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PROGRAM; BSc ARCHITECTURE

ACADEMIC SESSION; 2020/2021
LEVEL; 200
COURSE TITLE; ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING
COURSE CODE; ARC 224 (2CR)
WEDNESDAY 8;30-10;30AM
LECTURER; DR. H. I. Kwami

Course Outline
Highlights the operations of Architectural works in the preliminary stage, working drawing
stage, construction stage and post occupancy and maintenance stages. Students are exposed to
the program of works and how it relates to Architectural project execution, completion and
maintenance.
The course outline can be grouped under the following specifics;
1; Introduction (conceptual definitions of Architecture, Architect, Architectural programming
and building)
2; Architect appointment and briefing stage (inception, feasibility, surveys, brief, site acquisition,
consultants),
3; Sketch planning stage (outline proposal, design data, cost planning, scheme design, statutory
parties)
4; Working drawing stage (detailed design, production information, bills of quantities, building
regulations, tender action)
5; Site operations/construction stage (project planning, operations on site, completion/handover,
Feedback)
6; Maintenance/post occupancy stage (, maintenance, maintenance period, maintenance manual)

INRODUCTION
The course is aimed at introducing the theory and practical application of the concept of
Architectural Programming to the students as a way of letting them know the total package of
Building processes that an Architect is supposed to partake from conception (cradle) to disposal
(grave).
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Architecture in a nutshell is said to be the Art and science of the total building process (design,
production and disposal). An Architect is the jack of all trades but master of design because he
possesses the knowledge of all trades that uses the building which he produced for them. With
due regards to functionality, aesthetics, durability, economics and health, he designs building for
the optimum use, comfort and productivity of his client because he puts himself in their position.
He is also vested with the leadership responsibility of the building industry as such he is
expected to be versatile in the design and management of material, human and financial
resources as well as the disposal of the building. Wither the Architect of today is living up to the
responsibility put on him or not, this is a different topic of discussion.
Architectural programming is said to be the research and decision-making process that helps to
identify the scope of work to be designed and performed. The owner /client does not have the
expertise to develop the project program, therefore he needs the services of the Architects
because the best time and the most cost-effective time to influence the outcome of a project is to
make changes during programming rather than to wait until the building is under construction
before tearing or pulling it down for any correction. To that effect, there is need for close
interaction/communication through integrated design approach between the Architect and others.
Architectural programming has some advantages which includes;
1; Involvement of interested parties in defining scope before design
2; Gathering and analyzing data early in the process so that design is based on sound decisions
3; Efficient use of time by avoiding redesign as requirements emerge during design development
4; Clients are involved at each stage because they are the one to occupy the building
5; It helps client make decision on their current needs and future needs for rough budgeting
before implementation
6; Helps open up lines for communications, set up agenda and fix meetings and records.
Building is any structure that is used for human habitation activities. These activities can be for
home uses and sleeping (residential), learning (educational), Business (commercial), sport and
relaxation (recreational), spiritual (religious), Health matters (medical), production process
(industrial), civic activities (institutional) e t c. This is to protect himself from the vagaries of
weather and climate and from his own negative activities and to get optimal health and
comfort.
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Fig 1. Building activities (Design, Functional and operational Performance)

Appointment of Architect and Briefing stage
The production of any building involves complicated, unique and difficult interplay of intricate
relationships and communications between different parties (manpower, material, money,
machines e t c) which requires a considerable planning and preparations on the part of the
Architect. In carrying out his responsibilities, he is expected to use his Design knowledge and
Managerial skills in order to come out with the better building form that is environmentally
friendly, economical, functional, aesthetics, healthy with little running maintenance burden on
the client. He is to serve as intermediary between the client and coordinate other consultants viz;
Quantity Surveyor, Structural Engineer, Services Engineers, Acoustics as well as the various
tradesmen on site. His Design and Management responsibilities in relation to these individuals
are outlined.
Relationship/roles of Architects and other construction project team members
Because of the uniqueness of each building project, it is important to follow a systematic
approach or guidelines for its production. The factors that contribute to the uniqueness of any
building depends on the following; Time, size, type of building, nature of site, material used,
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time constraints, timing of construction, form of contract, construction methods, technology

