=3-i

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Problem set no.1 –Operation of Complex Number- Multiplication

Direction: 1-3 ( polar method) ; 4-5 ( rectangular method)

1.(2+2i) (1−3i)

2.(4+2i) (7−4i)

3.(5−2i)(3−4i)

4.(2+i) (2−3i)

5.(1−i) (8−9i)

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3. Division

- To perform division of complex number in Polar form divide their magnitude

and get the difference of their displacements.

Example 1 ( Polar Form)

Divide: 75∟ 35° / 62∟25°

Solution: 75/ 62 ∟35°-25°

Answer: 1.2097 ∟ 10°

Example 2 ( Rectangular Form)

Z1 / Z2 = ( x1x2 + y1y2) + i( x2y1 - x1y2)

(x2 )2 +( y2 ) 2

5 + 4i / 3+4i = (5x3 + 4x4) + i(3x4 – 5x4) /

32 + 42

= (15 + 16) + i ( 12 -20)

9 + 16

= 31 - 8i

25

= 1.24 – 0.32i

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Problem Set no.1 –Operation of Complex Number- Division

Direction: 1-3 ( polar method) ; 4-5 ( rectangular method)

1.(1−3i) /( 4+i)

2.(1-4i) /( 5+4i)

3.(15+ 6i) /( 1−2i)

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4.(10−5i) /( 3−i)

5. (5+10i) /( 3+4i)

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Other Operations of Complex Number

1. Logarithm of complex number

a. Logarithm to the base e

logez = lnz

lnz = lnr + ϴi ϴ →radians

Example:

loge(3+4i) = lnr + ϴi = lnr + ϴi

3+4i → 5 ∠53.1301o =ln5 + 0.9273i

ϴ= 53.1301(π/180) = 1.6094 + 0.9273i

ϴ= 0.9273o

b. Logarithm with real base other than e

logaz= lnz ϴ →radians

lna

= lnr + ϴi

lna

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Example: log2 (3 + 4i) = lnr + ϴi / lna

= ln5 + 0.9273i

ln2

= 2.3220 + 1.3379i

c. Logarithm with complex or imaginary base

logz2z1 = lnz1

lnz2

= lnr + ϴi (z1) ϴ →radians

lnr + ϴi (z2)

Example: log(1- j3)(-3 + 2i) = lnr + ϴi (z1) / lnr + ϴi (z2)

Z1= (-3 + 2i) →3.6506 146.3099o = ln3.6056 + 2.5536i / ln3.1623 -1.2490i

ϴ= 146.3099(π/180) = 1.285 + 2.5536i / 1.1513 – 1.2490i

ϴ= 2.5536 radians = -0.5937 + j1.5739

Z2= 1- 3i → 3.1623∠-71.5651

ϴ= -71.5651(π/180)

ϴ= -1.2490 radians

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Problem set no.2- Other Operations of Complex Number- Logarithm

1.log2 5 ∟16°

2.loge (3 + 2i)

3.log2-4i (6 +2i)

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4.log 7-2i (8+5i)

5. log e ( 8 – 5i)

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II. Square Root of Complex number

-To evaluate the square root of a given Complex Number in Polar form, simply take

the square root of magnitude and multiply the displacement by ½.

Example:

√(3 + 4i) or (3 + 4i)1/2

= 51/2∠ 53.13o (1/2)

(3 + 4i) = 2.2361∠26.565o

III. Real power of Complex number

zn = rn∠ nϴo

Ex: 52∠ 53.13(2)

= 25 ∠106.26

IV. Imaginary power of Complex number

Z1= e(xlnr - ϴy) e i(ylnr + ϴx) ϴ - radians

Ex: (3 + 2i )3+2i= e (xlnr - ϴy)e (ylnr + ϴx) = (3+2i)3+2i= e(3ln3.6056 – 0.5880(2))ei(2ln3.6056 + 0.5880(3))

Z1= 3+2i → 3.6056∠33.6901 = e (3.8475 – 1.176) e i(2.5650 + 1.764)

r= 3.6056, ϴ= 0.5880 radians = e (2.6715) e i(4.329)

Z2= 3+2i = 14.4611e4.3289i

x= 3, y= 2

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V. Imaginary root of Complex Number

1
𝑍1𝑍2 = 𝑒( 𝑥
𝑥2 + 𝑦2
𝑙𝑛𝑟 + ∅𝑦
𝑥2 + 𝑦2
) 𝑒 𝑖( −𝑦
𝑥2 + 𝑦2
𝑙𝑛𝑟 + ∅𝑥
𝑥2 + 𝑦2
)