used, construction team and legal requirements.
Three main parties involved in Building production
Client party, contractor party and Statutory Authorities party who play their roles with
proficiency. Skills and dedication. The client party are; Architect, QS, Electrical Engineer,
Mechanical Engineer, Civil/structural Engineer, Clerk of Works e t c.
The Contractors party are; Construction manager, Foreman, Time keeper, Gang leader, Gateman,
laborer’s, Machine operators, Tradesmen such as carpenters, masons, plumber, tilers, painters,
glaziers e t c.
The statutory party are; Building inspectors/planning Authorities, Public health inspectors,
Environmental protection Authority, Federal inspectors of factories.
The parties that have direct relationship with the Architect on any building project site
are;
Civil engineers specialize in the design and construction of engineering projects such as roads
and bridges. Groups of engineers tend to specialize in areas of work such as ground and
foundation (geotechnical) engineering, environmental engineering, railways, highways, dams
and irrigation.
Structural engineers develop a stable structural design for the building or other structure so that
each element can safely withstand the loads and stresses which are placed upon it. The structural
engineer works closely with the architect to produce a design which is then checked and
approved by the local authority.
Building services engineers are engineers who design and manage the installation of services
such as electricity, water and fuel supplies, lifts, security system, lighting, heating, air
conditioning and refrigeration. Building services engineers are employed as consultants, by
national bodies, by building contractors, by suppliers of equipment, and by the client.
Building surveyors (Builders) work with existing buildings and supervise the work of
maintaining and repairing buildings or adapting buildings for new uses. They work with
architects and civil/structural engineers to draw up plans and to prepare budgets for clients.
A quantity surveyor is an adviser on the costs of construction activities, the form of contract used
for projects, the value of work done, and the methods of payment for projects. The quantity
surveyor has wide knowledge of legal and contract procedures and supervises the measurement
and estimating techniques used for costing construction work.
Land surveyors collect and manage data about the natural and the build features of land. The
information may be recorded and represented in the form of maps or used for making decisions
about construction projects levelling.
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The main ‘contractor’ or principal contractor for a construction project agrees, by a legal
contract, to carry out the work required by the client who is paying for the work. The main
contractor may choose to pay subcontractors to do some part of the project. A large contracting
firm employs a wide range of people, some of whom are described below.
Before a project start work on ground the main office of the contractor may have been involved
in the design details, and will employ quantity surveyors and estimators to measure the work,
calculate expected costs, tender a price and successfully gain the contract.
The contract manager is responsible for the overall running of one or more contracts and act as
the link between the main office and the project managers on site. The clerk of works or site
agent or site manager has responsibility for all personnel on site and their activities. Typical
activities include planning work, labour relations, liaisons with architects and engineers, and
maintaining links between the site and the contractor’s main office.
Large construction project will also have a site engineer who has responsibility for ‘setting out’
the exact position of all building, roads and drains. Surveyors working on site have responsibility
for measuring the amount of work completed at regular stages, such as each month, so that stage
payments can be claimed by the contractor from the client. The contractor can then pay for
supplies of materials and for subcontractors.
Planning Authorities like KASUPDA and KEPA are responsible for ensuring that all building
plans are checked and conforms with the laid down planning and environmental laws.
Tradesmen/craftsmen have specialist skills to perform tasks and work with specific materials on
site e g carpenters, masons, tilers, electricians, interior decorators, gardeners, acoustics engineers
t c.
Inception at Client level
At the inception stage a client decides to build and seeks the help of a professional consultant
Architect.
Client function at
Architect appointment and briefing stage.
 Consider the need to build
 Set up organization with Chairman to manage the matter from the client end
 Appoint architect
 Commence exchange with architect, note and act on architect’s opinion and advice
 Discuss terms of appointment of consultants
 Appoint reminder of design team as advised by architect
 Contribute to meeting.
 Provide all information required by the architect
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 Receive feasibility report discuss and consider it

 Agree timetable, working method for subsequent stages, tender procedure and contract
arrangement.
 Confirm existing appointments appoint further consultants and contractors as
recommended by architects.

Sketch and planning stage.

 Contribute to meeting
 Provide all further information required by architect.
 Receive architect scheme and report from the architect
 Receive architect report: consider, discuss and decide outstanding issues.
 Approve scheme.
 Note for future programme and take all appropriate action on site acquisition
reorganization, plant ordering etc.

Site operation/ construction stage.