Ex: (3 + 4i)1/1+2i = 𝑒 ( 1
12 + 22
𝑙𝑛5 + 0.9273(2)
12 + 22
) 𝑒 𝑖( −2
12 + 22
𝑙𝑛5 + 0.9273(1)
12 + 22
)

= 𝑒 ( 15 𝑙𝑛5 + 1.8546
5
) 𝑒 𝑖( −2
5
𝑙𝑛5 + 0.9273
5
)

= 1.99 e-0.4583i

Remember:

Z1= 3+4i →5 53.1301 Z 2= 1+2i

ϴ= 53.1301(π/180) x=1, y=2

ϴ = 0.9273 radians

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PROBLEM SET NO.2 – Other Operations of Complex Number- Imaginary power of

Complex number & Imaginary root of Complex Number

1. (𝟓 + 𝒋𝟏𝟑)𝟐+𝒋𝟑

2. (𝟕 + 𝒋𝟑)𝟐+𝒋𝟒

3. (𝟏𝟏 + 𝒋𝟐6)𝟑+𝒋𝟒

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 4. (𝟏 + 𝒋)𝟏/(𝟐+𝒋𝟐)

5. (𝟏 + 𝒋𝟐)𝟏/(𝟏+𝟐𝑱)

6. (𝟏 + 𝒋)𝟏/(𝟏+𝒋)

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 7. √𝑨𝑩 + (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝑫 𝑪)(𝑩)𝟒 ; A=3+4i, B=1+2i, C=2+i, D=3+3i

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 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝑪
8. √𝑨 + ( )(𝑩 − 𝑫) ; A=3+4i, B=1+2i, C=2+i, D=3+3i
𝑫𝟐

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VI. Sine and Cosine of Complex number

a. cos(x+jy)= cosxcoshy – jsinxsinhy

sin(x+jy)=sinxcoshy + jcosxsinhy

b. cos(x-jy)= cosxcoshy + jsinxsinhy

sin(x-jy)= sinxcoshy – jcosxsinhy

Example: cos(0.573 + j0.783)

For: x= 0.573→ 32.8305o

Y= 0.783→ retain

=cosxcoshy – jsinxsinhy

=cos(32.8305)cosh(0.783) – jsin(32.8305)sinh(0.783)

=1.111-j0.469

VII. Hyperbolic sine and cosine of Complex number

a. cosh(x+jy)= coshxcosy + jsinhxsiny

sinh(x+jy)= sinhxcosy + jcoshxsiny

b. cosh(x-jy)= coshxcosy – jsinxsiny

sinh(x-jy)= sinhxcosy – jcoshxsiny

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Ex: sinh(0.346 – j0.548) = sinhxcosy - jcoshxsiny

For: x=0.346→ retain = sinh(0.346)cos(31.40) – jcosh(0.346)sin(31.40)

Y= 0.548→ 31.40 = 0.301 – j0.552

VIII. Inverse sine and cosine

Sin-1z= -jln(z ± √ (1-z2) )

Cos-1z= -jln(z ± √(z2 – 1) )

Example: cos-1(2+3j) = -jln(z+ z2 – 1 )

= -jln( 2+j3+ √( (2+j3)2-1) )

(2+j3)2 = 3.60562∠56.3099°(2)

= 13∠112.6198 or -5+12j

= -jln (2+3j + √ (-6+12j) )

-6+12j =13.41641/2∠116.5650°(1/2)→ 3.6628∠58.2825°

=1.9257 + j3.1158

= -jln (2+j3+1.9257+j3.1158)

= -jln (3.9257 + j6.1158)

= -j2 ln6.1158 – jln3.957

cos-1(2+3j) = 1.8109 – j1.3755 final answer

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IX. Inverse Hyperbolic sine and cosine

Sinh-1z = ln (z± √(z2+1) )

Cosh-1 = ln(z± √( z2-1) )

Example: sinh-1(2+j4) = ln (z+ √( z2+1) )

=ln( 2+j4+ √ (2+j4)2+1) )

(2+j4)2 = 4.47212∠63.4349°(2)

= 20∠126.8698° or -12+16j

= ln(2+j4+ √(-11+16j) )

-11+16j = 19.41651/2 ∠124.5085 ° (1/2)

= 2.0514 + j 3.8998

= ln ( 2+ j4 + 2.0544 + j3.8998)

= ln ( 4.0514 + 7.8998j)

sinh-1(2+j4) = 1.3991 + 2.0668j

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PROBLEM SET NO.3 Sine and Cosine of Complex Number

1. sinh(5 − 𝑗5√3) =

2. cosh-1 ( 2 + j5)

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 3. sin−1 (4 + 𝑗7) =

4. cos(3 + 4𝜄) =

5. sin( 6 − 5𝜄) =

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