 Note architect’s advice: prepare to fulfil financial arrangements.
 Check contract documents and signs make any necessary insurance arrangement.
 Contribute to meeting
 Prepare to handover site to contractor
 Collaborate in briefing: become familiar with all aspect of project
 Continuation of briefing, organization liaise with contractor arrangements for setting out
 Handover site to contractor through the Achitect.
 Honor certificate within period stated in contact appendix
 Approve day works if required
 Appoint operating and maintenance staff in good time to ensure that they are fully
trained before building is handover
 Note progress and financial statement and approve justified increased cost

Architect appointment and briefing stage

Inception
Architect will then choose other consultants:

 Establish the client’s requirements

 Visit the site
 Gather basic information in relation to the proposals
 Determine general parameters; for example, how much the client wants to spend, when
the client want the finished building, and so on
 Prepare a brief of client’s requirements
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 Advise about other consultants needed to establish the design team.

Feasibility
Under feasibility, studies will be undertaken to determine:

 Design approach
 Construction approach
 Planning issues
 Legal requirement
 Site suitability
 Project feasibility.

The consultant should either carry out a site investigation or arrange for one to be carried out.
Outline planning permission should be applied for and a feasibility report prepared for the client.
The site investigation should be carried out.
When feasibility report is received, the client should be able to decide, with the help of the
consultants, whether to proceed with the proposal.
Design Role

 Assimilate preliminary details for first brief.

 Contribute to meeting leadership
 Carryout studies on user information
 Assist in preparation of report
 Assist in presentation and discussion
 Assist in presentation of directive
 In collaboration with QS and engineers, carryout whatever design work is necessary to
show feasibility.

Management Role
 Accept appointment from client
 Obtain general background information
 Introductory meeting with client
 Inform client of job responsibilities professional fees, etc.
 Open discussion with client organization
 Obtain initial statement of requirements.
 Establish with client preliminary details of project.
 Obtain site plan/ Survey details
 Approach QS and engineers regarding appointment
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 Prepare general directive

 Organize nucleus design team
 Obtain relevant inputs from architects, engineers and QS
 Prepare report to client on feasibility project.
 Present feasibility report and recommendation to clients and discuss
 Receive further instruction
 Recommend confirmation of existing appointments.

Sketch planning stage

Outline proposals
The outline proposal stage involves the preparation of outline requirements and alternative
proposal in terms of layout, design and construct of the project. Close involvement of all the
consultants is required at the stage in order to assess the impact of different design solutions in
relation to services, structure and aesthetics, for example, and the effect of these on the client’s
budget.
Scheme design
The scheme design is now worked upon to enable each component and element of the project to
be design and costed in debt. Compliance with legal requirements is taken into account and a
building regulations submission is made in order to obtain approval for the scheme.

Design Role
 Contribute to meeting as a team leader
 Try out various general solutions
 Assist QS in preparation of outline cost plan
 Contribute to design dossiers.
 Contribute to preparation of report
 Complete any outstanding user studies carryout visits and interviews as necessary
 Prepare full scheme design taking individual and group advice.
 Pass scheme to QS and engineers.
 Receive and discuss engineers’ proposals
 Review scheme design finally and prepare presentation drawings.
 With engineer, assist QS in preparation of final cost plan.

Management Role
 Organize design team.
 Compile dossiers provided by team members on final sketch design
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 Prepare report as coordinated version of all members reports

 Present report to client
 Clear up outstanding items with client
 Present full scheme and report to client
 Discuss with client and obtain view and decision
 Prepare report, include fully developed brief.

Working Drawing stage

Production information
In order to get the proposal built, production information must be produced to enable a contractor
to execute the works. This stage deals with the production of this information and may include:

 Production drawings
 Specification
 Schedules
 Contract details.

The production drawings, specification and schedules should be sufficiently detailed in order to
allow the contractor to price the works.
Bills of Quantities
The quantity Surveyor can use the production information in order to produce a bill of Quantities
which consist of general information about the project together with quantities measured from
the drawings in accordance with a standard measurement code, normally SMM7 or CESMM3.
The Bill of Quantities and the production of information will enable the contractor to produce a
tender for the project.
Tender Action
Necessary tender documents are prepared and the tender is finally awarded to a contractor who
has successfully executed major similar major projects in the past and quoted lowest among
other contractors. At the tender action stage, a list of contractors to be selected is prepared and
invitations to tender are sent out. If the contractors express a willingness to tender, the tender
documents can then be issued with a date for return clearly indicated. The following documents
should be issued to the selected contractors

 Bills of Quantities
 Project drawings
 Form of tender
 Envelopes for return of tender
 Covering letter.
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Design Role

 Contribute to meeting leadership

 Complete the details of user study and clear minor matters with the client
 Carryout detail design according to programme.
 Keep all team members up to date with design decision as they are made
 Receive all engineers and specialist drawings co-ordinate design send to QS for cost
checking
 Review cost plan and cost check from time to time
 Review and confirm completed design drawings of architect and engineers and review
completed cost.
 Prepare production information drawing specification schedules etc.
 Agree contract particulars
 Obtain specialist quotations and or agree PC sum with consultant.
 Send all data drawing, schedule, specification etc. to QS for B of Q as programmed
 If not already selected draw up list of main contractors 2 months before inviting tenders.
 Correct drawings to conform to B of Q and stamp contract drawings.
 Interview site staff 3 months before tender is invited
 Obtain quotations from sub-contractors for PC items in B of Q and measurement of
builders work not already done.
 Assemble drawings to issue with tender documents.

Management Role
 Organize design team and review progress, brief the client’s decision
 Maintain and co-ordinate progress throughout the stage
 Call meeting of design team to make reconciliations that are necessary as a result of
review.
 Obtain approvals not so far obtained
 Initiate letting of demolition contract if required
 Maintain and co-ordinate progress
 Recommend short list of tenderers
 Recommend M&E tender documents
 Recommend the appointment of M&E sub-contractors.

Site Operation/construction stage

Project planning
At the planning stage the building contract for the project is placed with a contractor and
discussion regarding construction work take place. The contractor can now commence planning
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the works in detail, placing contracts with subcontractors and suppliers, and generally arranging
the site set-up and site organization.

Program of Work
Programs can be worked out and presented by the contractor for checking and approval by the
Architect as a Bar or Gantt charts. The bar or Gantt chart was developed by Henry L. Gantt, a
management scientist who lived during the early part of this century. He developed a pictorial
method of showing planned progress against actual progress against actual progress. The bar
chart shows the time, usually in months and weeks, horizontally along the top, with the activities
listed vertically down the left-hand side. See figure 3.1. The bar chart is the most commonly used
programming technique and it has a number of distinct advantages.
Advantages of the bar chart

 Simple to produce
 Easily understood by everyone on site
 Gives a good pictorial representation of the construction sequence
 Can be updated easily
 Different levels of programme can be easily related to each other, for example master,
section and operations programme
 Key dates can be easily shown on the programme
 Can be easily used to indicate progress and thereby aid monitoring and control of the
project
 Can be drafted on a preprinted proforma.

Disadvantages of the bar chart

 Difficult to show the interrelationships between activities

 The representation of the construction sequence may give too simple a picture.

For example, if an activity is delayed it may be difficult to assess what effect this delay will
have on future activities. Important information which should always be shown on a
programme include the following:

 Name of project
 Name of client
 Contractor’s name
 Date of production of programme
 Date of any amendments
 Name of person who produced the programme.
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Operation/Construction on site
Construction is the creation, renovation, repair, and demolition of immovable structure and the
alteration of natural topography. It is the process of translating the plans, specifications and
resources into a physical facility to meet the specific requirements of owners within the schedule,
cost and quality. The project is now underway on site and constant monitoring and control of the
operation take place. Communication at this stage is important and close collaboration between
the design team and the contractor is vital to ensure a successful outcome for the client.
Sequence of construction operation
1.Site clearance, 2.Site set-up, 3.Strip topsoil, 4.Setting out, 5.Foundation excavation, 6.Drainage
excavation 7.Foundation, 8.Raising walls, 9.Hardcore, 10.Floor slab, 11.Walls to first floor level
Scaffolding, 12.First floor joist, 13.Walls to roof level, 14.Roof timbers, 15.Roof coverings,
16.Upper timber floors, 17.Non-load-bearing partitions, 18.Windows and external doors, 19.First
fix carpentry including stairs, 20.First fix electrical, 21.First fix plumbing,22.Plastering
internally. 23.Screeding,24. Second fix electrical, 25. Second fix plumbing 26. Second fix
carpentry, 27. Tiling, 28. Decoration, 29. floor finishes, 30. External rendering,31. Drainage, 32.
Landscaping, 33. Clean and clear site, 34. Snagging
Completion
At intervals, the Architect prepares interim certificate based on report and valuation. On
completion of the project (except for snagging works) the contractor should be issued with a
certificate of practical completion and the building handed over the client.
Maintenance period then sets in for a given period of tine depending on the project type. Some of
these projects can be put into use, when certain part of it are completed. When the full project is
put into use, the factors regarding the maintenance are to be carefully considered.
Feedback
This stage involves the final account settlement between the contractor and the client. Record
should be kept of costs and experience gained about construction methods and site organization
for future reference.
Design role

 Review and produce all drawings as given as site instructions by the Architect
 Provide all necessary specifications as they affect progress of work with respect to the
site instructions

Management Role

 Inform client of Architect additional responsibilities admin, finance, management,

instruction, communication
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 Prepare set of contracts documents send to contractors and arrange signature

 Establish and maintain trust with your client and others (finance, admin, moral)
 Sets up production information for contract admin, for contractors and others at site
meetings
 Prepare list of critical dates for contractors’ program of works and appointment of sub-
contractors
 Brief site staff on duties and responsibilities with respect to quality, security, material and
antiquities e t c
 Leads first meeting and subsequent meetings and set time table, arrange period for
subsequent meetings
 Continue with leadership and general supervision administration
 Issue interim certificates
 Receive claims adjustment and be neutral between contractor and client
 Keep client informed of progress and financial statements and obtain client approval for
any variation
 Initiate actions for commissioning and testing of all component’s fittings etc.
 Instruct contractor to ensure building ready for inspection, practical completion and
handing over weeks before completion
 Hold handover meeting list out outstanding works and handing over and circulate
 Issue certificate of practical completion or partial completion as the case may be
 Determine maintenance period for the project
 Organize feedback reviews appropriate

Functions and responsibilities of the Quantity Surveyor at;

Architect Appointment and briefing
 Discuss terms of appointment for services and fees
 Attend and contribute to meetings
 Appraise level of priced building costs
 Consider probable price trends
 Assemble cost information on similar projects
 Advice on feasibility of projects and probable cost ranges.
 Assist in preparation of reports and confirm client’s cost.
 Advice on tender procedure, contract arrangement and contractor selection.

Sketch planning stage

 Contribute to meetings
 Obtain details relevant to cost and contract information
 Advice Architect on implications of cost limits
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 Collaborate in preparation of outline schemes

 Prepare quick cost study of alternative
 Advise on economic solutions and pass to the architect.
 Confirm cost limit and give estimate based on user requirement.
 Prepare outline cost plan
 Record bases of estimate and contribute to report preparation.
 Prepare any comparative cost studies
 Advice team members on scheme design
 Prepare draft cost plan received from architect and others.
 Finalize cost plan, resolve anomalies and confirms
 Contribute to report.

Working Drawing stage

 Contribute to meetings
 Carry out cost studies and cost checks and advice Architect and engineers
 Provide interval cost checks report periodically
 Provide complete cost checks
 Agree contract particulars for preliminaries
 Receive all details for B of Q
 Prepare complete check and print B of Q

Site operations stage

 Contribute to preparation of document for administration
 Note procedure for issuing the instruction
 Attend and contribute to meetings
 Advise Architect on financial implication of the project administration and any claim
presented
 Prepare valuations for interval and final certificates
 Maintain accurate procedure, running financial statement to facilitate cost control
 Note state of completion of project plants, installations, test; calibrated instrument and
handover testing recorded Request contractor to submit invoices accounts, day work and
outstanding claims.
 Advise architect on financial implication of outstanding claims
 Report progress on final account and feedback to architects

Functions and responsibilities of the Structural/ Civil engineer are;

Architect Appointment And briefing stage
 Discuss terms of appointment and services based on fees
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 Attended and contribute to meetings

 Carryout study and obtain geological records and climates data
 Obtain servers, roads planned
 Consider foundation types, types of structure, water etc.
 Advise on structural feasibility of the project.
 Assist in preparation of reports and directories

Sketch planning stage

 Contribute to meetings
 Site survey and soil investigation
 Advise architects on type of structural method of building, types of foundation, roads,
drainages, water supply.
 Collaborate in outline scheme preparations, sketches and pass to architect
 Provide quantity survey with information for outline cost plan
 Contribute in report preparation
 Carryout any outstanding studies and queries to be cleared
 Receive scheme design and contribute to produce sketches calculations, sections, foundation
e t c.
 Prepare rough specification notes to architect.
 Assist quantity surveyor to finalize cost plan.

Working Drawing stage

 Contribute to meetings
 Site survey and soil investigation
 Advise architects on type of structural method of building, types of foundation, roads,
drainages, water supply.
 Collaborate in outline scheme preparations, sketches and pass to architect
 Provide quantity survey with information for outline cost plan
 Contribute in report preparation
 Carryout any outstanding studies and queries to be cleared
 Receive scheme design and contribute to produce sketches calculations, sections, foundation
e t c.
 Prepare rough specification notes to architect.
 Assist quantity surveyor to finalize cost plan.

Site operations stage

 Contribute to preparation of document for contract administration
 Contribute to meetings
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 Agree to site topography and survey details

 Ensure all drawings are checked to conform
 Check soil condition with contractor, agree methods of construction with contractor
 Provide supervision of civil/ structural works
 Supervises sub-contractors work
 Carry out inspection on civil/ structural work and report to architect.
 Collaborate with architects for a successful handing over
 Ensure book of account record.

Functions and responsibilities of the Mechanical and Electrical Engineers at;

Architect Appointment and briefing stage
 Discuss terms of appointment
 Carryout studies on site information, local conditions etc.
 Consider functional needs, obtain preliminary views of local supply authorities.
 Check services location and capacities, climatic conditions, air pollution etc.
 Analise information and establish preliminary environmental and services requirements.
 Attend meeting, contribute implications of actions 2: produce preliminary design criteria
and advise on cost and constructional implications, need for research etc.
 Collaborate
 Assist in preparation of reports, state feasibility of alternative services design solutions,
advice on design tender and contracts arrangements.
 Assist in preparation of directive
 Contribute to meeting

Sketch planning stage

 Contribute to meetings
 Obtain details relevant to cost and contract information
 Advice Architect on implications of cost limits
 Collaborate in preparation of outline schemes
 Prepare quick cost study of alternative
 Advise on economic solutions and pass to the architect.
 Confirm cost limit and give estimate based on user requirement.
 Prepare outline cost plan
 Contribute to meeting.
 Carryout initial studies.
 Environmental conditions, user and services requirements appraise M&E loading on an
area or cube basis.
 Consider possible types of installation and analyze capital and costs.
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 Advise architect on design implication of studies made.

 Factor which should influence efficiency, cost of engineering elements.
 Possible services solutions and terminations of them
 Regulation and views of statutory authorities.
 Collaborate in preparation of outline scheme, check that services decisions remain valid,
record details of alternative plans and assumptions and pass to the arch.
 Provide QS with cost range information for outline cost plan and agree QS
 Proposal: interprets agreed standard by illusion
 Compile dossier of essential data collected.
 Contribute to preparation of reports
 Carryout any outstanding studies.
 Contribute to scheme design review services proposal and confirm design, routing,
location
 Receive scheme drawing
 Present result of action to architect and confirm sizes, location, and routing of major
services elements.
 Assist QS to finalize cost plan with maximum limit of cost.

Working Drawing stage

 Contribute to meetings.
 Carry out detail design including lighting fittings heating or air-conditioning unit etc.
according to programme in close collaboration with rest of team.
 Keep others informed of design decisions and note others design decision.
 Prepare builders work detail drawings and issue to other designers.
 Prepare production drawings and issue tops in agreed sequence.
 Prepare suggested M&E tender list and agree with architect, QS and main contractor if
appointed.
 Establish with architect and main contractor programme required of sub -contractors
 Finalize specification notes and schedules in conjunction with architect and QS
 Review form of site administration
 Advise on M&E tender document with QS.
 Contribute to preparation documentation for contract administration.

Site operations stage

 Contribute to meeting
 Review sub-contractor’s proposed programme in conjunction with architect and
contractor.
 Attend site meeting
 Supervise sub-contractors work or implement visits of inspection
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 Implement and maintain quality control.

 Finalize testing and commissioning requirement.
 Make arrangement for training client operating and maintenance staff.
 Make progress on section for building owner’s manual and record book.
 Receive and check sub-contractor’s final c ontribution to building owner’s manual.
 Request architect to instruct sub-contractors to carry out detailed inspection and take
appropriate action to ensure completion.
 Carry out inspection of sub-contractor’s work prior to main inspection.
 Collaborate in architect’s inspection.
 Contribute to feedback reviews.
 Advise on final accounts and other claims.

Building Maintenance and Maintenance manual

Maintenance as defined by the BS 3811 and Building maintenance committee of 1972 can be
deduced “as the work undertaken in order to keep, improve or restore every facility that is every
part of a site, building and content to currently accepted standard and to sustain the utility and
value of the facility. The main objective of maintenance is to ensure that building and its services
can perform its designed functions for the desired period of time with a high degree of reliability.
All newly completed buildings begin to deteriorate immediately up to the end of their service
lives. This is particularly critical in tropical countries like Nigeria where the influence of various
factors e g climate, technology, building maintenance management etc. affects the overall
performance and shelf life of the building. Also, present escalating cost and large capital
requirements for new constructions, coupled with limited resources results in delays in project
completion and abandonment and those completed are poorly maintained. Maintenance planning
should ideally start from the drawing board and continue throughout the life of the building so
that work considered necessary is carried out with maximum economy and quality.
The need to provide a maintenance manual by the Architect, as an intrinsic part of the building
process will help to create an attitude of planned maintenance involving operatives, costing and
general maintenance which is a key tool in promoting the culture of planned maintenance policy
for the country
- It provides a correct detailed diagnosis of the building through appropriate
specification on the type of materials and construction technique to be
used.
- Providing a detailed maintenance manual for the building operation and
Maintenance.
- Provide a schedule of dilapidation for the existing buildings.
- Maintenance manual will aggregate all the necessary information in to a
single resource that explains how key components and systems are to be
efficiently operated and maintained.
- Enhances good maintenance habit and reduces attendant maintenance,
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thereby saving resources.

Unfortunately, in Nigeria it can be observed that both the Architects and the planning authorities
do not produce or require this before plans are approved. So, Nigeria Architect is limited only to
his normal services of design and supervision while the specification and maintenance
management aspects is neglected especially the use of maintenance manual at the post
occupancy stage. Therefore, The Architects effort in creating an aesthetical, functional, durable
and healthy building asset which meets the user needs and enhancing the neighborhood is futile
if it’s not followed with an appropriate maintenance manual. The consequence of this inertia is
the failure of the building in performing its designed purpose.

Architect needs to be versatile in Building Maintenance because

 Maintenance planning should ideally start from the drawing board and continue
throughout the life of the building so that work considered necessary is carried out with
maximum economy and quality.
 Nigeria Architect is limited only to his normal services of design and supervision while
the specification and maintenance management aspects is neglected.
 Architects have regarded Maintenance as a distinct part of the building process, a culture
of disregard and filth despite increasing complexities of fittings in buildings today.
 There exist no appropriate system of maintenance and building maintenance policy thus
resulting in a backlog of building maintenance problems.
 Nigeria has no national regulation concerning the maintenance for its physical
infrastructural facilities from conception - Planning- Design, - Construction- Maintenance
e t c.
 Our Graduate architects are produced with a lot of deficiencies to meet up with the
challenges of maintenance
 because they are not specialist that can help avoid crisis maintenance by regular and
planned maintenance program.
Needs for Architect versatility in Building Maintenance manual

 There is lack of feedback between the Architect and the building user or Authority. To
control building post occupancy feedback
 Architects have restricted themselves to the drawing board as issues of site management
control and Building maintenance is being challenged by the builder and Quantity
surveyor is taking over specification writing and project management
 Provide all building users with a common system of maintenance information recording
and retrieval for the proper guidance of maintenance operatives, the manual is prepared at
the time of construction of a building or design and manufacture of any tool and plant
 Illustrate various building components, services and equipment giving their locations and
drawings
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 Provide schedule of House Keeping operatives and other miscellaneous.

 Provide a maintenance manual guide for soft and hard landscape (external works).

 Create an attitude of planned maintenance involving operatives, costing and general

maintenance that act as an intrinsic part of the building process and not as a series of
isolated events that takes place after the building is completed.

 Help in instilling a routine maintenance habit to the society for good maintenance culture
and that means savings and prolonging the building service life.

 It helps the owner to know the durability and when any element requires visit for cost
backing and budgeting.

 Architect, it will provide a link between him and the owner by informing the owner of the
design intention and general maintenance responsibilities.

Assignment
1. Use sketches, give practical examples and outline the roles and responsibilities of the
building construction project team members and outline the leadership role of the
architect for all of them during a typical building project execution. Identify one member
for yourself as discussed in the class (Air conditioner installer) (15marks)
2. With the aid of appropriate sketches specification of materials procedural steps by step
explain the 34 sequences of building construction operation from taking over site to
handling over of the building. Building categories are: educational, institutional.
Recreational, industrial, residential, medical, commercial, storage, transportation e t c.
(15marks)